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Introduction to Programming in Lisp
Introduction to Programming in Lisp Supplementary handout for 4th Year AI lectures · D W Murray · Hilary 1991 1 Background There are two widely used languages for AI, viz. Lisp and Prolog. The latter is the language for Logic Programming, but much of the remainder of the work is programmed in Lisp. Lisp is the general language for AI because it allows us to manipulate symbols and ideas in a commonsense manner. Lisp is an acronym for List Processing, a reference to the basic syntax of the language and aim of the language. The earliest list processing language was in fact IPL developed in the mid 1950’s by Simon, Newell and Shaw. Lisp itself was conceived by John McCarthy and students in the late 1950’s for use in the newly-named field of artificial intelligence. It caught on quickly in MIT’s AI Project, was implemented on the IBM 704 and by 1962 to spread through other AI groups. AI is still the largest application area for the language, but the removal of many of the flaws of early versions of the language have resulted in its gaining somewhat wider acceptance. One snag with Lisp is that although it started out as a very pure language based on mathematic logic, practical pressures mean that it has grown. There were many dialects which threaten the unity of the language, but recently there was a concerted effort to develop a more standard Lisp, viz. Common Lisp. Other Lisps you may hear of are FranzLisp, MacLisp, InterLisp, Cambridge Lisp, Le Lisp, ... Some good things about Lisp are: • Lisp is an early example of an interpreted language (though it can be compiled). -
Implementation Notes
IMPLEMENTATION NOTES XEROX 3102464 lyric Release June 1987 XEROX COMMON LISP IMPLEMENTATION NOTES 3102464 Lyric Release June 1987 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Xerox Corporation. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this document, Xerox Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear. Copyright @ 1987 by Xerox Corporation. Xerox Common Lisp is a trademark. All rights reserved. "Copyright protection claimed includes all forms and matters of copyrightable material and information now allowed by statutory or judicial law or hereinafter granted, including, without limitation, material generated from the software programs which are displayed on the screen, such as icons, screen display looks, etc. " This manual is set in Modern typeface with text written and formatted on Xerox Artificial Intelligence workstations. Xerox laser printers were used to produce text masters. PREFACE The Xerox Common Lisp Implementation Notes cover several aspects of the Lyric release. In these notes you will find: • An explanation of how Xerox Common Lisp extends the Common Lisp standard. For example, in Xerox Common Lisp the Common Lisp array-constructing function make-array has additional keyword arguments that enhance its functionality. • An explanation of how several ambiguities in Steele's Common Lisp: the Language were resolved. • A description of additional features that provide far more than extensions to Common Lisp. How the Implementation Notes are Organized . These notes are intended to accompany the Guy L. Steele book, Common Lisp: the Language which represents the current standard for Co~mon Lisp. -
The Evolution of Lisp
1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp. -
Allegro CL User Guide
Allegro CL User Guide Volume 1 (of 2) version 4.3 March, 1996 Copyright and other notices: This is revision 6 of this manual. This manual has Franz Inc. document number D-U-00-000-01-60320-1-6. Copyright 1985-1996 by Franz Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, by photocopying or recording, or otherwise, without the prior and explicit written permission of Franz incorpo- rated. Restricted rights legend: Use, duplication, and disclosure by the United States Government are subject to Restricted Rights for Commercial Software devel- oped at private expense as specified in DOD FAR 52.227-7013 (c) (1) (ii). Allegro CL and Allegro Composer are registered trademarks of Franz Inc. Allegro Common Windows, Allegro Presto, Allegro Runtime, and Allegro Matrix are trademarks of Franz inc. Unix is a trademark of AT&T. The Allegro CL software as provided may contain material copyright Xerox Corp. and the Open Systems Foundation. All such material is used and distrib- uted with permission. Other, uncopyrighted material originally developed at MIT and at CMU is also included. Appendix B is a reproduction of chapters 5 and 6 of The Art of the Metaobject Protocol by G. Kiczales, J. des Rivieres, and D. Bobrow. All this material is used with permission and we thank the authors and their publishers for letting us reproduce their material. Contents Volume 1 Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The language 1-1 1.2 History 1-1 1.3 Format -
1960 1970 1980 1990 Japan California………………… UT IL in PA NJ NY Massachusetts………… Europe Lisp 1.5 TX
