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Dark Photon and Dark Matter: Theoretical Motivations

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Dark Photon and Dark Matter: Theoretical Motivations Dark Photon and Dark Matter: theoretical motivations Maxim Pospelov Perimeter Institute, Waterloo/University of Victoria, Victoria Lepton-photon meeting, 2015 1 Outline of the talk 1. Introduction. Portals to light new physics. 2. Model of dark photon and “millicharged” particles. 3. Connections to anomalies: Particle physics: g-2, proton charge radius, new anomalies at the LHC ? Astro: 511 keV, Pamela/ Fermi/AMS-2 positron rise, “too-big-to-fail”. 3. Detecting light dark matter in the beam dump experiments and neutrino experiments. 4. Conclusions 2 Big Questions in Physics “Missing mass” – what is it? New particle, new force, …? Both? How to find out? (History lesson: first “dark matter” problem occurred at the nuclear level, and eventually new particles, neutrons, were identified as a source of a “hidden mass” – and of course immediately with the new force of nature, the strong interaction force.) Intensity and Energy Frontiers Log αX Energy Frontier -1 SM corner αSM -2 α X = G m2 Fermi unknown X forces Log mX 100 GeV Intensity Frontier !X !X !X V(r) = exp(!r / "X ) = exp(!rmX ) ""#Amplitude $ 2 2 r r q + mX Exploring this plot in the downward direction requires large intensities. It also requires a framework of how to describe “progress”4 Neutral “portals” to the SM Let us classify possible connections between Dark sector and SM H+H (λ S2 + A S) Higgs-singlet scalar interactions (scalar portal) Bµν Vµν “Kinetic mixing” with additional U(1)’ group i (becomes a specific example of Jµ Aµ extension) LH N neutrino Yukawa coupling, N – RH neutrino i Jµ Aµ requires gauge invariance and anomaly cancellation It is very likely that the observed neutrino masses indicate that Nature may have used the LHN portal… Dim>4 A Jµ ∂µ a /f axionic portal ………. 5 Sensitivity to light weakly-coupled new physics at the precision frontier Matthias Le Dall,1 Maxim Pospelov,1, 2 and Adam Ritz1 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada 2Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2J 2W9, Canada (Dated: May 2015) Precision measurements of rare particle physics phenomena (flavor oscillations and decays, electric dipole moments, etc.) are often sensitive to the effects of new physics encoded in higher-dimensional n operators with Wilson coefficients given by C/(ΛNP) , where C is dimensionless, n 1, and ΛNP ≥ is an energy scale. Many extensions of the Standard Model predict that ΛNP should be at the electroweak scale or above, and the search for new short-distance physics is often stated as the primary goal of experiments at the precision frontier. In rather general terms, we investigate the alternative possibility: C 1, and ΛNP mW , to identify classes of precision measurements sensitive to light new physics (hidden sectors) that do not require an ultraviolet completion with additional states at or above the electroweak scale. We find that hadronic electric dipole moments, lepton number and flavor violation, non-universality, as well as lepton g 2canbeinducedat interesting levels by hidden sectors with light degrees of freedom. In contrast,− many hadronic flavor- and baryon number-violating observables, and precision probes of charged currents, typically require new physics with ΛNP > mW . Among the leptonic observables, we find that a non-zero electron electric dipole moment∼ near the current level of sensitivity would point to the existence of new physics at or above the electroweak scale. 1. INTRODUCTION The sensitivity of any constraint on new physics is de- termined on one hand by the precision of the measure- Accelerator-based particle physics has the goal of prob- ment in question, and on the other by the accuracy and ing the shortest distance scales directly, by colliding par- precision of any SM calculations required to disentangle ticles and their constituents at high energies. Thus far, background contributions. If the effective Lagrangian is schematically written in the form = + , all high energy data is well described by the Standard L LSM LNP Model (SM) of particles and fields, with the last missing the possibility of discovery relies on being able to reli- element, the Higgs boson, identified recently [1, 2]. Con- ably bound the NP contribution to the observable away siderable attention is therefore focussed on the search from zero. The natural tendency to interpret results in for ‘new physics’ (NP) that may complement the SM terms of operators in NP induced by ultraviolet NP can be problematic, asL can in general also receive by addressing some of its shortcomings. However, the LNP most prominent empirical evidence for new physics, asso- contributions from light weakly-coupled degrees of free- ciated for example with neutrino mass and dark matter, dom. This dilemma is nicely illustrated by the theoret- does