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Archaeologists to Believe That Religion Was Instrumental to Cahokia’S Growth

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Archaeologists to Believe That Religion Was Instrumental to Cahokia’S Growth THE CONSERVANCYBANNER BANNER PRESERVES BANNER ITS 500TH • BANNER SITE •BANNER ARTIFACTS BANNER FOR SALE • BANNER • CAHOKIA’S BANNER RELIGION american archaeologySPRING 2016 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 20 No. 1 The National Park Service: 100 Years Of Archaeology $3.95 $3.95 american archaeologySPRING 2016 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 20 No. 1 COVER FEATURE 32 CELEBRATING A CENTENNIAL BY MARGARET SHAKESPEARE The National Park Service has made significant contributions to archaeology during its 100-year existence. 12 ARTIFACTS FOR SALE BY JULIAN SMITH Selling ancient artifacts is commonplace for some people in western Alaska. 18 RELIGION AND THE RISE OF CAHOKIA BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Recent research at a neighboring site has led some archaeologists to believe that religion was instrumental to Cahokia’s growth. 26 SEARCHING FOR ETZANOA 32 NPS BY DAVID MALAKOFF Archaeologists in Kansas believe they have found one of North America’s largest prehistoric settlements. 39 FIVE HUNDRED AND COUNTING BY TAMARA STEWART The Archaeological Conservancy has preserved more than 500 sites since it was formed in 1980. 45 new acquisition PARTNERING FOR PRESERVATION The Conservancy joins forces with two organizations to establish another preserve. 46 new acquisition PRESERVING A LEGEND The Conservancy, government agencies, and a private landowner teram up to preserve all of Legend Rock. 48 point acquisition AUKETAT P A WEALTH OF CERAMICS Archaeologists don’t know who lived at LA 503, but they do know the residents used a wide variety of ceramics. TIMOTHY TIMOTHY 18 2 LAY OF THE LAND 50 FiELD NOTES 52 REVIEWS 54 EXPEDITIONS 3 LETTERS 5 EVENTS COVER: A kiva (foreground) and the remains of an 18th-century Spanish mission church 7 IN THE NEWS (background) are seen in this photo of Pecos • Southwest Native Depopulation Occurred Later Than Thought National Historical Park in Pecos, New Mexico. • Sixteenth-Century Spanish Settlement Found CREDIT: Isabel Synnatschke • Nineteen Ancient Sites Discovered In Nevada View more images from our feature articles online at www.archaeologicalconservancy.org american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land HY Celebrating Number 500 P his spring the Conservancy is development. That hasn’t completely HOTOGRA P celebrating the completion of changed, but thanks to the work of the EZ P its 500th acquisition project. Conservancy and others, there is now a TSince our beginnings in 1980 with a national system of scientific preserves LIZ LO staff of one full-time and two part-time in place that protects many of the most Mark Michel, President employees in Santa Fe, New Mexico, important of these resources—sites we have grown into a truly national that are eligible for the National Reg- manage them as permanent preserves organization with archaeological pre- ister of Historic Places and have long- according to the dictates of conserva- serves in 45 states. term research potential. Others have tion archaeology. In this issue of American Archae- become state and national parks. Over the years, the Conservancy’s ology (see “Five Hundred And Count- In this country we have a very efforts have increased, reaching into ing,” page 39), we review some of the strong imperative to protect the rights more and more areas of our nation. We 500 acquisition projects and talk about of property owners. This makes it diffi- pledge to do everything we can to con- what we need to do next. In 1980, cult, even impossible, to pass laws that tinue that record in the years to come. archaeological sites on private lands protect sites on private lands as most in the United States were in grave other countries do. The Conservancy’s danger from looting, agriculture, and solution is to acquire the sites and CROW CANYON 2016 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER CULTURAL EXPLORATIONS DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL May 1–7 July 23–29 August 3–9 Hidden Chaco Taos History The Vikings with Craig Childs SCHOLARS: SCHOLARS: Porter Swentzell, M.A. (Santa Clara) in Iceland Severin Fowles, Ph.D. SCHOLARS: Susan Ryan, Ph.D. Tim Kohler, Ph.D. Craig Childs September 19–24 Gísli Pálsson, Ph.D. candidate Will Tsosie (Navajo) Archaeology of Chaco August 9–14 May 9–16 & Mesa Verde Country Icelandic Origins Backcountry SCHOLARS: Shanna Diederichs in Norway Archaeology: Lyle Balenquah, M.A. (Hopi) SCHOLARS: Basketmaker to Pueblo Tim Kohler, Ph.D. SCHOLARS: October 3–9 Gísli Pálsson, Ph.D. candidate Mark Varien, Ph.D. Zuni Origins December 3–11 Phil Geib, M.A. SCHOLARS: May 24–29 Dan Simplicio (Zuni) The Yucatán Kim Spurr, M.A. Peninsula Johan Berge–Visitnorway.com The Pueblo Revolt SCHOLAR: SCHOLARS: October 16–22 Charles King Ed Barnhart, Ph.D. The Navajo World Marit Munson, Ph.D. SCHOLAR: Harry Walters (Navajo) June 19–25 R. Carlos Nakai: November 1–7 Music, Culture, and Craft Hohokam & O’Odham SPECIAL OFFER SCHOLAR: SCHOLARS: R. Carlos Nakai Douglas Craig, Ph.D. Bring a friend—and save! Angela Garcia-Lewis (Akimel O’Odham, Gila River Indian Community) crowcanyon.org/specialoffers CST 2059347-50 crowcanyon.org | Cortez, Colorado | 800.422.8975, ext. 457 2 spring • 2016 Letters CRM Archaeologists Practice Conservation In his “Lay of the Land” column in the Editor’s Corner Winter 2015-16 issue, Mark Michel paints “It’s really sad,” says Judy Bittner, Alaska’s a picture of CRM archaeologists as advo- state historic preservation officer. What cates for excavation over avoidance and Bittner laments is the ancient artifact site preservation. In fact, the vast major- commerce in her state. Some Alaskans dig ity of CRM professionals practice a con- up and then sell valuable artifacts. This servation ethic in which preservation is practice is especially common on Saint always the preferred alternative. Design Lawrence Island in western Alaska, where adjustments to avoid sites are a standard there is a wealth of ivory artifacts, some feature of many projects; excavation is of which command thousands of dollars, typically a last resort. in an otherwise impoverished area. (See Michel advocates for increased “Artifacts For Sale,” page 12.) funding to purchase and preserve People excavate on Saint Lawrence other sites as a tradeoff, pointing to Island because they can. The island is wildlife habitat conservation as a potential model. While there have been private land, owned by two native cor- attempts to apply off-site mitigation, mitigation banking, and similar concepts porations. Therefore, if the corporations to the treatment of archaeological and historical sites, the habitat replace- allow digging on their land, people dig, ment model doesn’t work well for several reasons, principally due to the fun- much to the chagrin of Bittner and other damental differences that distinguish biological and cultural resources and preservationists. the challenges inherent in identifying appropriate replacement properties. Artifact digging has been going on Comparable wildlife habitats are relatively easily identified, and with skillful here for generations. Some people refer to husbandry resident plant and animal populations can be harvested, propa- it as subsistence digging, saying it’s done gated, reseeded, and otherwise reestablished in new locations. not so much out of greed as necessity. Archaeological sites are not renewable in the same manner, as they can- “The majority of the population doesn’t not simply be picked up and moved to another location. More to the point, work at all,” observes Brian Rookok, vice however, is that each site is unique; identifying comparable sites or suites president of Kukulget, Inc., one of the of sites may be quite costly and time consuming, if possible at all, and will island’s corporations. not guarantee that the unique values of the sites being destroyed can be The digging is also taking place on preserved at another location. Importantly, the interests of descendant com- government lands, where laws forbid it. munities with strong ties to specific sites and their surrounding landscapes Perhaps the most egregious example is may not be well served by sacrificing one set of properties in favor of another Port Clarence, which until recently was set at some distance away. the site of a U. S. Coast Guard navigation Most CRM practitioners share the preservation values of the Conser- facility. People routinely loot archaeologi- vancy, so excavation and conservation should not be cast as competing inter- cal sites here with impunity because the ests. Better planning, thoughtful project design, and education of landowners, authorities apparently lack the resources project developers, regulators, and permitting agency staff can achieve better to stop them. preservation. Bittner is working with various orga- Barry A. Price, nizations to educate Alaskans that looting Managing Principal, Applied EarthWorks, Inc. archaeological sites on government land San Luis Obispo, California is illegal. As for digging on private land, Bill Hedman, an archaeologist with the American Archaeology welcomes your letters. Bureau of Land Management, thinks Write to us at 1717 Girard Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, people need to be “shamed” into aban- or send us e-mail at [email protected]. We reserve the right to edit and doning the practice. But that’s not likely publish letters in the magazine’s Letters department as space permits. to happen soon. Please include your name, address, and telephone number with all correspondence, including e-mail messages. american archaeology 3 Welcome to the ArchAeologicAl conservAncy! 1717 Girard Boulevard NE Albuquerque,
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