Japan UT IL PA NY Massachusetts………… Europe California………………… TX IN NJ Lisp 1.5 1960 1970 1980 1990 Direct Relationships Lisp 1.5 LISP Family Graph Lisp 1.5 LISP 1.5 Family Lisp 1.5 Basic PDP-1 LISP M-460 LISP 7090 LISP 1.5 BBN PDP-1 LISP 7094 LISP 1.5 Stanford PDP-1 LISP SDS-940 LISP Q-32 LISP PDP-6 LISP LISP 2 MLISP MIT PDP-1 LISP Stanford LISP 1.6 Cambridge LISP Standard LISP UCI-LISP MacLisp Family PDP-6 LISP MacLisp Multics MacLisp CMU SAIL MacLisp MacLisp VLISP Franz Lisp Machine Lisp LISP S-1 Lisp NIL Spice Lisp Zetalisp IBM Lisp Family 7090 LISP 1.5 Lisp360 Lisp370 Interlisp Illinois SAIL MacLisp VM LISP Interlisp Family SDS-940 LISP BBN-LISP Interlisp 370 Spaghetti stacks Interlisp LOOPS Common LOOPS Lisp Machines Spice Lisp Machine Lisp Interlisp Lisp (MIT CONS) (Xerox (BBN Jericho) (PERQ) (MIT CADR) Alto, Dorado, (LMI Lambda) Dolphin, Dandelion) Lisp Zetalisp TAO (3600) (ELIS) Machine Lisp (TI Explorer) Common Lisp Family APL APL\360 ECL Interlisp ARPA S-1 Lisp Scheme Meeting Spice at SRI, Lisp April 1991 PSL KCL NIL CLTL1 Zetalisp X3J13 CLTL2 CLOS ISLISP X3J13 Scheme Extended Family COMIT Algol 60 SNOBOL METEOR CONVERT Simula 67 Planner LOGO DAISY, Muddle Scheme 311, Microplanner Scheme 84 Conniver PLASMA (actors) Scheme Revised Scheme T 2 CLTL1 Revised Scheme Revised2 Scheme 3 CScheme Revised Scheme MacScheme PC Scheme Chez Scheme IEEE Revised4 Scheme Scheme Object-Oriented Influence Simula 67 Smalltalk-71 LOGO Smalltalk-72 CLU PLASMA (actors) Flavors Common Objects LOOPS ObjectLisp CommonLOOPS EuLisp New Flavors CLTL2 CLOS Dylan X3J13 ISLISP Lambda Calculus Church, 1941 λ Influence Lisp 1.5 Landin (SECD, ISWIM) Evans (PAL) Reynolds (Definitional Interpreters) Lisp370 Scheme HOPE ML Standard ML Standard ML of New Jersey Haskell FORTRAN Influence FORTRAN FLPL Lisp 1.5 S-1 Lisp Lisp Machine Lisp CLTL1 Revised3 Zetalisp Scheme X3J13 CLTL2 IEEE Scheme X3J13 John McCarthy Lisp 1.5 Danny Bobrow Richard Gabriel Guy Steele Dave Moon Jon L White. -
Lisp: Program Is Data
LISP: PROGRAM IS DATA A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MACLISP Jon L White Laboratory for Computer Science, M.I.T.* ABSTRACT For over 10 years, MACLISP has supported a variety of projects at M.I.T.'s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Laboratory for Computer Science (formerly Project MAC). During this time, there has been a continuing development of the MACLISP system, spurred in great measure by the needs of MACSYMAdevelopment. Herein are reported, in amosiac, historical style, the major features of the system. For each feature discussed, an attempt will be made to mention the year of initial development, andthe names of persons or projectsprimarily responsible for requiring, needing, or suggestingsuch features. INTRODUCTION In 1964,Greenblatt and others participated in thecheck-out phase of DigitalEquipment Corporation's new computer, the PDP-6. This machine had a number of innovative features that were thought to be ideal for the development of a list processing system, and thus it was very appropriate that thefirst working program actually run on thePDP-6 was anancestor of thecurrent MACLISP. This earlyLISP was patterned after the existing PDP-1 LISP (see reference l), and was produced by using the text editor and a mini-assembler on the PDP-1. That first PDP-6 finally found its way into M.I.T.'s ProjectMAC for use by theArtificial lntelligence group (the A.1. grouplater became the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Project MAC became the Laboratory for Computer Science). By 1968, the PDP-6 wasrunning the Incompatible Time-sharing system, and was soon supplanted by the PDP-IO.Today, the KL-I 0, anadvanced version of thePDP-10, supports a variety of time sharing systems, most of which are capable of running a MACLISP. -
S Allegro Common Lisp Foreign Function Interface
Please do not remove this page Extensions to the Franz, Inc.'s Allegro Common Lisp foreign function interface Keane, John https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643408560004646?l#13643533500004646 Keane, J. (1996). Extensions to the Franz, Inc.’s Allegro Common Lisp foreign function interface. Rutgers University. https://doi.org/10.7282/t3-pqns-7h57 This work is protected by copyright. You are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, for research and educational purposes. Other uses, such as reproduction or publication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Downloaded On 2021/09/29 22:58:32 -0400 Extensions to the Franz Incs Allegro Common Lisp Foreign Function Interface John Keane Department of Computer Science Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ keanecsrutgersedu January Abstract As provided by Franz Inc the foreign function interface of Allegro Com mon Lisp has a number of limitations This pap er describ es extensions to the interface that facilitate the inclusion of C and Fortran co de into Common Lisp systems In particular these extensions make it easy to utilize libraries of numerical subroutines such as those from Numerical Recip es in C from within ACL including those routines that take functions as arguments A mechanism for creating Lisplike dynamic runtime closures for C routines is also describ ed Acknowledgments The research presented in this do cument is supp orted in part by NASA grants NCC and NAG This research is also part of the Rutgers based -
A Quick Introduction to Common Lisp
