DOCSLIB.ORG

Emerging Contaminants in Groundwater

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emerging Contaminants in Groundwater Emerging contaminants in groundwater Groundwater Science Programme Open Report OR/11/013 O = H2–CH2–P–OH _ OH BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GROUNDWATER SCIENCE PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/11/013 Emerging contaminants in groundwater The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s M E Stuart, K Manamsa, J C Talbot and E J Crane Stationery Office. Licence No:100017897/2011. Keywords Report; groundwater; organic micropollutants; pesticides, pesticide metabolites, pharmaceuticals; veterinary medecines; risk assessment. Front cover Structures of selected polar organic micropollutants: bisphenol A, clopyralid, carbamazepine, estradiol, glyphosate metabolite AMPA, metaldehyde, sulfamethoxazole, Bibliographical reference STUART ME, MANAMSA K, TALBOT J C AND CRANE E J. 2011. Emerging contaminants in groundwater. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/11/013. 123pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2011. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2011 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference email [email protected] collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks. 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 email [email protected] The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in email [email protected] geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. London Information Office, Natural History Museum, The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Environment Research Council. SW7 2DE 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 020 7942 5344/45 email [email protected] Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff CF15 7NE 029 2052 1962 Fax 029 2052 1963 Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton EX2 7HU 01392 445271 Fax 01392 445371 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF 028 9038 8462 Fax 028 9038 8461 www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/ Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www.nerc.ac.uk Website www.bgs.ac.uk Shop online at www.geologyshop.com OR/11/013 Foreword This report is the published product of a national capability study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on emerging organic micropollutants. It was begun as a study of emerging pesticides in groundwater as part of project NEE 3344S, “Agrochemicals in aquifers”. It has been extended to include other organic micropollutants under NEE 4059S, “Emerging pollutants”. The authors wish to thank Andrew McKenzie for help with databasing and querying. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Fenella Brown of the Environment Agency for the provision monitoring data for organic micropollutants. i OR/11/013 Contents Foreword i Acknowledgements i Contents ii Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of source-pathway-receptor concepts related to emerging contaminants 2 2.1 Sources 2 2.2 Pathways 2 2.3 ‘Receptor’ concepts: hazards 3 3 Types of organic micropollutants 6 3.1 Nanomaterials 6 3.2 Pesticides 6 3.3 Pharmaceuticals 6 3.4 “Life-style compounds” 7 3.5 Personal care 7 3.6 Industrial additives and by-products 8 3.7 Food additives 9 3.8 Water treatment by-products 9 3.9 Flame/fire retardants 10 3.10 Surfactants 10 3.11 Hormones and sterols 10 3.12 Ionic liquids 11 4 Pesticides and pesticide metabolites in depth 12 4.1 Pesticide source terms 12 4.2 Predicting risk from pesticides and metabolites 12 4.3 A simple hazard assessment for pesticides 16 4.4 Pesticide metabolites 19 4.5 Case studies: pesticides and metabolites detected in groundwaters 24 4.6 Conclusions for pesticides and pesticide metabolites 26 5 Urban and industrial organic micropollutants in depth 27 5.1 Potential urban and industrial source terms 27 5.2 Predicting risk from urban and industrial micropollutants 30 5.3 Recent surveys of urban and industrial contaminants in the aqueous environment 36 5.4 Conclusions for urban and industrial pollutants 50 ii OR/11/013 6 Veterinary medicines in depth 53 6.1 Potential veterinary medicine source terms 53 6.2 Predicting risk from veterinary medicines 54 7 Emerging contaminants detected in groundwater in England and Wales: BGS analysis of Environment Agency monitoring data 55 7.1 Information about the data set 55 7.2 What the data tell us 55 7.3 Conclusions from Environment Agency monitoring data 66 8 Regulatory setting 67 8.1 Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and Priority Substances Directive (2008/105/EC) 67 8.2 Groundwater Daughter Directive (2006/118/EC) 67 8.3 Groundwater (England and Wales) Regulations 2009 67 8.4 Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), 69 9 Conclusions and recommendations 70 9.1 Conclusions 70 9.2 Recommendations for further research 71 References 72 Glossary of acronyms 84 Glossary of symbols 86 Appendix 1 Pesticide metabolite assessments 87 Appendix 2 Summary of compounds detected in Environment Agency groundwater organic micropollutant database 92 Appendix 3 Spatial distribution of mean concentrations for most frequently detected organic micropollutants from the Environment Agency database 97 iii OR/11/013 FIGURES Figure 2.1 Concentration versus GAC performance annotated with log Kow for selected pesticides (after Hall, 2010) ............................................................................... 