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Home , Criminology

Introduction to Criminology with of

Prepared by: Winston N. Flores, Ph. D in Crim

• Criminology  study of , criminals and criminal behavior (Webster)  the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon (Edwin H. Sutherland)  a scientific and humanistic study of the social process of identifying crimes, criminals and the compatible solutions (Mannle and Herschel)

• Origin of the word “Criminology”  it originates from the Latin word “Crimen” meaning crime and Greek word “Logos” which means study  In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Professor coined the term Criminology  In 1889, Paul Topinard, French , used the term criminology in French Criminologie for the first time

• Brief of Criminology  Study of Criminology started in “Europe”. th  19 Century - advocated the theory that crime can be attributed to heredity predisposition. According to Lombroso, a criminal person by birth is a distinct type. It can be recognized through his own personal stigmata or anomalies th  Latter part of 19 Century  Criminology was accepted as field of study by the department of in the U.S.  1915 – environmental factors became popular as the causes of crime.

• Philippines  Plaridel Educational (now PCCr) was established by Manila Major Police Eliseo Vibar, Dr. Pedro R. Solis (NBI), Supreme Court Associate Felix Bautista Angelo in 1950.  Early 1960 – UM, Abad Santos College, University of the Visayas, University of Mindanao, University of Baguio offered a Criminology Course.

• University of the Visayas (UV) – first offered criminology course in Cebu • University of Negros Recoletos (UNOR) - first offered criminology in Western Visayas • Jan. 13-15, 1983 – Philippine Educators association for Criminology Education (PEACE) was organized and founded by Cirilo M. Tradio during the National Conference of criminology Deans and school heads and president at UNOR

• Officers of PEACE:

Founder/President: Dean cirilo M. Tradio Executive Vice-Pres.: Police Colonel Felimon Mamaril

Vice Pres for Metro Manila: Dean Isaias Alma Jose of PCCR

Vice Pres for Luzon: Dean Jose Maniwang, University of Angeles Foundation

Vice Pres. For Mindanao: Dr. Eustacduio of AA Zamboanga Colleges

Vice Pres for Visayas: Artemio Panganiban of cebu

Secretary: Dean Florentino of NAPOLCOM

Treasurer: Atty. Ernesto delos Santos of University of manila

Auditor: Brig. Gen. Maria Luisa Dimayuga, Police Woman

PRO: Colonel Jake Giron

Board Advisers: Arcadio S. Lozada, Napolcom Commissioner

Dr. Enrique C. Galang of Pccr Graduate School

Cecero C. Campos, Napolcom Commissioner

Dr. Nilo Rosas of DECS Central Office

Alfredo Pagulayan, Napolcom Commissioner

• Objective of PEACE;

To professionalize criminology education in the context of national Development.

• Project of PEACE: from Jan. 13, 1983 to May 1987

1. Implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology

2. Recognition of NAPOLCOM police exam by Civil service Commission as eligibility for employment in all other government civil service position.

3. The accreditation of participants in the seminar/workshop on police marksmanship for instructional purposes in all criminology schools. 4. Upliftment of criminology Education in line with the professionalization of the country’s police service.

• R.A. 6506 “An Act Creating the Board of Criminology in the Philippines” – the law that creates the Board of Criminology in the Philippines in 1972. • First Board of Criminology Constituted in 1987  Dr. Sixto O. de Leon – chairman  Atty. Virgilio B. Andres – Member  Jaime S. Navarro – Member  1987 – Syllabi of subjects for the licensure examination for criminologist was promulgated.

• Criminologist (R.A. 6506)  A person who is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologist and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the PRC.

• Nature of Criminology… Science or Art??  Science – from the Latin word scientia meaning knowledge. It refers to any systematic knowledge or practice.  Art – refers to the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environment or experiences. • George Wilker  Criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet aqcuired universal validity. • Edwin H. Sutherland  Hoped that it will become a science in the future since the causes of crimes are almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the two. • Generally, it is not an absolute science because its principles have not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance. However, it is a science in itself when under the following nature:  Applied Science – The study of Criminology involves the use of knowledge and concept of other sciences and field of study which makes the study of criminology  – crime is the creation of men who are members of the  Dynamic – the body of knowledge about crimes and criminals changes as the social condition change  Nationalistic – study of criminology must be in relation with the existing penal law within a specific territory.

• Principal Divisions of Criminology 1. of Crimes – the scientific analysis of the causation of crimes and the criminal behavior 2. – refers to the investigation of the nature of and its administration 3. – the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender

• Causes of Crime According to Early Theologians  St. Augustine – He expressed the early church’s position on crime.

The church thought of an individual as a God. When one surrendered to the evil, the result is often crime. Early theologians located the cause of crime in the relationship between the humankind and the evil.

 St. Thomas Aquinas – He stated that people by nature tried to perform good acts. Sin or crime took place when their power to reason failed.

• Causes of Crime According to Early Philosophers  Plato stated that certain social and political factors encouraged crime.  Aristotle stressed the ability of the law to improve social condition the distribution of the right and requirements for strict obedience to the .  Voltaire and Rousseau argued that all people have equal rights. Behavior (crime of otherwise) was to be based on one’s ability to reason. Philosopher at this period stated that an unjust legal system encourages crime. When the government begins to take away legal rights, it is committing a crime and revolution is justified.

• Theories of Crime Causation 1. Subjective Approach - Deals with the biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of abnormalities that exist in an individual before and after the commission of crime. 2. Objective Approach – Deals with the study of groups, social processes and as influenced to behavior. 3. Contemporary Approach – It is the combination of different approaches to explain the reasons or causes for the commission of crimes which focuses on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric and sociological theories.

