Introduction to Criminology with Psychology of Crime Prepared by: Winston N. Flores, Ph. D in Crim • Criminology study of crimes, criminals and criminal behavior (Webster) the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon (Edwin H. Sutherland) a scientific and humanistic study of the social process of identifying crimes, criminals and the compatible solutions (Mannle and Herschel) • Origin of the word “Criminology” it originates from the Latin word “Crimen” meaning crime and Greek word “Logos” which means study In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor coined the term Criminology In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropology, used the term criminology in French Criminologie for the first time • Brief History of Criminology Study of Criminology started in “Europe”. th 19 Century - Cesare Lombroso advocated the theory that crime can be attributed to heredity predisposition. According to Lombroso, a criminal person by birth is a distinct type. It can be recognized through his own personal stigmata or anomalies th Latter part of 19 Century Criminology was accepted as field of study by the department of sociology in the U.S. 1915 – environmental factors became popular as the causes of crime. • Philippines Plaridel Educational Institution (now PCCr) was established by Manila Major Police Eliseo Vibar, Dr. Pedro R. Solis (NBI), Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Bautista Angelo in 1950. Early 1960 – UM, Abad Santos College, University of the Visayas, University of Mindanao, University of Baguio offered a Criminology Course. • University of the Visayas (UV) – first offered criminology course in Cebu • University of Negros Recoletos (UNOR) - first offered criminology education in Western Visayas • Jan. 13-15, 1983 – Philippine Educators association for Criminology Education (PEACE) was organized and founded by Cirilo M. Tradio during the National Conference of criminology Deans and school heads and president at UNOR • Officers of PEACE: Founder/President: Dean cirilo M. Tradio Executive Vice-Pres.: Police Colonel Felimon Mamaril Vice Pres for Metro Manila: Dean Isaias Alma Jose of PCCR Vice Pres for Luzon: Dean Jose Maniwang, University of Angeles Foundation Vice Pres. For Mindanao: Dr. Eustacduio of AA Zamboanga Colleges Vice Pres for Visayas: Artemio Panganiban of cebu Secretary: Dean Florentino of NAPOLCOM Treasurer: Atty. Ernesto delos Santos of University of manila Auditor: Brig. Gen. Maria Luisa Dimayuga, Police Woman PRO: Colonel Jake Giron Board Advisers: Arcadio S. Lozada, Napolcom Commissioner Dr. Enrique C. Galang of Pccr Graduate School Cecero C. Campos, Napolcom Commissioner Dr. Nilo Rosas of DECS Central Office Alfredo Pagulayan, Napolcom Commissioner • Objective of PEACE; To professionalize criminology education in the context of national Development. • Project of PEACE: from Jan. 13, 1983 to May 1987 1. Implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology 2. Recognition of NAPOLCOM police exam by Civil service Commission as eligibility for employment in all other government civil service position. 3. The accreditation of participants in the seminar/workshop on police marksmanship for instructional purposes in all criminology schools. 4. Upliftment of criminology Education in line with the professionalization of the country’s police service. • R.A. 6506 “An Act Creating the Board of Criminology in the Philippines” – the law that creates the Board of Criminology in the Philippines in 1972. • First Board of Criminology Constituted in 1987 Dr. Sixto O. de Leon – chairman Atty. Virgilio B. Andres – Member Jaime S. Navarro – Member 1987 – Syllabi of subjects for the licensure examination for criminologist was promulgated. • Criminologist (R.A. 6506) A person who is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologist and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the PRC. • Nature of Criminology… Science or Art?? Science – from the Latin word scientia meaning knowledge. It refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. Art – refers to the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environment or experiences. • George Wilker Criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet aqcuired universal validity. • Edwin H. Sutherland Hoped that it will become a science in the future since the causes of crimes are almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the two. • Generally, it is not an absolute science because its principles have not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance. However, it is a science in itself when under the following nature: Applied Science – The study of Criminology involves the use of knowledge and concept of other sciences and field of study which makes the study of criminology Social Science – crime is the creation of men who are members of the society Dynamic – the body of knowledge about crimes and criminals changes as the social condition change Nationalistic – study of criminology must be in relation with the existing penal law within a specific territory. • Principal Divisions of Criminology 1. Etiology of Crimes – the scientific analysis of the causation of crimes and the criminal behavior 2. Sociology of Law – refers to the investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration 3. Penology – the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender • Causes of Crime According to Early Theologians St. Augustine – He expressed the early church’s position on crime. The church thought of an individual as a God. When one surrendered to the evil, the result is often crime. Early theologians located the cause of crime in the relationship between the humankind and the evil. St. Thomas Aquinas – He stated that people by nature tried to perform good acts. Sin or crime took place when their power to reason failed. • Causes of Crime According to Early Philosophers Plato stated that certain social and political factors encouraged crime. Aristotle stressed the ability of the law to improve social condition the distribution of the right and requirements for strict obedience to the state. Voltaire and Rousseau argued that all people have equal rights. Behavior (crime of otherwise) was to be based on one’s ability to reason. Philosopher at this period stated that an unjust legal system encourages crime. When the government begins to take away legal rights, it is committing a crime and revolution is justified. • Theories of Crime Causation 1. Subjective Approach - Deals with the biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of abnormalities that exist in an individual before and after the commission of crime. 2. Objective Approach – Deals with the study of groups, social processes and institutions as influenced to behavior. 3. Contemporary Approach – It is the combination of different approaches to explain the reasons or causes for the commission of crimes which focuses on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric and sociological theories. • Subjective Approaches 1. Anthropological – deals with the study of physical characteristics of an individual offender with non – offenders in an attempt to discover differences covering criminal behavior. 2. Medical Approach – Application of medical examination for the explanation of mental and physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime. 3. Biological Approach – according to Taft, heredity is one major factor why a person commits crime 4. Physiological Needs – Maslow explained that the deprivation of the primary needs is a strong factor in the commission of crime 5. Psychological - Concerned in the deprivation of psychological needs of man which constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to repulsive sentiment and action 6. Psychiatric – this approach explains that mental disease is the reason why a person violates norms and laws of the land 7. Psychoanalytical – According to Freud, the imbalance condition of Id, Ego and Superego causes deviation of the individual to the norms of society • Objective Approaches 1. Geographical Approach – Considers topography, natural resources, Geographical location, and climate lead an individual to commit crime. Founder Quetelet, “Thermic Law of Delinquency”, crimes against person prevail in the South Pole and during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the north pole and cold countries. 2. Ecological Approach – according to Park, this is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social conflict as factors to crime. 3. Economic Approach – Merton believed that poverty or economic difficulty pushes a person to commit crime in order to support his needs. 4. Socio-Cultural – Cohen affirms that institutions, education, politics and religion are major factors in the commission of crimes. • Early Beginnings Demonological Theory – It asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by demons. th • Pre 20 Century (1738-1798) World of criminology has been divided into three broad schools: Classical Neo-Classical Positivist • Classical School of Thought advocates are Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesara Marchese de Beccaria) who is known as Founder of Classical School of Thought and Jeremy Bentham. Beccaria in his book “An Essay of Crime and Punishment” presented key ideas on the abolition of torture as legitimate means of extracting confession.