3 Figure 4.1 Top 20 most widely applied pesticides in the UK in 2008 (from FERA, 2010) .......................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 4.2 Pathways for pesticides to reach various receptors (shown in pink) ................ 13 Figure 4.3 Metaldehyde structure ...................................................................................... 15 Figure 4.4 Classification of leaching probability of all compounds using Koc and DT50 (after Worrall et al, 2000). Compounds in red assessed as leachers ............... 17 Figure 4.5 Classification of leaching probability of final list compounds using Koc and DT50 (after Worrall et al, 2000) ........................................................................ 17 Figure 4.6 Diuron and its metabolites ............................................................................... 20 Figure 4.7 Relative proportions of diuron and metabolites in a) soil porewater and b) soil solid phase with time from (Gooddy et al., 2002) ............................................ 20 Figure 4.8 Leaching classification for key metabolites (red are leachers) ........................ 21 Figure 4.9 Pesticide detections in groundwater in England and Wales in 2007 (Environment Agency, 2008b) ......................................................................... 24 Figure 5.1 Pathways for contaminants to reach groundwater in the urban environment .. 30 Figure 5.2 Pathways for domestic pharmaceuticals to reach the aqueous environment (adapted from Bound and Voulvoulis, 2005) ................................................... 31 Figure 5.3 Box plots of micropollutant concentrations in water samples from Leipzig (from Musolff et al., 2009). .............................................................................. 37 Figure 5.4 Pharmaceuticals in the Teltowkanal, Berlin in 1999 (from Heberer, 2002) .... 38 Figure 5.5 Organic micropollutants in drinking water in the Netherlands. Note log scale and plotting of below detection limit values as 0.5 of the detection limit for MTBE, Bisphenol A, PCB, DDT, simazine, hormones (from Verliefde et al., 2007) ................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 5.6 Organic micropollutants in the Somes River, Romania. Note log scale (from Moldovan, 2006) .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 5.7 Detection frequencies and maximum concentrations for organic pollutants in groundwater in a USA national survey where
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analgesia and Sedation in Hospitalized Children
    Analgesia and Sedation in Hospitalized Children By Elizabeth J. Beckman, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCCCP, BCPPS Reviewed by Julie Pingel, Pharm.D., BCPPS; and Brent A. Hall, Pharm.D., BCPPS LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Evaluate analgesics and sedative agents on the basis of drug mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic principles, adverse drug reactions, and administration considerations. 2. Design an evidence-based analgesic and/or sedative treatment and monitoring plan for the hospitalized child who is postoperative, acutely ill, or in need of prolonged sedation. 3. Design an analgesic and sedation treatment and monitoring plan to minimize hyperalgesia and delirium and optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS CHAPTER Pain, anxiety, fear, distress, and agitation are often experienced by GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid children undergoing medical treatment. Contributory factors may ICP Intracranial pressure include separation from parents, unfamiliar surroundings, sleep dis- PAD Pain, agitation, and delirium turbance, and invasive procedures. Children receive analgesia and PCA Patient-controlled analgesia sedatives to promote comfort, create a safe environment for patient PICU Pediatric ICU and caregiver, and increase patient tolerance to medical interven- PRIS Propofol-related infusion tions such as intravenous access placement or synchrony with syndrome mechanical ventilation. However, using these agents is not without Table of other common abbreviations. risk. Many of the agents used for analgesia and sedation are con- sidered high alert by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices because of their potential to cause significant patient harm, given their adverse effects and the development of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Added layers of complexity include the ontogeny of the pediatric patient, ongoing disease processes, and presence of organ failure, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these medications.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Injection Practices for Administration of Propofol