• Subjective Approaches 1. Anthropological – deals with the study of physical characteristics of an individual offender with non – offenders in an attempt to discover differences covering criminal behavior. 2. Medical Approach – Application of medical examination for the explanation of mental and physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime. 3. Biological Approach – according to Taft, heredity is one major factor why a person commits crime 4. Physiological Needs – Maslow explained that the deprivation of the primary needs is a strong factor in the commission of crime 5. Psychological - Concerned in the deprivation of psychological needs of man which constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to repulsive sentiment and action 6. Psychiatric – this approach explains that mental disease is the reason why a person violates norms and of the land 7. Psychoanalytical – According to Freud, the imbalance condition of Id, Ego and Superego causes deviation of the individual to the norms of society

• Objective Approaches 1. Geographical Approach – Considers topography, natural resources, Geographical location, and climate lead an individual to commit crime. Founder Quetelet, “Thermic Law of Delinquency”, crimes against person prevail in the South Pole and during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the north pole and cold countries. 2. Ecological Approach – according to Park, this is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and as factors to crime. 3. Economic Approach – Merton believed that or economic difficulty pushes a person to commit crime in order to support his needs. 4. Socio-Cultural – Cohen affirms that institutions, education, politics and religion are major factors in the commission of crimes.

• Early Beginnings  Demonological Theory – It asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by demons. th • Pre 20 Century (1738-1798)  World of criminology has been divided into three broad schools:  Classical  Neo-Classical  Positivist

• Classical School of Thought  advocates are (Cesare Bonesara Marchese de Beccaria) who is known as Founder of Classical School of Thought and .  Beccaria in his book “An Essay of Crime and ” presented key ideas on the abolition of as legitimate means of extracting confession. • Beccaria graduate of a law degree from the University of Pavia returned home to Milan and joined a group of radial intellectuals, and organized themselves into the ACADEDMY OF FISTS. Their purpose was to investigate the type of reforms that were needed to modernize Italian Society.

• Beccaria believed that:  people want to achieved pleasure and pain.  Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.  To deter crime, he believed that one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to counterbalance the pleasure obtain from crime.  Famous in sayings “ Let the punishment fit the crime”

• Characteristics of Classical School  The basis of criminal liability is human and the purpose of penalty is retribution  Man is essentially a moral creature with an absolute free will to choose between right and wrong.  That every man is therefore responsible for his act.  The law, or the judge, should determine the punishment to be attached to a criminal act and should provide a scale of punishment to all persons committing the same crime, irrespective of age, sex, color, creed, or circumstances. • Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832) proposed “Utilitarian or Filicific Calculus or Penal Pharmacy” which explains that person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain.  Bentham devoted his life to developing scientific approach to the making and breaking laws. He borrowed from Beccaria the notion that the laws should provide “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number”. His work has governed by utilitarian principles. • Arguments Against Classical School  It treats all person as if they were machines without considering their individual differences and surrounding circumstances during the commission of crime.  The punishment imposed upon the first time offender and recidivist is equal.  The nature and definition of penalty is not individualized.  It does not consider the mental condition of the perpetrator rather it focused on the injury caused.  It became the Magna Carta or pattern of the criminal, since he knows what will be the penalty in case he will be arrested, thus he can calculate the pleasure and pain.

• Neo-Classical School of Thought  This school argued that situations or circumstances that make it impossible to exercise freewill are reasons to exempt the offender from conviction.  The Classicists believed in the absolute free will of men to choose between pleasure and pain. The person is always totally responsible for the consequences of his acts. On the other hand, the Neo-Classicists argued that it is not always, since the free will of a person in not absolute.

• Positivist School/Italian School  this school of thought emphasizes scientific treatments of criminals, not on the penalties to be imposed because it is believed that man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon which constrains him to do wrong in spite of or contrary to his own volition.  Maintains that crime as any act is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or calamity. That crime is a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual measures.  Proponents of this school are: Dr. Cesare Lombroso (Father of Modern Criminology); Enrico Ferri (Best known Lombroso’s associate, brilliant lawyer, accomplished editor, scholar, public lecturer and a great parliamentarian); and, Rafael Garofalo (Italian nobleman, magistrate, professor of law and senator). They are known as “Holy Three of Modern Criminology” • Dr. Cesare Lombroso – Father of modern Criminology. Wrote “Crime: Its Causes and Remedies” which contains the classification of criminals:  Born Criminal – based on the belief the criminal behavior is inherited  Criminal by Passion – a person who commits crime due to extreme , impulse of the moment, fit of passion, great anger or jelousy  Criminaloid – an individual who commits crime because of weak self control or less physical stigmata  Insane Criminal – a person who commits crime by reason of his psychological disorder or mental abnormalities  Occasional Criminal – one who commits crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at a given occasion  Pseudo Criminal – an individual who kills a person in self-defense • Lombroso’s most important work was “L’oumo Delinquente (The Criminal Mind), first published in 1876. • Lombroso was highly influence with the Theory of of which led him to the development to theory of – criminals were throwbacks to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period. Such criminals could be identified by certain physical stigmata, outward appearance particularly in the face.

• Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)  An Italian, born 1856, author of “The Theory of Imputable and the Denial of Free Will” published in 1878.  He agreed with Lombroso on the biological basis of Criminal’s behavior but his interest in socialism led him to recognize the importance of social, economic, and political determinants.  His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free will, which argued that, criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes because they must have a rational decision to commit these acts.  He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.

• Rafael Garofalo  He treated the roots of the criminals’ behavior not to physical features but to their psychology equivalent, which he referred to as moral anomalies.  He rejected the doctrine of freewill.  Classify criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals.

th • Early 20 Century • Theory (1858-1917)  David Emile Durkheim (Father of Sociology) proponent of this theory  Concerned on the sociological point of view of positivist school which explains that the nonexistence of norms in a society encourages a person to commit crimes.  Durkheim describe the feelings of alienation and confusion associated with the breakdown of social bonds. He said that human conduct lies not in the individual but in the group and social organization Individuals in the modern era tend to feel less connected to a community than did their ancestors, and thus their conduct is less influenced by group norms.

