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Notes and Sources for Evil Geniuses: the Unmaking of America: a Recent History
Notes and Sources for Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History Introduction xiv “If infectious greed is the virus” Kurt Andersen, “City of Schemes,” The New York Times, Oct. 6, 2002. xvi “run of pedal-to-the-medal hypercapitalism” Kurt Andersen, “American Roulette,” New York, December 22, 2006. xx “People of the same trade” Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. Andrew Skinner, 1776 (London: Penguin, 1999) Book I, Chapter X. Chapter 1 4 “The discovery of America offered” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy In America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Library of America, 2012), Book One, Introductory Chapter. 4 “A new science of politics” Tocqueville, Democracy In America, Book One, Introductory Chapter. 4 “The inhabitants of the United States” Tocqueville, Democracy In America, Book One, Chapter XVIII. 5 “there was virtually no economic growth” Robert J Gordon. “Is US economic growth over? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds.” Policy Insight No. 63. Centre for Economic Policy Research, September, 2012. --Thomas Piketty, “World Growth from the Antiquity (growth rate per period),” Quandl. 6 each citizen’s share of the economy Richard H. Steckel, “A History of the Standard of Living in the United States,” in EH.net (Economic History Association, 2020). --Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p. 98. 6 “Constant revolutionizing of production” Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969), Chapter I. 7 from the early 1840s to 1860 Tomas Nonnenmacher, “History of the U.S. -
PRISON CONDITIONS UNDER IRISH LAW and the EUROPEAN CONVENTION on HUMAN RIGHTS Dr
The Law on Prison Conditions PRISON CONDITIONS UNDER IRISH LAW AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Dr. Mary Rogan BL ISBN: 978–0–9573037–1–3 1 The Law on Prison Conditions CONTENTS Prison conditions under Irish law and the European Convention on Human Rights 03 Structure of the Paper 04 The Constitutional Rights of Prisoners and the Effect of Imprisonment 04 The Issue of the Separation of Powers And Limitations on Prisoners’ Rights 05 ‘Evil Intent’ on The Part of Prison Authorities: The Test for a Breach of Constitutional Rights 07 The Tort Dimensions of Constitutional Rights Claims by Prisoners 08 Summary of the Applicable Principles from Mulligan 09 Caselaw on Aspects of Prison Conditions 10 Slopping out and Cell Conditions 10 The European Convention on Human Rights and Prison Conditions 13 Ventilation 14 Minimum Space and Overcrowding 14 Ananyev v. Russia 16 Special Accommodation Needs 18 Hygiene 18 Slopping out and Sanitary Conditions 19 Use of the European Convention in Slopping out Cases in Other Jurisdictions 21 Greens v. Scottish Ministers 21 English Caselaw 24 Northern Ireland 24 Health 25 Prisoners with Mental Illnesses 26 The Law on Prison Conditions PRISON CONDITIONS UNDER IRISH LAW AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS INTRODUCTION This publication seeks to raise awareness of prison law and prisoners’ rights jurisprudence amongst legal professionals, and to increase their research capacity in these areas. It is part of a series of three papers, one of which examines accountability structures and the law regulating Irish prisons; the other explores practical matters surrounding the taking of prison law cases. -
Women, Health and Imprisonment Catrin
THE IMPRISONED BODY: WOMEN, HEALTH AND IMPRISONMENT CATRIN SMITH THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SEPTEMBER 1996) DbEFNYDDIO TN er LLYFRGELL, Th U.= TO tE CqNSULTED 11BRARY UNIVERSITY OF WALES, BANGOR SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PO I was never allowed to forget that being a prisoner, even my body was not my own (Maybrick, 1905 :112). The idea that law has the power to right wrongs is persuasive. Just as medicine is seen as curative rather than iatrogenic, so law is seen as extending rights rather than creating wrongs (Smart, 1989: 12) Abstract Problems affecting the female prison population have become increasingly acute. In response to a spirit of 'toughness' in penal policy, the number of women prisoners has grown sharply and more women are being sent to prison despite arguments in favour of decarceration and alternative sanctions. In prison, women make greater demands on prison health services and are generally considered to carry a greater load of physical and mental ill-health than their male counterparts. However, a gender-sensitive theory based on an understanding of the relationship between women's health and women's imprisonment has not been formulated. Health is a complex phenomenon of inseparable physical, mental and social processes. Research conducted in three women's prisons in England set out to explore the relationships between these processes. Data were generated from group discussions, in-depth interviews, a questionnaire survey and observation and participation in 'the field'. The findings suggest that women's imprisonment is disadvantageous to 'good' health. Deprivations, isolation, discreditation and the deleterious effects of excessive regulation and control all cause women to suffer as they experience imprisonment. -