    Safe Injection Practices for Administration of Propofol CECIL A. KING, MS, RN; MARY OGG, MSN, RN, CNOR ABSTRACT Sepsis and postoperative infection can occur as a result of unsafe practices in the administration of propofol and other injectable medications. Investigations of infec- tion outbreaks have revealed the causes to be related to bacterial growth in or contamination of propofol and unsafe medication practices, including reuse of syringes on multiple patients, use of single-use medication vials for multiple pa- tients, and failure to practice aseptic technique and adhere to infection control practices. Surveys conducted by AORN and other researchers have provided addi- tional information on perioperative practices related to injectable medications. In 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a group of clinicians to gain a better understanding of the issues related to infection outbreaks and injectable medications. The meeting participants proposed collecting data to persuade clinicians to adopt new practices, developing guiding principles for propofol use, and describing propofol-specific, site-specific, and practitioner-specific injection techniques. AORN provides resources to help perioperative nurses reduce the incidence of postoperative infection related to med- ication administration. AORN J 95 (March 2012) 365-372. © AORN, Inc, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2011.06.009 Key words: sterile injectable medications, propofol, sepsis, safe injection prac- tices, safe medication
    [Show full text]
  • Statement on Safe Use of Propofol 2019
    Statement on Safe Use of Propofol Committee of Origin: Ambulatory Surgical Care (Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on October 27, 2004, and amended on October 23, 2019) Because sedation is a continuum, it is not always possible to predict how an individual patient will respond. Due to the potential for rapid, profound changes in sedative/anesthetic depth and the lack of antagonist medications, agents such as propofol require special attention. Even if moderate sedation is intended, patients receiving propofol should receive care consistent with that required for deep sedation. The Society believes that the involvement of an anesthesiologist in the care of every patient undergoing anesthesia is optimal. However, when this is not possible, non-anesthesia personnel who administer propofol should be qualified to rescue* patients whose level of sedation becomes deeper than initially intended and who enter, if briefly, a state of general anesthesia.** • The physician responsible for the use of sedation/anesthesia should have the education and training to manage the potential medical complications of sedation/anesthesia. The physician should be proficient in airway management, have advanced life support skills appropriate for the patient population, and understand the pharmacology of the drugs used. The physician should be physically present throughout the sedation and remain immediately available until the patient is medically discharged from the post procedure recovery area. • The practitioner administering propofol for sedation/anesthesia should, at a minimum, have the education and training to identify and manage the airway and cardiovascular changes which occur in a patient who enters a state of general anesthesia, as well as the ability to assist in the management of complications.
    [Show full text]
  • (Danio Rerio). (In Vivo/ in Vitro
    Lire la première partie de la thèse IV. Métabolisme de la BP2 et du BPS dans des modèles in vitro issus de l’Homme et du poisson zèbre utilisés dans l’évaluation toxicologique et le criblage des substances à activité œstrogénique Article 3 Cell-specific biotransformation of benzophenone 2 and Bisphenol-S in zebrafish and human in vitro models used for toxicity and estrogenicity screening Vincent Le Fola,b,c, Selim Aït-Aïssaa,*, Nicolas Cabatonb,c, Laurence Dolob,c, Marina Grimaldid, Patrick Balaguerd, Elisabeth Perdub,c, Laurent Debrauwerb,c, François Briona, Daniel Zalkob,c,* a Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France b INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France c Toulouse University, INP, UMR 1331 TOXALIM, F-31000 Toulouse, France. d Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U896, Institut Régional de Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, F-34298 Montpellier, France. * corresponding authors: E-mail: [email protected], phone +33 561 285 004, fax +33 561 285 244 E-mail: [email protected], phone +33 344 556 511, fax +33 344 556 767 185 L’étude du devenir de la BP2 et du BPS dans différents modèles in vitro du poisson zèbre fait suite à la mise en évidence des différences de réponse œstrogénique observées entre les modèles cellulaires, larvaires et adultes. En complément de ces modèles poisson zèbre, cette étude de devenir de la BP2 et du BPS a également été conduite dans des modèles in vitro humain d’origine hépatique ou mammaire et couramment utilisés dans l’évaluation toxicologique du potentiel œstrogénique des xénobiotiques.