• Psychoanalytical Theory (1856-1969)  developed by (Father of )  criminality is a manifestation of psychological conflict and a criminal behavior is a form of neurosis.  crimes happened due to poor moral development, inadequate childhood , defective conscience or emotional maturity  Freud suggests three elements of personality, Id, ego and superego which if not developed properly may result to commission of crimes

• Theory (1864-1944)  human ecology is the study of the interrelationship of people and environment.  this explains the relationship of people and environment in relation to crime. It is believed that isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, , interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal behavior and crimes.  According to Robert Ezra Park, the changes in the environment where the people live will cause changes in the society.

th • Middle of 20 Century • Somatotyping Theory (1888-1964)  Ernest Kretschmer, a German Psychiatrist originated the idea of somatotyping  Kretschmer distinguished 3 Major Types of Physique:  Asthenic – skinny and slender with lean, slighty built and narrow shoulders. Prone to commit fraud and theft.  Athletic – tall, strong and muscular who are usually evolved in crimes against person because they are generally violent  Pyknic – broad face, massive neck, medium height, and with rounded bodies. Generally commit crimes related to trickery, swindling and violence.

• Somatotyping Theory (1898-1977)  William Sheldon believed that heredity is the principal determinant of behavior and the physique is a dependable and uswerving indicator of personality  Sheldon combines the biological and psychological explanation to understand deviant behavior which classified body phsysique.

• Sheldon’s Classification of Body Physique 1. Endomorphy – relaxed and comfortable persons with predominance of soft and roundedness throughout the different regions of the body with short tapering limbs, small bones, smooth velvety skin and love luxurious things and conditions in life. Essentially outgoing and gregarious or extrovert persons. 1. Mesomorphy – commonly called as the athletic type of person who behave, act and talk aggressively, characterized by predominance of muscles, large wrist and hands. Tend to commit crimes of violence. 2. Ectomorphy – introvert persons who are poorly muscled and charcterized by thin physique, flat chest, fragile and delicate bones.

• Theory(DAT) 1883-1950  simply believes that criminal behavior is learned and not inherited. th  developed by Edwin H. Sutherland – most important criminologist of the 20 century due to the fact that he has a brilliant explanation about crimes and criminality, thus, he is considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology.  He state that “While criminal behavior is an expression of the general needs and value, it is not explained by those general needs and value, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and value.”

• Containment Theory (1899-1988)  this theory is a form of control which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal behavior.

According , external forces are composed of outer structures like blocked opportunities, poverty and unemployment while the internal structures are the individuals self control ensured by strong ego, good self image, well developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and high sense of responsibility

• Conflict and Capitalism Theory (1818-1940)  Karl Marx, Frederick Engel and Willem Bonger are the main proponents of this theory.

Argue that upper class in a capitalist society is responsible for the conception of penal law and the ideological biases in the interpretation and enforcement of laws. Thus, criminality is very much reflected on the exploited and abused members of the underprivileged population which are usually unemployed or underemployed.

th • Late 20 Century • Strain Theory (1910) th  Robert King Merton is the leading sociologist of the late 20 century who also related criminality to lack or absence of norms.  Merton asserted that a man who failed to achieve higher status/goals in life caused him to commit crimes in order for that status/goals to be attained.

• Sub-Culture Theory (1918)  According to Albert Cohen, the lower class cannot socialize effectively to the middle and higher classes because the latter would not accept the behavior of the former. Thus, the members of the lower class gather together to share their common concerns which subsequently form a sub-culture that rebuffs the values.

• Neutralization Theory  Gresham Sykes believed that a person will follow or break law depending upon whether he will be benefited or not. Such that if the societal rules are favorable to him, the latter are very much willing to obey it, otherwise, he will transgress.

• Differential Opportunity Theory  According to Llyod Ohlin, there are different opportunities for the lower and upper classes of the society. The lower is usually deprived of the abundant resources that the upper is enjoying. This causes the underprivileged to get involved to illegitimate activities in order to achieve their ambitions and to become equal to the standing of the upper class people in the society.

• (social reaction theory)  The founders of this theory are Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, & Howard Becker. This is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of an individual is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society. It focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from norms, and is associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping.

• Instrumentalist Theory  Earl Richard Quinney claimed that the upper classes are using the existence of the state to exploit the lower classes by making laws for their own benefit, protection and interest.

• Differential Identification Theory  Daniel Glasser maintained that a person pursues criminal behavior to the extent that he identifies himself with real or imaginary persons from whose perspective his criminal behavior seems acceptable.  A person with the susceptibility of becoming a thief will consider thieves as his ideal person to identify himself. The identification need not be an intimate personal association but it may be done by identifying himself with characters in movies, radio and televisions.

• Conflict of Culture Theory  Thorsten Sellin emphasized that the multiplicity of incompatible culture is the main source of social disorganization. The high crime and delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by their exposure to assorted, diverse and incongruent standards and code. Their own standards and code conflicts that of a larger society. The high degree of population mobility magnifies the cultural diversity and exposure of children to varied cultures. The more intricate the culture becomes, the greater is the chance that the worms of various groups will conflict.

• Other Theory • Theory of Evolution  According to Charles Darwin, humans like other animals are parasite. Man has animalistic behavior, man kills and steals to live.

• Other School • Chicago School  The founders are Robert Ezra (1864 – 1944),Ernest W. Burgess (1886 – 1966), and Louis Wirth (1897 – 1952) - Professors of Sociology Dept at .  Pioneered research on social ecology of the city  Some neighborhoods become “Natural Areas” for crime  They found that children who grow in old home wracked by conflict, attend inadequately in schools or associated with deviant peers and become exposed to pro-crime forces

• GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF CRIME  North and South Pole – according to Quetelete “Thermic Law of Delinquency”, crimes against person predominate in the South Pole and during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.  Approach to the Equator – according to the Montesquieu (Spirits of Laws, 1748) criminality increase in proportion as one approaches to the equator and drunkenness increase as one approaches to the North and South Pole  Season of the Year – crimes against person is more in summer than in rainy season. Climatic condition directly affects one’s irritability and cause criminality. During dry season, people get out of the house more and there is more contact and consequently more probability of personal violence.  Soil Formation – more crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly rugged terrain. There is also more incidence of rape in level districts.  Month of the Year – there is more incidences of violent crimes during warm months from April to July having its peak in May. This is due to May festivals, excursion, picnics, and other sorts of festivities wherein people are more in contact with one another.  Temperature – according to Dexter, the number of arrest increases quite regularly with the increase of temperature affects the emotional state of the individual and leads to fighting. The influence of temperature upon female is greater than upon male.  Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure – according to survey, large number of assaults are to be found correlated with low humidity and a small number with high humidity. It was explained that low and high humidity are both vitality and emotionally depressing to the individual.  Wind Velocity – under the same study, it was explained that during high wind, the number of arrest were less. It may be due to the presence of more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that lessens the vitality of men to commit violence.

