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La Difusió D ADVERTIMENT . La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX ( www.tesisenxarxa.net ) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA . La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR ( www.tesisenred.net ) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING . On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX ( www.tesisenxarxa.net ) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA FACULTAD DE NÀUTICA DE BARCELONA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA NÁUTICAS TESIS DOCTORAL ESTUDIO DE LA VIABILIDAD DE LOS HOVERCRAFT COMO EMBARCACIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE PASAJEROS Y VEHÍCULOS. Director: Dr. Francisco Xavier Martínez de Osés Co-directora: Dra. Marcel·la Castells i Sanabra Autor: Jaime Ferrer Frau Barcelona, a 21 de Septiembre de 2015 ESTUDIO DE LA VIABILIDAD DE LOS HOVERCRAFT COMO EMBARCACIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE PASAJEROS Y VEHÍCULOS. AGRADECIMIENTOS La verdad es que han sido muchos años los que he estado trabajando de una forma más o menos intensa sobre un proyecto que todavía no se ha consolidado en el mundo del transporte marítimo de muy corta distancia y en consecuencia, mucha ha sido la gente que me ha ayudado y soportado. Mis agradecimientos a Francisco Xavier Martinez de Osés y a Marcel·la Castells i Sanabra, como directores de la tesis, a Ricardo Gonzalez Blanco como inductor y primer director de la misma, sus indicaciones y comentarios han resultado determinantes en su realización. No me puedo olvidar de aquellas personas que me han animado constantemente a concluirla en estos tiempos en que las circunstancias nos marcan el día a día de nuestro quehacer, me refiero a mi amigo Luis Berenguer Comas, a mi hermana Magdalena, a Sebastián Zanoguera Castell, a mi madre y a mis hijos, sin su soporte tal vez nunca la hubiese finalizado. Por último, tampoco me puedo olvidar del Capitán Barrie Jean, ni del Capitán Graham Snow, ni de Martin, Richards, Paul, Clive y todo el personal técnico de Hovertravel que en Mayo del 2009 atendieron mi estancia en Ryde y me guiaron en los inicios de esta tesis. Barcelona, a 16 de Julio de 2015 1 ESTUDIO DE LA VIABILIDAD DE LOS HOVERCRAFT COMO EMBARCACIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE PASAJEROS Y VEHÍCULOS. -Índice- Páginas Introducción. 007-014 Capítulo I. Fundamentos teóricos de los Hovercraft. Teoría del Colchón de Aire. Consideraciones acerca de su maniobrabilidad. 015-034 1.1-Definición de la Presión 016-017 1.2-Aplicación de los principios de la presión a una plataforma flotante (Hovercraft) 017-019 1.3-Presiones en un sistema de ventiladores entubados 019-021 1.4-Fricción 021-021 1.5-Un simple Hovercraft 022-026 1.6-El saco y los dedos de la falda (The bag & finger skirt). 027-028 1.7-Subdivisión del Colchón. 029-030 1.8-Otros tipos de faldas flexibles. 030-033 1.9-Consideraciones acerca de su maniobrabilidad. 033-034 Capítulo II. Análisis de los elementos constructivos de los Hover- crafts. Diferentes tipos de Hovercraft, ventajas e inconvenientes. 035-067 2.1- Los hovercraft, sus principales características, ventajas e inconvenientes. 035-036 2.2- Principales tipos de Hovercraft. 036-037 2.3- Algunos modelos de Hovercraft y sus especificaciones técnicas. 037-050 2.3.1-El “AP1-88” Hovercraft. 037-045 2.3.2-Otros modelos de Hovercraft 045-050 2.4- Construcción con materiales ligeros. 051-052 2.5- El primer diseño exitoso. 052-053 2.6- La embarcación que vuela. Estructura típica de un Hovercraft. 053-055 2.7-Disposición d los motores. 056-058 2.8-La cabina de pasaje. 058-059 2.9-La cabina de control (Puente de Mando) . 060-061 2.10-El Pilotaje de un hovercraft. 062-064 2.11-La embarcación efecto superficie. 