    [Show full text]
  • Aminobutyric Acid Type a and Glycine Receptors Influences Their Sensitivity to Propofol
    PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE A Single Phenylalanine Residue in the Main Intracellular Loop of ␣1 ␥-Aminobutyric Acid Type A and Glycine Receptors Influences Their Sensitivity to Propofol Gustavo Moraga-Cid, Ph.D.,* Gonzalo E. Yevenes, Ph.D.,* Gu¨ nther Schmalzing, M.D.,† Robert W. Peoples, Ph.D.,‡ Luis G. Aguayo, Ph.D.§ Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/115/3/464/254366/0000542-201109000-00010.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 ABSTRACT What We Already Know about This Topic • Propofol positively modulates receptors for the inhibitory Background: The intravenous anesthetic propofol acts as a transmitters ␥-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA) and glycine, positive allosteric modulator of glycine (GlyRs) and ␥-ami- but the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear nobutyric acid type A (GABAARs) receptors. Although the role of transmembrane residues is recognized, little is known about the involvement of other regions in the modulatory What This Article Tells Us That Is New effects of propofol. Therefore, the influence of the large in- • A single homologous residue in the large M3-M4 intracellular tracellular loop in propofol sensitivity of both receptors was ␣ loops of the 1 subunits of GABAA and glycine receptors mod- explored. ulates the action of propofol but not of other general anesthetics ␣ ␣ ␤ Methods: The large intracellular loop of 1 GlyRs and 1 2 GABAARs was screened using alanine replacement. Sensitiv- ity to propofol was studied using patch-clamp recording in 80 Ϯ 23%). Remarkably, propofol-hyposensitive mutant re- HEK293 cells transiently transfected with wild type or mu- ceptors retained their sensitivity to other allosteric modula- tant receptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Actions of Ethanol and Trichloroethanol at Sites in the M3 and M4 Domains of the NMDA Receptor Glun2a (NR2A) Subunit AK Salous Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Biomedical Sciences Faculty Research and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Publications 11-1-2009 Differential Actions of Ethanol and Trichloroethanol at Sites in the M3 and M4 Domains of the NMDA Receptor GluN2A (NR2A) Subunit AK Salous Marquette University H Ren Marquette University KA Lamb Marquette University Xiang-Qun Hu Marquette University, [email protected] RH Lipsky George Mason University See next page for additional authors Accepted version. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 158, No. 5 (November 2009): 1395–1404. DOI. © 2009 Wiley. Used with permission. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: "Differential Actions of Ethanol and Trichloroethanol at Sites in the M3 and M4 Domains of the NMDA Receptor GluN2A (NR2A) Subunit," which has been published in final form here: DOI. This article may be used for non- commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving. Authors AK Salous, H Ren, KA Lamb, Xiang-Qun Hu, RH Lipsky, and Robert W. Peoples This article is available at e-Publications@Marquette: https://epublications.marquette.edu/biomedsci_fac/95 NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author’s final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page. Differential Actions of Ethanol and Trichloroethanol at Sites in the M3 and M4 Domains of the NMDA Receptor GluN2A (NR2A) Subunit AK Salous Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI H. Ren Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI KA Lamb Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI X-Q Hu Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI RH Lipsky Department of Neuroscience, INOVA Fairfax Hospital Falls Church, VA Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA RW Peoples Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • FACTA UNIVERSITATIS COBISS.SR-ID 32415756 Series Medicine and Biology Vol
    UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ ISSN 0354-2017 (Print) ISSN 2406-0526 (Online) FACTA UNIVERSITATIS COBISS.SR-ID 32415756 Series Medicine and Biology Vol. 19, No 2, 2017 Contents UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ OF UNIVERSITY FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Editorial WARNING: A MAJOR GLAND IS IN PERIL ..................................................................................................i Invited Review Article Series MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Leonidas H. Duntas Vol. 19, No 2, 2017 THE THYROID UNDER THREAT IN A WORLD OF PLASTICS ...............................................................47 Original Articles Miodrag Vrbic, Maja Jovanovic, Lidija Popovic-Dragonjic, Aleksandar