• Studies on Human Behavior and Mind in Relation to the Causes of Crime  Psychoanalytic factors focuses on the analysis of human behavior.  Psychiatric factors focuses on the study of human mind.

 Aichorn in his manuscript entitled “Wayward Youth, 1925” he argued that the cause of crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few years of his life. As child, the human beings typically follow only his pleasures impulses instinctively, soon as he grew up and he must control it. Otherwise, he suffers from faulty ego development and grow up to be delinquent.

 Abrahamsen in his book “Crime and the Human Mind” 1945, he explained the origin of crime by this formula. “Criminal behavior is a result of criminalistic tendencies plus inducing situation divided by person’s mental or emotional resistance to temptation(CB=CT+IS/PMRT).”

 Cyrill Burt in his book “Young Delinquent, 1925” he gave the hypothesis of general emotionality. According to him many offenses may be traced to either excess or deficiency of a particular instinctive drive. An overload of the submissive instinct account for the tendency of many criminals to be weak, willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be owed to the impulse of fear. Cruel and unsympathetic type of offenders may be the result of the shortage in the primitive emotion of love and a surplus of the instinct of hate.

 Healy – (Individual Delinquency) claimed that crime is an expression of the mental content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort; personality demands removal of pain and pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is, crime delinquency of the individual.

 Bromberg in his writing, “Crime and the Mind, 1946” he asserted that criminality is the consequence of emotional immaturity. A person is deemed emotionally matured when he has learned to control his emotion affectively and who lives at peace with himself and in harmony with the standards of conduct which are acceptable to the society. An emotionally immature person defies against rules and regulations and tends to engage in unusual activities and experience a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.

 Sigmund Freud in his book “The Ego and the Id, 1927” described his psychoanalytical theory of human personality. According to him, there are three components of personality which explains the causes of crime: – “Id” are inclinations or instinct of social drives. It contains all that is inherited, and is present at birth. (pleasure seeking component) – “Ego” – reality component, this form part of man’s physical organization between its sensory stimuli on one hand and his motor activity on the other. The ego operates on the basis of expediency. It tries to mediate the demands of the Id. – “Super-ego” means the conscience of man which is the unconscious part of our body To be normal, there must be a proper balance of the three components. Disproportion or disharmony may make the individual neurotic. If the super-ego is deficient or improperly developed, then the ego will dominate, for this reason the person may become impulsive or forceful making them prone to commit violent acts.

• Important Personalities in the Study of Criminology  DR. CESARE LOMBROSO – The world famous authority in the field of criminology who advocated the Positivist Theory: that crime is essentially a social and moral phenomenon and it cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment; and that a criminal is just any person who is sick, that he should be treated in the hospital for his possible rehabilitation and reformation.  DR. CHARLES GORING – An English statistician, who studied the case of 3,000 convicts, and found that heredity, is more influential as determiner of criminal behavior than environment.  ALPHONSE BERTILLION – One who originated a system of classifying criminals according to body measurements. Because the human skeleton is th unchangeable after the 20 year and because no two individuals are alike in all dimensions; this method of identification received prominence in 1880’s.  EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND – An American authority in criminology, who in his book “Principles of Criminology” considers criminology at present as not a science, but he has hopes of becoming a science.

He is considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology. He advocated the Differential Association Theory.

 GEORGE L. WILKER – Argued that criminology couldn’t possibly become a science. Accordingly, general propositions of universal validity are the essence science; such prostitutions can be made only regarding stable and homogeneous units but varies one time to another; therefore, universal proposition cannot be made regarding crime, and scientific studies of criminal behavior are impossible.  CESARE BECCARIA – Who is his book: An Essay of Crimes and ,” advocated and applied doctrine penology, that is to say make punishment less arbitrary and severe; that all the persons who violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position, or circumstance.  R. GAROFALO – Another Italian authority in criminology, who developed a concept of the natural crime and defined it as a violation of the prevalent sentiments of pity and probity.  W. A. BONGER – An emotional authority in criminology, who classified crimes by motives of the offenders as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes, and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the principle motive.  R. H. GODDARD – Who advocated the theory that “feeblemindedness” inherited as Mendelian Unit, causes crime for the reason that the feebleminded person is unable to appreciate the consequences of his behavior, or appreciate the meaning of the law.  DAVID W. MAURER – An American authority in police administration who, in his book “The Big Con,” once said, “The dominant culture could control the predatory cultures without difficulty, and what is more, it would exterminate them, for no criminal can operate continuously and professionally without the connivance of the law.”  PETER RENIZEL – A private person who in 1669, established a workhouse in hamburge at his own expense because he had observed that thieves and prostitutes were made worse instead of better by pillory, and hoped that they might be improved by work and religious instruction in the workhouse.  JOHN HOWARD – The great reformer, who wrote “the State, of in England” in 1777, after a personal investigation of practically all the prisons in England.  AGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857), a French sociologist, firmly rooted the application of the modern methods of physical sciences in the social sciences with his volume COYURS de Philosophie Positive (Course of Positive ), published between 1830 and 1842. He argued that these could be no real knowledge of social phenomena unless it was based on a positivist (scientific) approach. He is considered as the founder of sociology

th The 19 century forces of and evolution moved the field of criminology from a philosophical to a scientific perspective.  According to Comte pass through stages  People from primitive societies believe that inanimate objects have life Ex. Sun is god  In later social Stages, People embrace rational and scientific view of the word and this is what we called positive stage.

 GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA and JOHNN KASPER LAVATER (1535- 16150) founded the school of human , the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.  Physiognomy – The study of facial features of criminals to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes and distances between them were associated with anti-social behavior.

 FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758 – 1828 ) AND JOHANN K. SPURHEIM (1776 – 1832) both Phrenologist – – The study of the shape of the skull and bumps of the head to determine whether these physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.

 PHILIPE PINEL – One of the founders of French , claimed that some people behave abnormally even without being mentally ill, referred as “Psychopathic Personality”

 HENRY MAUDSLEY – (1835 – 1918) English statistician believed that insanity and criminal behavior were strongly linked.

 CHARLES CALDWELL, an American physician who supported these views, he searched for evidence that tissue and cells regulate human action.

– A Belgian mathematician did an elaborate analysis of crime in France, Belgium and Holland. He was the first to take advantage of the criminal statistics that was beginning to become available in the 1820’s. He was the “First Scientific Criminologist”, employing an approach to his subject matter which was very similar to that of modern criminologist. He is considered as the “Father of Modern Sociological and Psychological Statistic”

 MICHAEL GUERRY – sometime after 1825, published the first book in “Scientific Criminology. He was more cartographic in his approach, relying exclusively upon shaded areas of maps in order to describe and analyze variations in French official crime statistic. Since he employed these sections of maps and used these as principal unit of analysis, he is often viewed as the “Founder of the Ecological or Cartographic School of Criminology”

• (1843- 1901), - fifteen years as a provincial judge. He formulated his theory in terms of laws of imitation – a principle that govern the process by which the people became criminals.

One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior Theory of Imitation– Suggestion, delinquency and criminal matters are learned and adopted. The learning process may either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting pattern of behavior. The pattern of crime, like fashion may easily fade, may last for a long time and maybe transmitted from generation to generation. It may spread from the place of its origin outward to the periphery.

 Ernest Hooton conducted a study involving a comparison of a large sample of and non-prisoners in the United State, Hooton concluded that criminals are biologically inferior.

Found out that Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves and burglar, Short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex crimes and Average struggle other crimes.

 ELEANOR GLUECK stressed, however that the build is not a direct cause of delinquency rather a person’s physical appearance may simply just affect his behavior. For example, the muscular boys who look up to by friends may commit aggressive act too maintain their respect and admiration.

 Rawson R. Rawson – utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between and crime rates with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.

 Henry Mayhew – used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions and poverty and presented his studies in London Labour and the London Poor.

 Emile Durkheim – viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven distribution of wealth and other differences among people.  Sir Alec John Jeffreys – Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), born january 9, 1950 at Oxford in Oxfordshire, he is British Geneticist who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling.

• IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PLACES  BERLIN – The country where the last burning at the stake was made until 1786.  Australia – a place where after the Americans gained their independence from England in 1786, the prisoners of England were transferred until 1867.  ANCIENT ROME – A nation who pioneered banishment as a from of punishment. TH  MIDDLE OF THE 16 CENTURY – The period when the first House of Correction appeared in England, on the petition of Bishop Ridly of London for help in dealing with the sturdy vagabonds of the city. The king gave his place at Bridewill to be one of the hospitals of the city, for lewd and idle, and a place for the employment of the unemployed and the training of children.  HAMMURABI’S CODE – A code after a name of a person who firstly adopted the principle “An Eye for an Eye, and a Tooth for a Tooth” in the imposition of punishment.  ELMIRA REFORMATORY – Considered as the forerunner of modern penology, located in Elmira, New York in 1876. It features a training school type of institutional program, social casework, and extensive use of parole.  AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM – Its features were confinement of the prisoners in single cells at nights and congregate work in shops during the day.  1870 to 1880 – Was the Golden Age of Penology because of the following reasons: • The formation and Organization of National American Prison Association in 1870; • In 1870, the first International Prison Congress was held in London; • In 1876, the Elmira Reformatory was considered as the forerunner of modern Penology; and • The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts.  1938 – the League of Nations adopted the “Standard Minimum Rules for the treatment of prisoners.”  1839 – Demetz of France establish an Agricultural Colony for charge. The system was based on re-education rather than force. When discharged, the Boys were placed under the supervision of a patron.

