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Field Survey for Spalding's Catchfly (Silene Spaldingii Wats.) In Field Survey for Spalding’s catchfly (Silene spaldingii Wats.) in the Canyon Grasslands of the Lower Salmon River, Idaho Idaho Conservation Data Center Idaho Department of Fish and Game PO Box 25 Boise, Idaho Janice Hill 83707 Michael Mancuso Karen Gray 2006 Challenge Cost-share Project The Bureau of Land Management Coeur d'Alene District and Idaho Department of Fish and Game ABSTRACT Spalding's catchfly (Silene spaldingii Wats.) is a rare plant endemic to bunchgrass grasslands, sagebrush-steppe, and open pine communities of the inland Pacific Northwest. It was listed as Threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2001 and is a high priority conservation concern for The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Idaho. The purpose of this project was to conduct a field survey for Spalding's catchfly on BLM land containing potential Canyon Grasslands habitat in the lower Salmon River area. Surveyed parcels were selected on the basis of potential habitat, accessibility, and landowner permission. Two new occurrences of Spalding's catchfly were documented, each consisting of several small subpopulations, were documented, as well as an extension of a previously known occurrence. Several new occurrences of other BLM special status plants were also documented. Locations, abundance, habitat, threats, and other conservation information was collected for all new occurrences and entered into the Idaho Conservation Data Center database. i Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………. i Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………. ii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Site Description……………………………………………………………………. 1 Canyon Grassland Habitat for Spalding’s catchfly………………………………. 3 Species Description and Life History…………………………………………….. 3 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Results……………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Survey Areas………………………………………………………………………. 4 Hogback Ridge……………………………………………………………. 6 Wickiup Creek……………………………………………………………. 11 Billy Creek……………………………………………………………….. 15 Oxbow……………………………………………………………………. 19 Cottonwood Creek………………………………………………………. 25 Lyons Bar………………………………………………………………… 29 Pine Bar……………………………………………………………………. 32 Rice Creek……………………………………………………………….. 35 Survey Summary………………………………………………………………….. 39 Sensitive Plants……………………………………………………………………. 40 Invasive Weeds……………………………………………………………………. 41 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 Verification of Potential Spalding’s catchfly Habitat…………………………….. 42 Season of Survey and Population Size…………………………………………… 42 References Cited………………………………………………………………………….. 43 List of Figures Figure 1 – Canyon Grasslands…………………………………………………………….. 2 Figure 2 – Survey Areas………………………………………………………………….. 5 Figure 3 – Hogback Ridge Survey Area/Potential Habitat……………………………….. 7 Figure 4 – Wickiup Creek Survey Area/Potential Habitat………………………………… 12 Figure 5 – Billy Creek Survey Area/Potential Habitat……………………………………. 16 Figure 6 – Oxbow Survey Area/Potential Habitat…………………………………………. 20 Figure 7 – Cottonwood Survey Area/Potential Habitat…………………………………… 26 Figure 8 – Lyons Bar Survey Area/Potential Habitat…………………………………….. 30 Figure 9 – Pine Bar Survey Area/Potential Habitat………………………………………. 33 Figure 10 – Rice Creek Survey Area/Potential Habitat………………………………….. 36 List of Tables Table 1 – Summary of Areas Surveyed for Silene spaldingii………………………….….. 39 Table 2 – Sensitive Plants Discovered during the 2005 Survey………………………….. 40 Table 3 – Summary of Invasive Weeds by Survey Area…………..……………………… 41 ii Appendix Rare Plant Observation Forms Element Occurrence Records Map Locations of Silene spaldingii and other Special Status Plant Species iii INTRODUCTION Spalding's catchfly (Silene spaldingii Wats.) is a rare plant endemic to bunchgrass grasslands, sagebrush-steppe, and open pine communities of the inland Pacific Northwest. Large portions of these ecosystems have been eliminated by conversion to agriculture or degraded by livestock grazing and weed invasion. Spalding's catchfly was listed as Threatened in 2001 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 2001). Prior to 1993, only a few, small occurrences of Spalding's catchfly were known in Idaho, mostly on private land in Palouse Grasslands. The discovery of Spalding's catchfly in the Snake River Canyon at Craig Mountain in 1993 (Mancuso and Moseley 1994) opened up large areas of potential Canyon Grasslands habitat where targeted surveys had not been done. Since then, numerous occurrences have been located in this area. Presently, the largest known occurrences of Spalding's catchfly in Idaho occur in the Canyon Grasslands (Idaho Conservation Data Center [IDCDC] 2006). Areas of potentially suitable canyon grassland habitat on BLM property in the lower Salmon River Canyon south of