Rankovic, Marina Djordjevic-Spasic MONITORING OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VIROLOGIC SUCCESSFULLY TREATED HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN SERBIA ........................................................................51 Dragana Stokanovic, Valentina N. Nikolic, Jelena Lilic, Svetlana R. Apostolovic, Milan Pavlovic, Vladimir S. Zivkovic, Dusan Milenkovic, Dane Krtinic, Gorana Nedin-Rankovic, Tatjana Jevtovic-Stoimenov 2, 2017 ONE-YEAR CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME IN PATIENTS ON CLOPIDOGREL o ANTI-PLATELET THERAPY AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION .........................................55 Slobodan Davinić, Ivana Davinic, Ivan Tasic ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND COMORBIDITY IN PATIENTS 19, N Vol. WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ............................................................................................................61 Dragoljub Živanović, Ivona Đorđević, Milan Petrović APPENDICITIS
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Trial of the Neuroprotectant Clomethiazole in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery a Randomized Controlled Trial Robert S
    Anesthesiology 2002; 97:585–91 © 2002 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Clinical Trial of the Neuroprotectant Clomethiazole in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery A Randomized Controlled Trial Robert S. Kong, F.R.C.A.,* John Butterworth, M.D.,† Wynne Aveling, F.R.C.A.,‡ David A. Stump, M.D.,† Michael J. G. Harrison, F.R.C.P.,§ John Hammon, M.D.,ʈ Jan Stygall, M.Sc.,# Kashemi D. Rorie, Ph.D.,** Stanton P. Newman, D.Phil.†† Background: The neuroprotective property of clomethiazole THE efficacy of coronary artery bypass surgery in the has been demonstrated in several animal models of global and relief of angina and in some circumstances in enhancing Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/97/3/585/335909/0000542-200209000-00011.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 focal brain ischemia. In this study the authors investigated the life expectation is now accepted. It is a tribute to the low effect of clomethiazole on cerebral outcome in patients under- mortality of the procedure that interest is now focused going coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: Two hundred forty-five patients scheduled for on the neurologic and neuropsychological complica- 1–3 coronary artery bypass surgery were recruited at two centers tions. Adverse neurologic outcomes have been found and prospectively randomized to clomethiazole edisilate to occur in 2–6% of patients and neuropsychological (0.8%), 225 ml (1.8 mg) loading dose followed by a maintenance deficits in 10–30%.4–6 These complications are consid- dose of 100 ml/h (0.8 mg/h) during surgery, or 0.9% NaCl ered to be ischemic in nature, being a consequence of (placebo) in a double-blind trial.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Bisphenol a and Its Analogs on Reproductive Health: a Mini Review
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE HHS Public Access provided by CDC Stacks Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Reprod Manuscript Author Toxicol. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 August 11. Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2018 August ; 79: 96–123. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.005. Effects of Bisphenol A and its Analogs on Reproductive Health: A Mini Review Jacob Steven Siracusa1, Lei Yin1,2, Emily Measel1, Shenuxan Liang1, Xiaozhong Yu1,* 1.Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 2.ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, Georgia Abstract Known endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animal models. Its structural analogs: bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are increasingly being used in consumer products. However, these analogs may exert similar adverse effects on the reproductive system, and their toxicological data are still limited. This mini-review examined studies on both BPA and BPA analog exposure and reproductive toxicity. It outlines the current state of knowledge on human exposure, toxicokinetics, endocrine activities, and reproductive toxicities of BPA and its analogs. BPA analogs showed similar endocrine potencies when compared to BPA, and emerging data suggest they may pose threats as reproductive hazards in animal models. While evidence based on epidemiological studies is still weak, we have utilized current studies to highlight knowledge gaps and research needs for future risk assessments. Keywords Bisphenol A; Bisphenol F; Bisphenol S; Bisphenol AF; Tetrabromobisphenol A; Reproductive toxicity 1.