064-067 2.11.1-Los controles de una embarcación efecto superficie. 066-066 2.11.2-Las operaciones de los buques efecto superficie. 066-067 Capítulo III. Restricciones meteroceanográficas. 068-078 3.1-El viento. 068-068 3.2-Las olas. 068-069 3.3-La niebla. 070-070 3.4-Los espacios helados y la acumulación de hielo. 070-071 3 ESTUDIO DE LA VIABILIDAD DE LOS HOVERCRAFT COMO EMBARCACIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE PASAJEROS Y VEHÍCULOS. 3.5-Efecto del viento y las olas en determinados hovercraft (“Griffon 8100 TD”, “AP1-88”, “Suna X”, “Princess Anne”). 071-078 Capítulo IV. Costes de Explotación. 079-090 4.1-Costes de explotación. 079-080 4.2-Tripulaciones Mínimas. 080-081 4.3-Análisis de los costes. 082-089 4.3.1-Costes de adquisición. 084-084 4.3.2-Costes operacionales. 085-085 4.3.3-Costes del ciclo de vida. 085-085 4.4-Gastos portuarios. 089-089 4.5-Conclusión. 089-089 Capítulo V. Necesidades en la explotación de una naviera basada en la utilización de hovercraft. Política de merchandasing. 091-124 5.1-Una típica terminal para hovercraft. 091-097 5.2-Costes de adquisición, operación y mantenimiento. 097-099 5.3-Consumos. 099-100 5.4-Tripulaciones. 100-100 5.5-Velocidades en los trayectos y eficiencia en el embarque y desembarque del pasaje y/o carga rodada. 101-101 5.6-Consideraciones Medioambientales. 100-108 5.7-Procesos de merchandising, y opciones de venta de billetes de una naviera que se base en la explotación de los hovercraft. 109-116 5.8-El nuevo proyecto de Hovertravel. El “12000 TD” Hovercraft. 116-124 Capítulo VI. Dispositivos y elementos singulares propios de los Hovercraft. 125-132 Capítulo VII. Disposiciones y Regulaciones Internacionales a considerar en la explotación de los Hovercraft. 133-153 7.1-La “MCA” y “The Hovercraft (General) Order 1972”. 133-136 7.2-Definición de Buque de Alta Velocidad y su normativa. 136-137 7.3-Normativa aplicable a los buques existentes. 137-139 7.3.1-Código de Naves de Sustentación Dinámica. DSC (A.373 (X)). 137-139 7.3.1.1-Definiciones y ámbito de aplicación 137-138 7.3.1.2-Prescripciones generales, certificados y reconocimientos a Naves de Sustentación Dinámica a las que se aplique el DSC. 138-139 7.4-Normativa aplicable a los buques nuevos. 139-141 4 ESTUDIO DE LA VIABILIDAD DE LOS HOVERCRAFT COMO EMBARCACIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE PASAJEROS Y VEHÍCULOS. 7.4.1-Normativa aplicable a los buques nuevos. HSC 1994. HSC (MSC.36 (63)). 139-141 7.4.1.1-Definiciones y ámbito de aplicación. 139-140 7.4.1.2-Prescripciones generales, certificados y reconocimientos para Naves de Gran Velocidad (HSC code 1994). 140-141 7.4.2-Normativa aplicable a buques nuevos. Código internacional de Seguridad para embarcaciones de gran velocidad 2000(HSC 2000). 141-141 7.5-Contenido técnico de los códigos. 142-147 7.5.1-Capítulos y anexos del código DSC. 142-144 7.5.2-Capítulos y anexos del código HSC1994. 144-147 7.6-El Código HSC 2000. 147-148 7.7-Status de los Códigos. 148-149 7.8-Revisiones de los Códigos. 149-149 7.9-Resumen de las Enmiendas a los Códigos. 149-151 7.10-Futuras Revisiones sobre las embarcaciones de Alta Velocidad. 151-152 7.11-Conclusiones. 153-153 Capítulo VIII. Posibilidades actuales en el establecimiento de nuevas líneas marítimas basadas en Hovercraft. 154-165 Capítulo IX. Conclusiones Finales. 166-168 Bibliografía y Referencias. 176-174 Apéndices. 175-237 Apéndice I: The Hovercraft General Order 1972 and main amendments. 177-206 Apéndice II: The hovercraft booking terms and conditions (Hovertravel). 207-222 Apéndice III: Articule about the “Suna X” hovercraft. 223-226 Apéndice IV: Abstract “Viability analysis of Hovercraft as passenger and freight transporters.
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