The Irish Prison System
Researchers: Sharon Besra, Sarah Branagan, Ella Chapman, Sarah Curristan, Chloe Dalton, Aoife Garvey, Sinead Griffin, Aoife Grimes, Aine Hannon, Tasin Islam, Zahra Khan, Ria Marigliano, Caoilainn McDaid, Cian McGoldrick, Sierra Mueller-Owens, Nicola O’Corrbuí, Marie O’Reilly, Gerry O’Shea, Thomas Ravenscroft, Celia Reynolds, Méabh Smith. Editor: Mary Murphy. Cover Design: Sarah Honan. With thanks to Dr. Mary Rogan DISCLAIMER Trinity FLAC assumes no responsibility for and gives no guarantees, undertakings or warranties concerning the accuracy, completeness or up-to-date nature of the information provided in this report and/or for any consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided, legal or otherwise. The information provided in this report is not a complete source of information on all aspects of the law. Trinity FLAC takes no responsibility for any information or advice passed from a reader to a third party. If you need professional or legal advice you can consult a suitably qualified person at our weekly clinics. Introduction . Every aspect of a person's life is affected by spending time in prison. It is unsurprising, then, that the literature on the rights and welfare of prisoners is vast and varied, and that a state is understood to owe many different duties to the people it puts in prison. In practice, the delivery of those duties may be far from perfect. From international bodies to NGOs to academic commentators, many have identified today’s prisons as inhumane, uninhabitable, or simply ineffective. Unfortunately, the problems faced by prisoners are as important to confront as they are easy to ignore. -
Lesson B1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SANITATION
EMW ATER E -LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION LESSON A1: C HARACTERISTIC , A NALYTIC AND SAMPLING OF WASTEWATER Lesson B1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SANITATION Authors: Holger Gulyas Deepak Raj Gajurel Ralf Otterpohl Institute of Wastewater Management Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg, Germany Revised by Dr. Yavuz Özoguz data-quest Suchi & Berg GmbH Keywords Anaerobic digestion, Bio-gas, Black water, Brown water, Composting/Vermicomposting, Composting/dehydrating toilet, Ecological sanitation, Grey water, Rottebehaelter, Sorting toilet, Vacuum toilet, Yellow water, EMW ATER E -LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION LESSON A1: C HARACTERISTIC , A NALYTIC AND SAMPLING OF WASTEWATER Table of content 1. Material flows in domestic wastewater....................................................................4 1.1 Different sources..................................................................................................4 1.2 Characteristics of different streams...................................................................4 1.3 Yellow water as fertilizer .....................................................................................6 1.4 Brown water as soil conditioner.........................................................................8 2. Conventional sanitation systems and their limitations..........................................9 3. Conventional decentralised sanitation systems – benefits and limitations.......12 4. Resource Management Sanitation .........................................................................14 -
These Strange Criminals: an Anthology Of
‘THESE STRANGE CRIMINALS’: AN ANTHOLOGY OF PRISON MEMOIRS BY CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS FROM THE GREAT WAR TO THE COLD WAR In many modern wars, there have been those who have chosen not to fight. Be it for religious or moral reasons, some men and women have found no justification for breaking their conscientious objection to vio- lence. In many cases, this objection has lead to severe punishment at the hands of their own governments, usually lengthy prison terms. Peter Brock brings the voices of imprisoned conscientious objectors to the fore in ‘These Strange Criminals.’ This important and thought-provoking anthology consists of thirty prison memoirs by conscientious objectors to military service, drawn from the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and centring on their jail experiences during the First and Second World Wars and the Cold War. Voices from history – like those of Stephen Hobhouse, Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, Ian Hamilton, Alfred Hassler, and Donald Wetzel – come alive, detailing the impact of prison life and offering unique perspectives on wartime government policies of conscription and imprisonment. Sometimes intensely mov- ing, and often inspiring, these memoirs show that in some cases, indi- vidual conscientious objectors – many well-educated and politically aware – sought to reform the penal system from within either by publicizing its dysfunction or through further resistance to authority. The collection is an essential contribution to our understanding of criminology and the history of pacifism, and represents a valuable addition to prison literature. peter brock is a professor emeritus in the Department of History at the University of Toronto. -
A Bucket Toilet, Also Called a Honey Bucket Or Bucket Latrine, Is a Very Simple, Basic Form of a Dry Toilet Which Is Portable
Bucket toilet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_toilet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A bucket toilet, also called a honey bucket or bucket latrine, is a very simple, basic form of a dry toilet which is portable. The bucket (pail) may be situated inside a dwelling, or in a nearby small structure (an outhouse), or on a camping site or other place that lack waste disposal plumbing. These toilets used to be common in cold climates, where installing running water can be difficult, expensive, and subject to freezing-related pipe breakage.[1] The bucket toilet may carry significant health risks compared to an improved sanitation system.[2] In regions where people do not have access to improved sanitation – particularly in low-income urban areas of developing countries – a bucket toilet might sometimes be an improvement compared to pit latrines or open defecation.[3] They are often used as a temporary measure in emergencies.[4] More sophisticated versions consist of a bucket under a wooden frame supporting a toilet seat and lid, possibly lined with a plastic bag, but A plastic bucket fitted with a toilet many are simply a large bucket without a bag. Newspaper, cardboard, seat for comfort and a lid and plastic straw, sawdust or other absorbent materials are often layered into the bag for waste containment bucket toilet. 1 Applications 1.1 Developing countries 1.2 Cold climates 1.3 Emergencies 2 Usage and maintenance 2.1 Disposal or treatment and reuse of collected excreta 3 Health aspects 4 Upgrading options 4.1 Two bucket system 4.2 Composting toilets 5History 6 Examples 6.1 Ghana 6.2 Kenya 6.3 Namibia 6.4 United States 6.5 Canada 6.6 South Africa 6.7 India 1 of 7 1/3/2017 2:53 PM Bucket toilet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_toilet 7 See also 8 References Developing countries Bucket toilets are used in households[3] and even in health care facilities[5] in some developing countries where people do not have access to improved sanitation. -
A History of the Swedish Engineers' Society of Chicago, 1908-1948
' HISTORY OF THE SWEDISH" ENGINEERS' mmmmm SOCIETY ' OF CHICAGO m^i^ 1908 1948 iSffci|+f'»pf:-;;ri«::^t'V..:..:,7-,!F wm§mm UNIVERSITY OF ilM\!Oic LIBRARY ATURBANA-CHAMPm.>v ILL. HiST. SURVEY HISTORY of the SWEDISH ENGINEERS' SOCIETY OF CHICAGO 1908—1948 This is how the Club House looked while being renovated THE SWEDISH ENGINEERS SOCIETY OF CHICAGO Club House of the Swedish Engineers' Society as it i OCKS tcaay : Foreword At our February meeting in 1947, it was suggested we have an Historical Committee whose duty it would be to write a history of our Society from the day of its organization to the present time. It was suggested this history be completed in time for our fortieth anniversary. The following gentle- men were elected by the Society to serve on this Committee Clarence S. Ongman, Chairman, Sven Strid, Carl Iljalmar Lundquist, and Albin G. Witting. As Mr. Witting resides in Colorado it was impossible for him to take any active part in the work. Mr. Lundquist, being Secretary of the Chicago branch of the Swedish Centennial Celebration, has been un- able to work with us, so the labor has fallen upon the Chair- man and Mr. Strid. After some months Mr. Eric Blomquist, our former librarian, and Mr. Gustaf Palm, our Secretary, have been of great help. I said the labor has fallen on Strid and j^our Chairman, yes, it has been labor, but has been in- tensely interesting. Delving into the old records has been a tedious dusty job, but one of fascinating interest. -
'Slopping Out?'