not necessarily point to an origin at shorter distance ical interpretation of a NP discovery that has already scales. occurred, namely the observation of neutrino flavor os- New physics:cillations. The UV experimental or IR? results(let’s say are IR/UV most boundary straightfor- ~ EW scale) Fortunately, experiments at the energy frontier are wardly interpreted in terms of the masses and mixing of not the only tools available to probe NP; they are sup- the light active neutrino species [8, 9]. However, as is plemented by searches at the precision (and intensity)Neutrino oscillations: We know that new phenomenon exists, and if interpretedwell known, as neutrino there aremasses a number and mixing, of possible is it explanations coming from deep frontier (see e.g. [3]). Precision observables, particularly for their origin. These include a short-distance expla- those that probe violations of exact or approximate sym-UV, vianation e. .g in Weinberg’s terms of the operator dimension-five Weinberg operator metries of the Standard Model such as CP and flavor, [10], NP (HL)(HL)/ΛUV with ΛUV H ,which play an important role in the search for new physics [4– L ∝ 2 or it is generatedgenerates by neutrino new IR massesfield, such scaling as RH as Hcomponent/ΛUV.There of Dirac 7]. Their reach in energy scale, through loop-induced are also a variety of different UV completions for this corrections from new UV physics, can often extend wellneutrinos?operator, with and without heavy right-handed neutrino beyond the direct reach of high energy colliders. How- states, present throughout the theory literature. While ever, measurements at low energies may be sensitive not Dark matterthis interpretation: 25% of Universe’s is certainly energy valid, balance there is is also in dark the pos- matter: only to NP corrections coming from the short distances, sibility of interpreting neutrino mass as a consequence of but also to NP at longer distances (lower mass) with ex-we can set constraints on both. If it is embedded in particle very light states N,withmN mW and the quantum tremely weak coupling to the SM. It is therefore prudentphysics,numbers then e.g. of right-handed neutralinos or neutrinos axions [11–16].imply new Such UV states scales. to ask for which precision observables can measured devi- However,would there typically are models be veryof DM weakly where coupled NP lives to thecompletely SM, thus in the ations from SM predictions unambiguously be identified escaping direct detection. The most prominent model in with short-distance NP at the electroweak (EW) scaleIR, and no new scales are necessary. this class is the simple three-generation extension of the or above? Alternatively, one can ask when such devia- SM with N states that allow Dirac masses for the active tions might also admit an interpretation in terms ofBoth new optionsneutrinos. deserve Thus a close we see look. that In neutrino particular, oscillations light and can very be weakly low-scale hidden sector degrees of freedom. This is thecoupledinterpreted states are as often the result overlooked, of UV but or IRdeserve new physics attention (or. 6 question we will address in this paper. 1.1 Kinetic mixing 1.1 Kinetic mixing ConsiderConsider a QED-like a QED-like theory theory with with one one (or (or several) several) extra extra vector vector particle(s), particle(s), coupled coupled to the to the electromagneticelectromagnetic current. current. A mass A mass term, term, or or in in general general a a mass mass matrix matrix for for the the vector vector states, states, is is protectedprotected against against additive additive renormalization renormalization due due to to the the conservation conservation of of the the electromagnetic electromagnetic 2 2 current.current. If the If mass the mass matrix matrix for for such such vector vector states states has a a zero zero determinant, determinant, det( det(MV )=0,thenMV )=0,then the theorythe theory contains contains one one massless massless vector, vector, to to be be identified identified with with a a photon, photon, and and several several massive massive vectorvector states. states. This is thee model of ‘paraphotons’, introduced by Okun in early 1980s [6], that can be This is the model of ‘paraphotons’, introduced by Okun in early 1980s [6], that can be reformulated in equivalent language using the kinetic mixing portal. Following Holdom [7], reformulated in equivalent language using the kinetic mixing portal. Following Holdom [7], one writes a QED-like“Simplified theory withγ twomodel”U(1) groups, for supplemented dark sector by the cross term in the one writeskinetic a Lagrangian, QED-like theory and a mass with term two forU(1) one groups, of the vector supplemented fields. by the cross term in the kinetic Lagrangian, and a mass term for(Okun one ’, ofHoldom the, vector…) fields. 1 2 2 = ψ,A + χ,A FµνF + m (A ) . (1.1) γ µν A µ L L L −2 21 2 2 = + F F + m (A ) .
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