• SOME IMPORTANT TERMS  CRIMINOGENIC PROCESS – Explain human behavior and the experiences, which help determine the nature of a person’s personality as a reacting mechanism; that factors of experiences in connection thereto infringe differentially upon different personalities, producing conflict, which is the aspect of crime.  CRIMINAL PSYCHODYNAMIC – the study of mental processes of criminals in action; the study genesis, development, and of human behavior that conflicts with accepted norms and standard of society; this study concentrates on individuals as opposed to general studies of mass populations with respect to their criminal behavior.  CULTURAL CONFLICTS – A clash between societies because of contrary beliefs or substantial variance in their respective customs, language, institutions, habits, learning, tradition, etc.  DEMENTIA PRAECOX – A collective term of mental disorders that begin at, or shortly after puberty and usually lead to general failure of the mental faculties, with the corresponding physiological impairment.  DELUSION – In medical , a false belief about self, caused by morbidity, present in paranoia and dementia praecox.  EPISODIC CRIMINAL – A non-criminal person who commits a crime when under extreme emotional ; a person who breaks down and commits a crime as a single incident during the regular course of natural and normal events.  EROTOMANIA – A morbid propensity to love or make love; uncontrollable sexual desire, or excessive sexual craving by members of either sex.  INHERITANCE – The transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits, tendency to disease, etc., from parents to offspring. In , the tendency manifested by an organism to develop in the likeness of a progenitor due to the transmission of genes in the productive process.  HEREDITARY – Have been believed to share about equally in determining disposition that is, whether cheerful or gloomy, his temperament, and his nervous stability.  HALLUCINATION – is the act of seeing of hearing something which does not actually exist  KLEPTOMANIAC – an uncontrollable morbid propensity to steal or pathological stealing. The symptoms of this disease usually consist of peculiar motives for stealing and hoarding.  MASOCHISM – A condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure from being dominated or cruelly treated.  MELANCHOLIA – A mental disorder characterized by excessive brooding and depression of spirits; typical of manic depressive psychosis.  MEGALOMANIA – A mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself great or exalted.  NECROPHILISM – Morbid craving, usually of an erotic nature for dead bodies. It is also a form of perversion where sexual gratifications are achieved either through sexual intercourse with, or mutilation of the dead body.  ANTHROPOLOGY – It is the science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its physical, mental and .  AUTO PHOBIA – It is a morbid fear of one’s self, or of being alone.  BIOMETRY – In criminology, a measuring or calculating of the probable duration of human life; the attempt to correlate the frequency of crime between parents and children or brothers and sisters (siblings).  BIOSOCIAL BEHAVIOR – A person’s biological heritage, plus his environment and social heritage, Influence his social activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of his biological and social heritages that a person’s personality is developed.  LOGOMACY – A statement that we would have no crime if we had no criminal law, and that we could eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal laws.  Cretinism – A disease associated with prenatal thyroid deficiency and subsequent thyroid inactivity, marked by physical deformities, arrested development, goiter, and various forms of mental retardation, including imbecility.  Crime Statistics – A reported instance of a crime recorded in a systematic classification.  Euthanasia – It signifies the release from life given sufferer from an incurable and painful disease.  Alienist – This is a term applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders sometimes interchangeably used with psychiatrist.  Regionalism - Crime rates not only vary from one relation to another, but also generally among the several sections of each section of each nation. Such that the rate of convictions for homicides per million populations varies widely in different regions in the whole Philippines.  Crime Index - The Crime Index is composed of selected offenses used to gauge fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime reported to law enforcement. The offenses included are the violent crimes of murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.  Home – cradle of human personality  Bad neighborhood – areas or places in which dwellings or housing conditions are dilapidated, unsanitary, unhealthy, which are therefore, detrimental to the morale, health and safety of the populace.  Broken Home – legal separation, de facto separation between parents, or natural separation, or lack of interest on the part of the parents in the welfare of the children. One factor of  School – is a strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency.  Government – the organized authority that enforces the laws of the land and one of the most powerful in the control of the people.  Norm – the proper ways of behaving for a number of situations.  – Are special folkways which are important to the welfare of the people and their cherished values. Based on ethical and moral values  Criminal – Study of the correlation between criminality and population  Criminal Ecology – Study of criminality in relation to special distribution in a community  Criminal Epidiomology - study of the connection between environmental and criminality.  Criminal Physical Anthropology – Study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men.  Criminal Psychiatry – Study of human mind in relation to criminality  Criminal Psychology – Branch of Psychology which deals with study of human behavior in relation to Criminality.  – Study of the part of the victim in the commission of crime.  Instrumentation- is the application of instrument and methods of Criminalistics to the detection of crime.  Psychiatry-the study of human mind.  Sociology – the study of human society, its origin, structure, function, and direction.

• Kallikak Family Tree

Martin Kallikak was a soldier of the American revolutionary and while stationed in a small village he met and had illicit relations with a feeble – minded girl. About 489descendants from this lineage where traced which included 143 feeble-minded and only 46 were normal. Thirty-six were illegitimate, 3 were epileptic, 3 criminals, 8 kept brothels and 82 died in infancy.

At the closed of the war, Martin Kallikak, Sr. returned to his home and married a quaker of good family. Out of this marriage, 4, 967 of the descendants has been traced and all but I was convicted of religious offense, 15 died in infancy and no one become criminal or epileptic.

• Juke Family Tree

The Juke family consisted of 6 girls some of whom were illegitimate. One of the six sisters, Ada Juke was known as “Margaret”, the mother of criminals. Dugdale traced the 1, 200 descendants for 75 years from its origin and found 280 as paupers, 140-criminals, 60 habitual thieves, 300 infants prematurely born, 7 murders, 50 prostitutes, 440 contaminated with sexual diseases, and 30 were prosecuted for bastardly. • Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree

Sir Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during the colonial period. When his family tree was traced, none of the descendants was found to be criminal. On the other hand, many become presidents of the United States, governor, members of Supreme Court, famous writers, preachers and teachers.

• Criminal Psychology  Psychology – is a branch of knowledge regarding human behavior.  Criminal Psychology – study of criminal activities, behavior and conduct in an attempt to discover intermittent patterns and to create set of laws about his behavior.

• Kinds of Behavior  Simple or Complex – classified based on number of neurons involved. If there is less neurons in certain act, it is simple. If there is more then it is complex behavior.  Overt or Covert – overt behavior is observable while covert is not visible to the naked eye or hidden  Conscious of Unconscious – considered conscious when a person is aware of his actions and if not then it is considered unconscious.  Rational or Irrational – rational when it is don with sanity while irrational is done without knowing the nature and consequences of the actions  Voluntary of Involuntary – voluntary is an act done willingly while the involuntary is the body activities and processes which we cannot stop.

• Aspects of Behavior  Attitude/Value – pertains to our likes and dislikes or our interest toward something  Emotional – concerns with our feelings, moods, temper  Intellectual – mental processes such as decision making, reasoning and solving problems  Moral – pertains to conscience whether the action done is good or bad.  Psychosexual – concerns to our state of being whether man or woman  Political – involves our ideology towards government  Social – refers to our interaction and relationship with other people.

