The Scottish Enlightenment

The Cambridge Companion to THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT Edited by Alexander Broadie University of Glasgow published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge cb2 1rp, UnitedKingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211,USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia RuizdeAlarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception andto the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printedin the UnitedKingdomat the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Trump Medieval 10/13 pt System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data The Cambridge companion to the Scottish Enlightenment / edited by Alexander Broadie. p. cm. (Cambridge companions to philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-80273-3isbn 0 -521-00323-7 (pbk.) 1. Philosophy, Scottish 18th century. 2. Enlightenment Scotland. 3. Scotland Intellectual life. i. Broadie, Alexander ii. Series. b1402. e55 c36 2002 001.0941109033 dc21 2002067261 isbn 0 521 802733 hardback isbn 0 521 00323 7 paperback contents List of contributors page vii Acknowledgements xi Chronology of events relating to the Scottish Enlightenment xii Introduction alexander broadie 1 1 The contexts of the Scottish Enlightenment roger emerson 9 2 Religion andrational theology m. a. stewart 31 3 The human mindandits powers alexander broadie 60 4 Anthropology: the ‘original’ of human nature aaron garrett 79 5 Science in the Scottish Enlightenment paul wood 94 6 Scepticism andcommon sense heiner f. klemme 117 7 Moral sense andthe foundationsof morals luigi turco 136 8 The political theory of the Scottish Enlightenment fania oz-salzberger 157 v vi Contents 9 Economic theory andrew s. skinner 178 10 Natural jurisprudence and the theory of justice knud haakonssen 205 11 Legal theory john w. cairns 222 12 Sociality andsocialisation christopher j. berry 243 13 Historiography murray g. h. pittock 258 14 Art andaesthetic theory alexander broadie 280 15 The impact on Europe michel malherbe 298 16 The impact on America: Scottish philosophy and the American founding samuel ﬂeischacker 316 17 The nineteenth-century aftermath gordon graham 338 Select bibliography 351 Index 359 contributors christopher j. berry is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment (1997), The Idea of Luxury: a Conceptual and Historical Investigation (1994)andHume, Hegel and Human Nature (1982). He has also publishedmany articles on the Scottish Enlightenment, including a contribution to The Cambridge Com- panion to Adam Smith (forthcoming). He is currently working on a philosophical anthropology of politics with Hume as his vade mecum. alexander broadie is Professor of Logic andRhetoric at the University of Glasgow anda Fellow of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh. He has publisheda dozenbooks, most of them in the fieldof Scottish philosophy, andis currently working on two further books, Thomas Reid on Logic, Rhetoric and the Fine Arts and A History of Scottish Philosophy, both to be publishedby EdinburghUniversity Press. He has contributedchapters to two forthcoming volumes, The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith and The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Reid. john w. cairns is Professor of Legal History at the University of Edinburgh. His main area of interest is the relationship between the legal profession, legal practice andlegal theory in the eighteenth century. He is also particularly interestedin natural law andslavery in that period. His publications include an edited volume on the history of the jury (2002) andanother on the general history of Scots law (forthcoming). vii viii List of contributors roger emerson was until recently Professor of History at the Uni- versity of Western Ontario. He is the author of Professors, Patronage and Politics: the Aberdeen Universities in the Eighteenth Century (1992) andof numerous articles on the Scottish Enlightenment. He is also an Associate Editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of the En- lightenment, where his remit includes most of the articles dealing with Scotland. samuel fleischacker is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois in Chicago. He is the author of Integrity and Moral Relativism (1992), The Ethics of Culture (1994), A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith (1999), andvarious articles on Kant, Smith andissues in moral andpolitical philosophy. He is currently working on a philosophical companion to the Wealth of Nations. aaron garrett is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Boston University. He is the author of the chapter ‘Human nature’ in the forthcoming Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy, and, among other books, is editor of Francis Hutcheson’s Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions (2002). In addition to his work on the Scottish Enlightenment he has publishedon Spinoza, Locke, race andphilosophy andthe origins of animal rights. gordon graham is Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, Convenor of The Reid Project, a major research initiative in Scottish philosophy, anda Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is the author of twelve books and over 60 papers, including essays, reviews and encyclopedia articles on eighteenth- andnineteenth-century Scottish philosophy. knud haakonssen, Professor of Philosophy at Boston University, is General Editor of the Edinburgh Edition of Thomas Reid (Edinburgh University Press) and of The Works and Correspondence of Francis Hutcheson (Liberty Press). His books include The Sci- ence of a Legislator: The Natural Jurisprudence of David Hume and Adam Smith (1981)andNatural Law and Moral Philosophy: from Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment (1996). He is editor of Thomas Reid’s Practical Ethics (1990), of Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral List of contributors ix Sentiments (2002)andofThe Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith (forthcoming). heiner f. klemme teaches philosophy at the Otto-von-Guericke- Universitat¨ Magdeburg. He is author of Kants Philosophie des Sub- jekts (1996), andeditorof Die Schule Immanuel Kants (1994), The Reception of the Scottish Enlightenment in Germany, 7 vols. (2000), Kant’s Zum ewigen Frieden (1992) andhis Kritik der Urteilskraft (2001). He is co-editor of Aufklarung¨ und Interpretation (1999), The Reception of British Aesthetics in Germany, 7 vols. (2001), andother works. michel malherbe, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the Uni- versity of Nantes, is the author of La philosophie empiriste de David Hume, 2nd edn (1984), andhas publisheda French translation of Hume’s Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1987). His many articles on eighteenth-century Scottish philosophy include ‘Reid et la possibilite´ d’une philosophie du sens commun’ and ‘Hume and the art of dialogue’. fania oz-salzberger is Senior Lecturer in History at the Uni- versity of Haifa andcouncil member of the Israel Democracy In- stitute. She was a Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford, and of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Her publications include Translat- ing the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Discourse in Eighteenth- Century Germany (1995), an edition of Adam Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society (1995), andarticles on the European Enlightenment. murray pittock is Professor in Literature at the University of Strathclyde and President of the Scottish Committee of Professors of English. A Fellow of the English Association andof the Royal Histor- ical Society, he has publishedwidelyon historiography andthe con- struction of history in books such as The Myth of the Jacobite Clans (1995)andInventing and Resisting Britain (1997). andrew skinner is Adam Smith Emeritus Professor of Eco- nomics at the University of Glasgow. He is a Fellow both of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Among x List of contributors many publications he has produced an edition of Sir James Steuart’s Principles of Political Oeconomy (1966) and co-edited Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations (1976). He has also published A System of Social Science: Papers Relating to Adam Smith, 2nd edn (1996). m. a. stewart is Honorary Research Professor in the History of Philosophy at the Universities of Lancaster andAberdeen,andis Senior Research Fellow of Harris Manchester College, Oxford. He edited Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment (1990), co-edited Hume and Hume’s Connexions (1994), andhas published also on Locke and on philosophy in the dissenting tradition. luigi turco is Professor of the History of Philosophy at the Uni- versity of Bologna. His research has mainly focusedon the Scottish Enlightenment. He has publishedan annotatedItalian translation of Hutcheson’s On the Nature and Conduct of the Passions,and is author of Dal sistema al senso comune: studi sul newtonismo e gli illuministi britannici (1974)andLo scetticismo morale di David Hume (1984). paul wood is a member of the Department of History andDirec- tor of the Humanities Centre at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. He has written widely

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