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Gender and Climate Change: Namibia Case Study

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Gender and Climate Change: Namibia Case Study Gender and Climate Change: Namibia Case Study by Margaret Angula NAMIBIA CASE STUDY 00 Table of contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Description of the case study: Namibia 3 2.1 Geographical situation, women’s situation and governance system 3 2.2 Natural environment 3 2.3 Description of communities selected 4 2.3.1 Epyeshona village 4 2.3.2 Daures constituency 5 3 Approach and methodology 7 3.1 Field work process 7 3.2 Rationale for selection of community 8 3.3 Fieldwork activities 8 3.4 Challenges and limitations of the study 9 4 Conceptual framework 10 4.1 Concept of gender 10 4.2 Gender in Southern Africa 10 4.3 Conceptualisation of gender in Namibia 10 4.4 Conceptualising gendered meanings in Namibia 10 4.5 Climate change concepts 11 4.5.1 The concept of vulnerability and differentiated impacts 11 4.6 Gender and climate change in Southern Africa 12 4.6.1 Gender differentiated impacts 12 5 Literature review 13 5.1 Gender and sustainable development 13 5.1.1 Gendered relations in Namibia 14 5.1.2 Gender regulatory framework for Namibia 15 5.2 Climate change and Namibia 16 5.2.1 Anticipated climate change and variability 16 5.2.2 Climate change and vulnerability in Namibia 17 5.2.3 Water, women and climate change 17 5.2.4 Energy, women and climate change 18 5.2.5 Fisheries, women and climate change 18 5.2.6 Adaptation and climate change policy in Namibia 18 5.2.7 Measures to address vulnerability and differentiated impacts to climate change in Namibia 18 5.2.8 Gender and climate change conclusion 20 6 Main findings from the fieldwork 22 6.1 Understanding gender and climate change 22 6.1.1 Understanding gender relations 22 6.2 Differentiated impacts of climate variability and change 27 6.2.1 Environmental degradation 27 6.2.2 Impacts of climate variability and change on water resources 29 6.2.3 Diseases and pests 30 6.2.4 Floods 30 6.2.5 Impacts of drought 31 7 Analysis and conclusion 34 8 Recommendations 37 9 References 38 10 Appendices 42 10.1 Appendix A: List of questions guiding the gender and climate change study 42 10.2 Appendix B: Some laws, regulations and policies relevant for the implementation of UNFCCC 44 List of Figures Figure 1: Administrative regions of Namibia (Source: Matengu, 2003) 2 Figure 2: Study area 1: Oshana region showing the location of Epyeshona village in Okatana constituency 5 Figure 3: Study area 2: Erongo region showing the location of Omatjete, Okombahe, Tubusis and Spitzkoppe settlements in Daures constituency 6 Figure 4: Potable water supply in Epyeshona village 30 Figure 5: Semi-precious stones sold to tourists in Daures constituency 32 List of Tables Table 1: Labour activities that men and women mainly engage in. 24 Table 2: Societal and psychological concerns in the communities studied 25 Table 3: Local perceptions and observed changes in climatic and environmental conditions over the past 10 - 20 years 26 Table 4: Past periods of famine and drought experienced in north central namibia 27 Table 5: Impacts of drought on livelihood, livestock and crop production 31 Abbreviations and Acronyms CCA Climate Change Adaptation CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women DRFN Desert Research Foundation of Namibia FGD Focus Group Discussion GAF Gender Analysis Framework GAM G GDP Gross Domestic Product GEM Gender Empowerment Measure GEF Gender Enviroment Facility GFP Gender Focal Point GHG Green House Gases HBF Heinrich Boell Foundation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change INC Initial National Communication ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction IUCN World Conservation Union LME Large Marine Ecosystem MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MDG Millennium Development Goals MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MGECW Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare NDPs National Development Plan NGO Non Government Organization NGP National Gender Policy NGPA National Gender Plan of Action NPC National Planning Commission NRM Natural Resources Management PPA Participatory Poverty Appraisal SADC Southern African Development Community SARDC Southern African Research and Documentation Centre SME Small and Medium Enterprises TA Traditional Authority UN United Nations UNAM University of Namibia UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC U WIDSAA Women in Development Southern Africa Awareness 1. Introduction There is a strong relationship between gender, on men and women is the different roles, and livelihood and poverty. This relationship has been responsibilities that the two gender play in differ- explored by many researchers, and significant to ent societies. The key issue is whether women and their findings is the relationship between