• Criminal Formula

According to Abrahamsen in his book entitled, “Crime and Human Mind” in 1945, he explained the causes of crime by this formula:

C = T + S R

Where:

C – Crime/ Criminal Behavior (Act)

T – Tendency (Desire/Intent)

S – Situation (Opportunity)

R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)

• Sexual Behavior Leading to Sex Crimes • Choice of Partner  Auto Sexual – masturbation / self-gratification  Bestiality – sex intercourse with animals  Gerontophilia –erotic desire with elder person  Incest – sexual relationship between people with blood relationship  Pedophilia – sexual desire with a child  Necrophilia – sexual perversion with a corpse or dead body

• Mode of Expression

1. Algolagnia (Sado-Masochism) – sexual gratification is attained through pain or cruelty. Two classifications:

 Sadism – sexual pleasure is achieved through infliction of pain on the partner  Masochism – sexual pleasure is obtained thru the infliction of pain to oneself

2. Oralism - the satisfaction is attained by the use of mouth or tongue.

 Anillingus – licking of the anus of the sexual partner  Cunnillingus – this is attained by licking the female genitalia  Fellatio – licking and sucking the male sex organ

• Number of Participants  Triolism – three participants in one sexual activity  Pluralism – also called “sexual festival” where there are several participants • Part of the Body  Frottage – rubbing or sex organ to the body parts of the partner to achieve gratification  Partialism – sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner  Uranism – sexual happiness is attained thru the licking of partner’sbody(holding the breast/fingering of genital)  Sodomy – insertion or penetration of the penis or object to the anus of the partner • Sexual Reversal  Fetishism – sexual enjoyment is achieved by looking at some body parts, underwear or any objects associated with the partner  Homosexuality – sexual behavior is towards the same sex  Transvetism – sexual satisfaction is achieved by wearing the apparel or underwear of the opposite sex • Sexual Urge  Nymphomania – sexual desire of a woman to have sex  Satyriasis – sexual urge of a woman to have sex • Visual Stimulus  Scoptophilia – sexual behavior characterized by watching undress or nude people especially during sexual activity  Voyeurism – sexual gratification is obtained thru watching person doing something which might undress herself in a private area. The maniac is called Peeping Tom who usually masturbates while doing his sexual behavior. • Other Sexual Abnormalities  Coprolalia – sexual happiness is attained by using obscene language while having sexual intercourse.  Don Juanism – act of seducing women without permanency of sexual partner  Exhibitionism – indecent exposure of sex organ ot other people

Study of Criminal Law

 Criminal Law – branch of which defines crime, treats of their nature, and provides punishment for their violation. Also known as Penal Law.  Revised Penal Code or Act No. 3815 – book that contains the Philippine Criminal Law and different special laws and decrees which are penal in nature

• LIMITATIONS UPON THE POWER OF THE STATE TO ENACT PENAL LAWS 1. It cannot enact an ex post facto law nor bill of attainder 2. Penal laws must be of general application 3. It cannot provide for a cruel unusual punishment nor can it impose excessive fines • CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE LAWS

1. Code of Hammurabi – considered one of the first known attempt to establish written code of conduct. It was instituted by King Hammurabi who ruled the Babylon at approximately 2,000 B.C. He was the sixth king of the first dynasty of Babylon and ruled nearly 55 years.

• 5 Sections of Code of Hammurabi 1. A penal or code of laws 2. A manual of instruction for judges, police officers and witnesses 3. A handbook of rights and duties of husbands, wives and children 4. A set of regulations establishing wages and prices 5. A code of ethics for merchants, doctors and officials 2. The Mosaic Code – based on the assumption that God entered into a covenant with the tribes of Israel, had a long-lasting impact on our collective consciousness. Moses returned from a mountain top carrying the Ten Commandments which were inscribed on two stone tablets. These commandments subsequently became the foundation of Judeo-Christian . The prohibition against murder, theft, and perjury were all present in the Mosaic Code.

3. The Code of Twelve Tables – these tables were collection of basic rules relation to the conduct of family and religious economic life.

• 529 A.D. – Emperor Justinian I codified the Roman Laws into set of writings – The Justinian Code which distinguishes two major types of laws, public and Private Laws • Public Laws – dealt with the organization and administration of the Republic • Private Laws – addressed the issues such as contracts, possessions and other property rights. The legal status of each person such as slaves, husbands, wives and injuries to citizens.

• Revised Penal Code (RPC)

It is called as RPC because the old penal code which took effect in the country on July 14, 1887 and was in force until Dec. 31, 1931 was revised by the Committee created by Administrative Order No. 94 of the Department of Justice, dated Oct. 18, 1927, composed of Anacleto Diaz as Chairman, Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya as members.

The RPC was approved on Dec. 8, 1930 and took effect on January 1, 1932.

• Principal Parts of the RPC

It is composed of two books, book one which is composed of article 1-113 and book two covering article 114-367.

 Articles 1-20 – principles affecting criminal liability  Articles 21-113 – penalties including criminal and civil liability  Articles 114-367 – felonies • Characteristics of the RPC 1. Generality – the law is applicable to all persons within the territory irrespective of sex, race, nationality or civil status except: a. Head of state b. Foreign diplomats, ambassadors, who are duly accredited to our country c. Foreign troops permitted to march within the territory Exception to the General Application a. Treaties – b. Laws of Preferential Application 2. Territoriality - the RPC is applicable to felonies committed within the Philippine territorial jurisdiction under article 1 of the constitution. “The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal water.” 3. Prospectivity - the provisions of the RPC cannot be applied if the act is not yet punishable on the time the felony was committed. However, it may have a retroactive effect if it is favorable to the accused who is not a habitual delinquent. • What is Crime?  An act or omission punishable by law. • Categories of Crimes  Felony – act or omission punishable by the RPC  Offense – act or omission punishable by the special laws of presidential decrees  Infraction – breach of municipal or city ordinance

• Elements of Crime 1. Desire – what induces or pushes a person to commit crime 2. Opportunity – the physical possibility that the crime could have been committed 3. Capability – ability of the person to execute the act or omission

• Legal Classifications of Crime A. Manner of Commission 1. Dolo/Deceit – when the act was with deliberate intent 2. Fault /Culpa – When the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill.

B. Stage in the Execution of Crime

1. Attempted – The offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts, but does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce a felony by reason of some causes or accidents other than his own spontaneous desistance. 2. Frustrated – The offender performed all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but which nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator. 3. Consummated – The offender has performed all the acts of execution and the felony is actually accomplished. All the element for its execution are present. C. Plurality of the Crime 1. Simple Crimes – When a single act constitutes only one offense. 2. Complex Crimes - When a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies or when an offense is a necessary means for committing the other. The first is otherwise known as compound crime while the second is the complex crime proper. D. Gravity of the Penalty 1. Grave – the law attaches the or afflictive penalties 2. Less Grave – the law punishes with penalties which are correctional in nature 3. Light – infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both are imposed • Criminological Classifications of Crime A. Result 1. Acquisitive Crime – when the offenders acquire something as a consequence of his criminal act. 2. Extinctive Crime – when the end result of the criminal act is destructive.