Craig Mountain have received only minimal targeted surveys for Spalding's catchfly. The only documented occurrences of Spalding's catchfly known from the lower Salmon River prior to this survey were near the confluence of Rice Creek, the Oxbow area, and Eagle Creek on Craig Mountain (IDCDC 2006). This federally listed species is of high priority conservation concern for The Bureau of Land Management. Knowledge of the extent and condition of Spalding's catchfly populations on BLM lands is necessary for implementation of management activities such as fire, pesticide spraying, and biological weed control, and formulating a conservation strategy. The purpose of this project was to conduct field surveys for Spalding's catchfly in Canyon Grassland habitat on BLM land in the lower Salmon River. Site Description Canyon Grasslands occupy canyons of the Snake and Salmon Rivers and their tributaries in the tri-state area of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (Figure 1) (Tisdale 1986). Elevations of the grasslands range from 710 feet to 7,800 feet (213-2,340 m) with slopes from 45 to 70 percent. The Canyon Grasslands are dominated by native perennial bunchgrasses with smaller inclusions of shrubland and forest communities. These major vegetation types occur across the landscape in a distinct pattern related to a moisture gradient determined by aspect, elevation and soils (Tisdale 1986; Mancuso 1993). Many highly competitive weed species became established and have seriously degraded or displaced native bunchgrass communities in many areas of the Canyon Grasslands (Mancuso and Moseley 1994; Hill and Gray 1999). Considerable portions of BLM land occur within Canyon Grasslands along the lower Salmon River Canyon from its confluence with the Snake River to Hammer Creek near White Bird, a distance of 55 river miles (BLM 2005). Scattered BLM in-holdings in Canyon Grasslands also occur in the breaks of Joseph Plains, a large upland plateau between the lower Salmon River and the Snake River. Much of this BLM land is surrounded by private land with limited accessibility. 1 FIGURE 1 Canyon Grasslands 2 Canyon Grassland Habitat for Spalding's catchfly Based on known locations in Canyon Grasslands on Craig Mountain, Spalding's catchfly appears to be restricted to mesic Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) grasslands that typically occur on northerly aspects from west-northwest to north to east-northeast aspects between 1,300 feet and 4,000 feet (390-1,200 m) (Hill and Gray 1999; Menke 2003; Hill and Gray 2004; IDCDC 2006). Mesic Idaho fescue communities include the Idaho fescue-prairie junegrass (Festuca idahoensis- Koeleria macrantha) (Tisdale 1986; Johnson and Simon 1987), Idaho fescue/snowberry (Festuca idahoensis/Symphoricarpos albus), and Idaho fescue/rose (Festuca idahoensis/Rosa spp.) (Daubenmire 1970) habitat types. Johnson and Simon (1987) divided the Idaho fescue-prairie junegrass habitat type into a high elevation type that occurs on the younger Grande Ronde/Picture Gorge Basalt Flows and a low elevation type that occurs on the older Imnaha Basalt Flows. Spalding's catchfly in the Canyon Grasslands of Idaho is not known to occur in the drier Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass (Festuca idahoensis-Pseudoroegneria spicata) habitat types (Tisdale 1986; Johnson and Simon 1987) that typically occur on southerly aspects at higher elevations (Hill and Gray 1999). Mesic Idaho fescue communities can extend to low elevations in the generally dry region of Hells Canyon as topographic climaxes, taking advantage of the higher soil moisture conditions on northerly aspects compared to southerly aspects at the same elevation. Moisture is retained longer on northerly slopes due to less direct insolation, less evaporation, and the higher moisture-holding capacity of the loess- and ash-influenced soils that exist on these aspects (Daubenmire 1970; Franklin and Dryness 1973; Tisdale 1986; Johnson and Simon 1987; Mancuso 1993). Species Description and Life History Spalding's catchfly is an herbaceous perennial plant that commonly grows to 60 cm, and occasionally to 75 cm. Individual plants typically produce one stem or one rosette, or occasionally both, but can also produce multiple stems or rosettes. Each stem bears up to 10 pairs of leaves that are 5-8 cm long and 2-4 (6) cm wide. The foliage, stem, and flower bracts are densely covered with sticky, gland-tipped hairs that give the species its common name, 'catchfly'. Stems arise from a simple or branched caudex (persistent stem just beneath the soil surface) that surmounts a long, narrow taproot that can grow up to 85 cm (Menke 2003). Cream- to pink- to light green-colored flowers typically have 5 petals, each with a long, narrow claw that is largely concealed by the calyx tube, the outer green portion of the flower. The only visible part of the
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