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Yukon-Draba-COSEWIC.Pdf COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Yukon Draba Draba yukonensis in Canada ENDANGERED 2011 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2011. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Yukon Draba Draba yukonensis in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. viii + 31 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Sam Skinner for writing the status report on Yukon Draba, Draba yukonensis, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Bruce Bennett, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Vascular Plants Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le Drave du Yukon (Draba yukonensis) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Yukon Draba — Gerry Mussgnug (Yukon Government). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2012. Catalogue No. CW69-14/648-2012E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-20232-7 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – November 2011 Common name Yukon Draba Scientific name Draba yukonensis Status Endangered Reason for designation This small herbaceous mustard is limited globally to one meadow complex in southwestern Yukon; it is found nowhere else on Earth. The meadow complex is under threat from industrial activities, nearby human habitation, invasive species, and trampling by humans and forest encroachment. Human use of the meadows is projected to increase, and encroachment by woody species due to natural succession is causing suitable habitat to decline. Occurrence Yukon Status history Designated Endangered in November 2011. iii COSEWIC Executive Summary Yukon Draba Draba yukonensis Wildlife species description and significance Yukon Draba or Yukon Whitlow-grass (Draba yukonensis) is a small herb in the mustard family with untoothed leaves covered with distinctive stiff unforked hairs. Individual plants have a small taproot, one or more rosettes of leaves which lie on the soil, and one or more flower-bearing stems. The flowers are small, white, and have four petals. Other Draba species in the area, including Hoary Draba, are easily differentiated from Draba yukonensis. Draba yukonensis is a Canadian endemic with extremely limited distribution on unusual sandy landforms. Distribution Draba yukonensis has been found in only three meadows in a single meadow complex in the Dezadeash River valley in southwestern Yukon, despite numerous searches elsewhere. This locality is within the traditional territory of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations in an area covering less than 36 hectares. Habitat Draba yukonensis grows on almost flat, well-drained meadows, and is often most dense on the tops of low ridges, bumps, road berms, and Arctic Ground Squirrel mounds. These meadows fall within the rain-shadow of the St. Elias Mountains and are subject to windy conditions, cold winter temperatures, and only modest amounts of snow and rain. The meadows are on ancient sandy beaches and spits formed by Neoglacial Lake Alsek that was formed by a surging glacier that blocked the Alsek River. The lake is thought to have drained around 1852, leaving behind only a few isolated sandy landforms that still remain free of trees and shrubs. Several similar flooding and draining events in recent millennia are thought to have ensured the continued existence of habitat suitable for Draba yukonensis. iv Biology Most aspects of the biology of Draba yukonensis are uncertain, though much can be inferred from its habitat and from related species. Draba yukonensis appears to be a biennial species that can occasionally survive for more than two years. It also appears to be tolerant of dry conditions and direct sun, but intolerant of warmer conditions of south-facing exposures. The ability of Draba yukonensis to disperse via seeds is likely quite limited because it lacks any obvious adaptations promoting long-distance seed dispersal. Damage from small mammal and insect herbivory has been observed. Population sizes and trends There is only one known population of Draba yukonensis at the type locality and it is divided unevenly among three adjacent meadows. While these meadows are surrounded by a small number of similar meadows, dispersal to them has not been detected. Limitations in dispersal and habitat availability make the establishment of new sites unlikely. The population size is subject to extreme fluctuations and may oscillate on a two- year cycle, with even years tending to have more individuals than odd years. Only 109 individuals were counted in 2009, while 5358 were counted in 2010 in a subset of the inhabited meadows. The total 2010 population was estimated to be between 32,500 and 88,200 individuals. Better information on population size and trends is needed. Threats and limiting factors Several risks threaten this population, including expanding roads to access mineral claims, increased traffic through the meadows for mining, logging or recreation, gravel extraction, and the potential expansion of an adjacent subdivision. Invasive plant species well adapted to the meadows occupied by Draba yukonensis are expanding rapidly in Yukon, and may pose an additional threat. The rarity of suitable habitat within the range of natural dispersal, the restricted range, and extreme population fluctuations are serious limiting factors. Protection, status, and ranks Draba yukonensis has no legal protection in Canada. The global, national, and territorial NatureServe ranks are “Critically Imperiled” (G1, N1 and S1 respectively). Though its entire occupied habitat is in the Kluane Wildlife Sanctuary, it is not protected from most human land uses. A small portion of potential habitat is protected in Kluane National Park, but no plants have yet been found in the park despite repeated searches. v TECHNICAL SUMMARY Draba yukonensis Yukon Draba Drave du Yukon Range of occurrence in Canada: Yukon Territory Demographic Information Generation time (usually average age of parents in the population) 1-2 yrs Is there an [observed, inferred, or projected] continuing decline in number of Unknown mature individuals? Estimated percent of continuing decline in total number of mature individuals Unknown within 5 years. Observed percent reduction or increase in total number of mature individuals Unknown over the last 10 years. Suspected percent reduction or increase in total number of mature Unknown individuals over the next 10 years. Observed percent reduction or increase in total number of mature individuals Unknown over any 10 years period, over a time period including both the past and the future. Are the causes of the decline clearly reversible and understood and ceased? N/A Are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals? Yes However, these fluctuations appear to be a natural result of the biennial lifestyle. Extent and Occupancy Information Estimated extent of occurrence EO =4 km² Calculated EO = 1.0 km² Index of area of occupancy (IAO) IAO = 4 km² Biological area of occupancy = 0.36 km² Is the total population severely fragmented? No Number of locations∗ 3 Is there an observed continuing decline in extent of occurrence? No Is there an observed continuing decline in index of area of occupancy? No Is there an observed continuing decline in number of populations? No Is there an observed continuing decline in number of locations*? No Is there an observed continuing decline in area of habitat? Yes Are there extreme fluctuations in number of populations? No Are there extreme fluctuations in number of locations∗? No Are there extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence? No Are there extreme fluctuations in index of area of occupancy? No Number of Mature Individuals (in each population) Population N Mature Individuals Dezadeash meadow complex – high population year (2010) 32,500 – 88,200 – low population year (2009) 1500 – 2100 Total N/A ∗ See definition of location. vi Quantitative Analysis Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. Unknown Threats (actual or imminent, to populations or habitats) Road construction associated with mining exploration and development, timber harvest and gravel extraction, recreational and industrial traffic, potential subdivision for housing and invasive species. Rescue Effect (immigration from outside Canada) Status of outside population(s)? Not present. Endemic to Yukon. Is immigration known or possible? No Would immigrants be adapted to survive in Canada? N/A Is there sufficient habitat for immigrants in Canada? N/A Is rescue from outside populations likely? N/A Current Status COSEWIC: Endangered (November 2011) Status and Reasons for Designation Status: Alpha-numeric code: Endangered B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv) Reasons for designation: This small herbaceous mustard is limited globally to one meadow complex in southwestern Yukon; it is found nowhere else on Earth. The meadow complex is under threat from industrial activities, nearby human habitation, invasive species, and trampling by humans and forest encroachment. Human use of the meadows is projected to increase, and encroachment by woody species due to natural succession is causing suitable
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