‘Slopping out?’ A report on the lack of in-cell sanitation in Her Majesty’s Prisons in England and Wales National Council for Independent Monitoring Boards August 2010 It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside the jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones. Nelson Mandela, former President of the Republic of South Africa The mood and temper of the public in regard to the treatment of crime and criminals is one of the most unfailing tests of the civilisation of any country. Sir Winston Churchill, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom STATUTORY ROLE OF THE IMB The Prison Act 1952 and the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 require every Prison and Immigration Removal Centre to be monitored by an Independent Board appointed by the Secretary of State for Justice (or Home Secretary in the case of an IRC) from members of the community in which the prison or centre is situated. A Board is specifically charged to: • satisfy itself as to the humane and just treatment of those held in custody within the prison and the range and adequacy of the programmes preparing them for release; • inform the Secretary of State, or any official to whom he has delegated authority, as it judges appropriate, any concern it has; • report annually to the Secretary of State on how well the prison has met the standards and requirements placed on it and what impact these have on those in its custody. To enable the Board to carry out these duties effectively its members have right of access to every prisoner and part of the prison and also to the prison’s records (this does not include Prisoner Health records unless with express written permission, or staff personnel files). -
Media Technology and Society
MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Media Technology and Society offers a comprehensive account of the history of communications technologies, from the telegraph to the Internet. Winston argues that the development of new media, from the telephone to computers, satellite, camcorders and CD-ROM, is the product of a constant play-off between social necessity and suppression: the unwritten ‘law’ by which new technologies are introduced into society. Winston’s fascinating account challenges the concept of a ‘revolution’ in communications technology by highlighting the long histories of such developments. The fax was introduced in 1847. The idea of television was patented in 1884. Digitalisation was demonstrated in 1938. Even the concept of the ‘web’ dates back to 1945. Winston examines why some prototypes are abandoned, and why many ‘inventions’ are created simultaneously by innovators unaware of each other’s existence, and shows how new industries develop around these inventions, providing media products for a mass audience. Challenging the popular myth of a present-day ‘Information Revolution’, Media Technology and Society is essential reading for anyone interested in the social impact of technological change. Brian Winston is Head of the School of Communication, Design and Media at the University of Westminster. He has been Dean of the College of Communications at the Pennsylvania State University, Chair of Cinema Studies at New York University and Founding Research Director of the Glasgow University Media Group. His books include Claiming the Real (1995). As a television professional, he has worked on World in Action and has an Emmy for documentary script-writing. MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY A HISTORY: FROM THE TELEGRAPH TO THE INTERNET BrianWinston London and New York First published 1998 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. -
Life in Prison: Living Conditions
Life in prison: Living conditions A findings paper by HM Inspectorate of Prisons October 2017 Findings paper Glossary of terms We try to make our reports as clear as possible, but if you find terms that you do not know, please see the Glossary of terms on our website at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprisons/about-our-inspections Crown copyright 2017 This publication, excluding logos, is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at the address below or: [email protected] This publication is available for download at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprisons/about-our-inspections/ Printed and published by: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons Victory House 6th floor 30–34 Kingsway London WC2B 6EX England 2 Life in prison: Living conditions Findings paper Introduction Some people may feel a sense of déjà vu or world-weariness when they hear repeated accounts of poor conditions in our prisons. Many reports from HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMI Prisons) have pointed out that, all too often, prisoners are held in conditions that fall short of what most members of the public would consider as reasonable or decent. -
IPRT Briefing on Sanitation and Slopping out in Irish Prisons 20 Jan 2011
IPRT Briefing on Sanitation and Slopping Out in the Irish Prison System The ongoing practice of ‘slopping out’ in Irish prisons has received national and international condemnation. Despite Government assurances since 1993 that it will bring an end to this inhuman and degrading practice, it continues - in direct contravention of international human rights law. Context • The practice of ‘slopping out’ which takes place in Cork, Limerick, Mountjoy and Portlaoise prisons has a “direct and substantial bearing on the prison regime” and amounts to “inhuman and degrading treatment”1 according to the Inspector of Prisons. • Just under 30% of the Irish prison estate does not have in-cell sanitation. Where no in-cell facilities exist, prisoners urinate and defecate in buckets or portable units in the cell during lock up, which varies but is generally from 7.30pm to 8.00am and mealtimes during the day. A small number of prisoners are under 23- hour lock-up with no in-cell sanitation. • The method used for slopping out in Irish prisons involves unlocking prisoners at certain times of the day. This typically occurs in the mornings. Prisoners then have to queue before emptying their buckets or pots into slop hoppers and, in some instances, into bins. • The problems associated with slopping out are further exacerbated by overcrowding in the Irish Prison system, where prisoners may have to share cells with up to 4 others. Prison conditions are “unsafe, unhygienic and overcrowded”.2 • The Irish Prison Service has recently piloted portable units with covers, and have committed to rolling these out across the prison estate where there is no in-cell sanitation at present.