    [Show full text]
  • FRAC Code List ©*2020: Fungal Control Agents Sorted by Cross Resistance Pattern and Mode of Action (Including FRAC Code Numbering)
    FRAC Code List ©*2020: Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and mode of action (including FRAC Code numbering) Disclaimer The technical information contained in the global guidelines/the website/the publication/the minutes is provided to CropLife International/RAC members, non-members, the scientific community and a broader public audience. While CropLife International and the RACs make every effort to present accurate and reliable information in the guidelines, CropLife International and the RACs do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, timeliness, or correct sequencing of such information. CropLife International and the RACs assume no responsibility for consequences resulting from the use of their information, or in any respect for the content of such information, including but not limited to errors or omissions, the accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions. Inclusion of active ingredients and products on the RAC Code Lists is based on scientific evaluation of their modes of action; it does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use of a product or a judgment on efficacy. CropLife International and the RACs are not responsible for, and expressly disclaim all liability for, damages of any kind arising out of use, reference to, or reliance on information provided in the guidelines. Listing of chemical classes or modes of action in any of the CropLife International/RAC recommendations must not be interpreted as approval for use of a compound in a given country. Prior to implementation, each user must determine the current registration status in the country of use and strictly adhere to the uses and instructions approved in that country.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Minnesota Chemicals of High Concern List
    Minnesota Department of Health, Chemicals of High Concern List, 2019 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic (PBT) or very Persistent, very High Production CAS Bioaccumulative Use Example(s) and/or Volume (HPV) Number Chemical Name Health Endpoint(s) (vPvB) Source(s) Chemical Class Chemical1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Wood and textiles finishes, Cancer, Respiratory 11th ROC); WA Appen1; WA CHCC; disinfection, tissue 50-00-0 Formaldehyde x system, Eye irritant Minnesota HRV; Minnesota RAA preservative Gastrointestinal Minnesota HRL Contaminant 50-00-0 Formaldehyde (in water) system EU Category 1 Endocrine disruptor pesticide 50-29-3 DDT, technical, p,p'DDT Endocrine system Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern; EuC Endocrine Disruptor Cancer, Endocrine Priority List; EPA Final PBT Rule for 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene x x system TRI; EPA Priority PBT); Oregon P3 List; WA Appen1; Minnesota HRV WA Appen1; Minnesota HRL Dyes and diaminophenol mfg, wood preservation, 51-28-5 2,4-Dinitrophenol Eyes pesticide, pharmaceutical Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; NTP 11th Preparation of amino resins, 51-79-6 Urethane (Ethyl carbamate) Cancer, Development ROC); WA Appen1 solubilizer, chemical intermediate Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Research; PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; EPA Final PBT Rule for 53-70-3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Cancer x TRI; WA PBT List; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern); WA Appen1; Oregon P3 List Maine (CA Prop 65; NTP 11th ROC); Research 53-96-3 2-Acetylaminofluorene Cancer WA Appen1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Lubricant, antioxidant, 55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine Cancer 11th ROC); WA Appen1 plastics stabilizer Maine (CA Prop 65; IRIS; NTP 11th Pesticide (EPA reg.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Epidemiology and Treatment Outcome of Hexaconazole Poisoning – a Prospective Six Year Study
    Hexaconazole - Clinical epidemiology and treatment outcome A. Anand & P. Abinash ORIGINAL ARTICLE ORIGINAL ARTICLE Clinical epidemiology and treatment outcome of Hexaconazole poisoning – A prospective six year study ACHARYA ANAND1 and PANDA ABINASH2 1Department of Pharmacology, Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of Pharmacology, M.K.C.G. Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India. Abstract Background: Hexaconazole is a category 3/4 of poison as per the W.H.O Expert Group on Pesticide Residues. Hexaconazole is used to control infection by fungi in paddy and other crops. Apart from destroying the target species, it can also cause damage to humans. There have been discrete reports of instances of human poisoning due to hexaconazole. Methodology: A patient record-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Konaseema Institute of Medical Science & Research Foundation, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India during a period from March 2014 to April 2020 on 26 confirmed cases of hexaconazole poisoning. The clinic-demographic data, hematological, and biochemical parameters at the time of admission and at 72 hrs as well as the outcome were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t test. Result: The prevalence of hexaconazole poisoning was 4.79% of all poisoning cases. The major clinical presentation was gastrointestinal symptoms with vomiting being commonest. There was no significant change in the biochemical and hematological parameters. The mean duration of hospitalization was 4.93+1.39 days. The recovery rate was 100% without any major sequel. Conclusion: Poisoning due to hexaconazole is uncommon in comparison to poisoning by other pesticides in the agricultural community.
    [Show full text]