climate men are impacted by climate change differently change and people’s livelihood, which is depend- (Banda, 2005). Because of this, vulnerability and ent on natural resource base and poverty. The adaptation to climate change concepts are social subordinate role of women in societys plays a issues that are extremely important for policy and critical role in determining peoples ability to cope programme intervention. (Wamukonya and Rukato, 2001; Banda, 2005). Rec- Southern African countries differ in geo-physical, ognised in studies of this link is that the majority of economic, social, cultural and political character- the poor, worldwide, are women because of exist- istics. Nonetheless, the largest share of these coun- ing gender inequalities. Despite this established tries’ population lives in rural areas and is heavily linkage, gender issues have not played a major dependent on subsistence, rain-fed agriculture role in climate change discourse. This has inevita- (Wamukonya and Rukato, 2001). According to the bly affected both policy and planning for sustain- GCA report (1999), agriculture plays an overall role able development in many developing countries. in the SADC economy. Although the SADC region However, focus on gender differentiated impacts contributes only 2% to global emissions, it is more of the climate change and gender nexus has only vulnerable to impacts of climate change (Wamu- recently gained momentum around the world. It is konya and Rukato, 2001). Historically people in also noted that communities in developing coun- southern Africa were nomadic and could with- tries that are highly dependent on local natural stand impacts of natural climatic variability. Due to resources are likely to be vulnerable to effects of changes in settlements and population growth in climate change (Tandon, 2007). Gender analysis the last century, balancing vulnerability and risks in disasters and risk studies provides a benchmark in subsistence agriculture is no longer easy. This for understanding gender differentiated impacts of makes coping with anticipated climate change dif- climate change. ficult in southern Africa. Gender analysis focuses on understanding the In the context of southern Africa, Wamukonya relationship between men and women, gender and Rukato (2001) argue that the dependency on household relations, empowerment, access and natural resources by women for their livelihood control, and participation in decision-making at has come about due to the limited opportunity that all levels (Meena, 1992 and Iipinge and Williams, exits for them to forge a decent livelihood. Recog- 2000). Gender relations are socially constructed nised by Wamukonya and Rukato (ibid), is the lack power relations between women and men in of concrete data to enable gender and climate society. They determine the benefits that women change policy making and planning in south- and men can derive from natural resources ern Africa, particularly as regards differentiated (Watson, 2006). Climate change on the other hand impacts of climate change in the region (ibid). refers to any change in climate over time, whether It is against this background that, the Heinrich Böll as a result of human activity or due to natural Foundation (HBF) commissioned a study in south- variability (IPCC, 2001). With regards to climate ern Africa to understand the relationship between change, the rationale for differentiating impacts gender and climate change. This study aims to NAMIBIA CASE STUDY 1 provide new information in this area to influence • How can the capacity of women and men be policy and decision makers to take into account the strengthened to better adapt to climate change gender aspects of climate change at all levels. and climate variability? Taking into account the aforementioned considera- HBF commissioned studies in Mozambique, tions, the aims and objectives of this study were to Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. This report answer the following research questions: focuses on the Namibian case study. Due to the fact • Are women and men in Southern Africa differently that climate change and gender has strong links impacted by climate change? to poverty, and that the majority of rural poor are • How are women and men differently impacted? women engaged primarily in subsistence agricul- • What are the physiological, political, economic and ture, the research primarily examined rural com- societal causes for the differences experienced, munities of Namibia. Fieldwork was carried out if any? in Epyeshona village located in northern-central • What are the current coping and adaptation Namibia and Daures Constituency in the North- strategies and capacities? western region (Figure 1). Angola Eenhana Katima Mulilo Oshakati OHANgwENA Rundu Outapi CAPRIVI OSHANA KAVANgo Opuwo OMUSATI osHIKOTO Etosha National Park Etosha Pan Study site’s
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