B. Time or Period Committed

1. Seasonal – those that are committed only at certain period of the year. 2. Situational – those committed only when given the situation conducive to their commission.

C. Length of Time Committed

1. Instant Crime – those committed in the shortest possible time 2. Episoidal – those crimes committed by a series of act in a lengthy space of time.

D. Place or Location

1. Statistic – those committed only in one place. 2. Continuing – those committed in several place

E. Use of Mental Faculties

1. Rational – those committed with full possession of his mental faculties or sanity. 2. Irrational – those committed by a person who does not know the nature and quality of his act on account of the disease of the mind.

F. Type of Offenders

1. Whit Collar – those committed by members of upper socio-economic class in the exercise of their profession. 2. Blue Collar – those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood.

G. Imitation-Passion 1. Crimes of Imitation – those committed, the pattern of which is merely a duplication of what was done by others 2. Crimes by Passion – those committed because of the fit of passion, anger, jealousy, hatred

H. Standard of Living of Criminals

1. Crimes of the pper world – ex. falsification 2. Crimes of the underworld – ex. Snatching

• Major Types or Categories of Crimes

1. Street Crimes – Crime commonly committed against persons or properties are generally is called “street crime”. This does not mean that they are always committed in some steer. Many occur in commercial or private buildings. The term simply refers to the fact these crimes are routine, everyday occurrences and often. Although not always, involving unsophisticated offenders from the “street” rather than from the corporate boardrooms and crime syndicates

2. – Transactions between the two or more willing parties concerning the scale or purchase of desired but illegally goods or services are referred to as victimless crimes or consensual crimes. 3. – consist of illegal acts, executed by five or more procedures with varying degrees of participation to directly acquire a system of recurring financial rewards through the provision of goods and services for consumer groups differing in size and knowledge of environment. 4. Occupational and Career Oriented Crime – Occupational and career crime refers to the illegal acts committed in the course of one’s legitimate occupation or sustained involvemepnt in specialized form of conventional crimes. 5. – One of the most difficult concepts in criminology is political crime. Basically, all crimes are relatively political in nature that they represent a challenge to dominant values express politically in the law. However, when the criminal’s attack (be in the form of murder, hijacking, terrorism) is directed towards the society’s values system or basic institution. E.g. capitalism, then it may term absolute political crime.

• Who is a Criminal? – A person who has committed a wrongful act punishable by law of the land and has been finally convicted of the case charged against him in the competent court of justice

Criminological Classifications of Criminals

A. Etiology 1. Acute Criminals- person who violates a law because of the impulse of the moment fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy. 2. Chronic Criminals- person who acted in consonance with deliberated thinking, such as: a. Neurotic Criminal- person whose actions arise from intra-psychic conflict between the social and anti-social components of his personality. b. Normal criminal- person whose psychic organization resembles that of normal individuals except that he identified himself with criminal proto type. c. Criminaloids- caused by an organic pathological process.

B. Behavioral System:

1. Ordinary criminals- the lowest form of criminal career. They engaged only on conventional crimes that require limited skill. They lack organization to avoid arrest and convictions. 2. Organized Criminals- these criminals has a high degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized activities, which can be operated in large-scale business. Force, violence, intimidation and bribery are muse to gain and maintain control over economic activities. Organized crime of these special types includes various forms of racketeering, control of gambling, prostitution and distribution of prohibited drugs. 3. Professional Criminals- they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being detected because of organization and contract with other criminals. These offenders are always able to escape conviction. They specialize in crime, which require skill games, pick pocketing, , sneak thievery counterfeiting and others.

C. Activities

1. Professional Criminals- Those who earn their living through criminal activities. 2. Accidental criminals- those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances. 3. Habitual criminals- those continue to commit criminal acts for such diverse reason due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of self- control. 4. Situational criminals- those who are not actually criminals but constantly in trouble with legal authorities

D. Mental Attitude

1. Active aggressive criminals- those who commit crime in an impulsive manner usually due to the aggressive behavior of the offender, such attitude is clearly shown in crime of passion, revenge or resentment. 2. Passive in adequate criminals- those who commit crimes because they are push to it by inducement, reward or promise without considering its consequence. They are called “ulukan” 3. Socialize delinquents- those who are normal in their behavior but merely defective in their socialization processes. To this group belong the educated respectable members of society who may turn criminal on account of situation they are involved.

• Legal Classifications of Criminals 1. Habitual Delinquents – a person within a person of ten years from the date of his release or last conviction of the crime of serious, less serious, physical injuries, robbery, estafa or falsification, is found guilty of any of the said crimes a third time or oftener 2. Recidivist – is one who, at the time of his for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of the RPC

• Criminalistics – A sub-field of criminology which deals with the study of criminal things or those article left by the perpetrator in the crime scene which have significance in the resolution of the case.

• Criminalist – A person trained in the application of instruments, methods and techniques for the detection of crime.

• Two Major Divisions of Criminalistics 1. Scientific – this requires the study of mathematics and science before going to practical training in the lab. These are , chemistry and physics. 2. Technological – is usually learned through the direct and actual training in the laboratory under the supervision of an expert and experienced criminalist

• Subdivisions of Criminalistics 1. Personal Identification 2. Police Photography 3. Forensic Ballistics 4. Questioned Document Examination 5. Polyygraphy 6. Legal Medicine

• Penology – derived from the Latin word, Poena which means pain or suffering. – A branch of criminology concerning the study of punishment for the prevention and control of crime. Otherwise known as Penal Science which deals with prison and treatment of offenders – Punishment – a pain or suffering inflicted upon an individual who violates the rules of society

• Correction – refers to the society’s reaction to a convicted and sentenced individual – branch of the administration of , charged with the responsibility of custody, supervision and rehabilitation of the convicts

Thank You…