CSC 244/444 Notes last updated Feb 3, 2020 A Quick Introduction to Common Lisp Lisp is a functional language well-suited to sym- bolic AI, based on the λ-calculus and with list structures as a very flexible basic data type; pro- grams are themselves list structures, and thus can be created and manipulated just like other data. This introduction isn't intended to give you all the details, but just enough to get across the essential ideas, and to let you get under way quickly. The best way to make use of it is in front of a computer, trying out all the things mentioned. Basic characteristics of Lisp and Common Lisp: • Lisp is primarily intended for manipulating symbolic data in the form of list struc- tures, e.g., (THREE (BLIND MICE) SEE (HOW (THEY RUN)) !) • Arithmetic is included, e.g., (SQRT (+ (* 3 3) (* 4 4))) or (sqrt (+ (* 3 3) (* 4 4))) (Common Lisp is case-insensitive, except in strings between quotes " ... ", specially delimited symbols like |Very Unusual Symbol!|, and for characters prefixed with \\"). • Common Lisp (unlike John McCarthy's original \pure" Lisp) has arrays and record structures; this leads to more understandable and efficient code, much as in typed languages, but there is no obligatory typing. • All computation consists of expression evaluation. For instance, typing in the above (SQRT ...) expression and hitting the enter key immediately gives 5. • Lisp is a functional language based on Alonzo Church's λ-calculus (which like Turing machines provides a complete basis for all computable functions). For instance, a function for the square root of the sum of two squares can be expressed as (lambda (x y) (sqrt (+ (* x x) (* y y)))). -
GLISP User's Manual
«* " GLISP User's Manual Gordon S. Novak Jr. Computer Science Department Stanford University " Stanford, California 94305 Revised: 23 November 1982 " This research was supported in part by NSF grant SED-7912803 in the Joint National Science Foundation - National Institute of Education Program of Research on Cognitive Processes and the Structure of Knowledge in Science and Mathematics, and in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract MDA-903-80-C-007. " W i Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Overview of GLISP 1 " 1.2. Implementation 2 1.3. Error Messages 3 1.4. Interactive Features of GLISP 3 2. Object Descriptions 5 2.1. Declaration of Object Descriptions 5 2.1.1. Property Descriptions 6 2.1.2. Supers Description 6 2.1.3. Values Description 6 2.2. Structure Descriptions 7 2.2.1. Syntax of Structure Descriptions 7 2.2.2. Examples of Structure Descriptions 9 2.3. Editing of Object Descriptions 9 2.4. Interactive Editing of Objects 10 2.5. Global Variables 10 2.6. Compile-Time Constants and Conditional Compilationimpilation 10 3. Reference To Objects 13 3.1. Accessing Objects 13 3.2. Creation of Objects 14 3.3. Interpretive Creation of Objects 14 3.4. Predicates on Objects 14 3.4.1. Self-Recognition Adjectives 15 3.4.2. Testing Object Classes 15 " 4. GLISP Program Syntax 17 4.1. Function Syntax 17 4.2. Expressions 18 4.2.1. Interpretation of Operators 19 4.2.1.1. Operations on Strings 19 4.2.1.2. Operations on Lists 19 4.2.1.3. -
Parallel Programming with Lisp for Performance
Parallel Programming with Lisp for Performance Pascal Costanza, Intel, Belgium European Lisp Symposium 2014, Paris, France The views expressed are my own, and not those of my employer. Legal Notices • Cilk, Intel, the Intel logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Results have been estimated based on internal Intel analysis and are provided for informational purposes only. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance. Intel does not control or audit the design or implementation of third party benchmark data or Web sites referenced in this document. Intel encourages all of its customers to visit the referenced Web sites or others where similar performance benchmark data are reported and confirm whether the referenced benchmark data are accurate and reflect performance of systems available for purchase. • Optimization Notice: Intel’s compilers may or may not optimize to the same degree for non-Intel microprocessors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel microprocessors. These optimizations include SSE2, SSE3, and SSSE3 instructions sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability, functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product are intended for use with Intel microprocessors. Certain optimizations not specific to Intel microarchitecture are reserved for Intel microprocessors. Please refer to the applicable product User and Reference Guides for more information regarding the specific instruction sets covered by this notice. (Notice revision #20110804) • Copyright © 2014 Intel Corporation. -
Common Lisp Quick Reference
Common Lisp Quick Reference Compiled by W Burger WS Symb ols nil Constant whose value is itself NIL t Constant whose value is itself T symbolp e Returns T if e evaluates to a symb ol otherwise NIL boundp e Returns T if the value of e whichmust b e a symb ol has neither a global nor a lo cal value defvar sym e Denes sym to b e a global variable with initial value e defparameter sym e Denes sym to b e a global parameter whose value initial e will maychange at runtime but is not exp ected to defconstant sym e Denes sym to b e a global constant whose value e will not change while the program is running Value Assignment setf place e Stores the value of e in the place sp ecied by place setq sym e Evaluates e and makes it the value of the symbol sym the value of e is returned InputOutput read stream Reads the printed representation of a single ob ject from stream which defaults to standardinput builds a corresp onding ob ject and returns the ob ject readline stream eoferrorp eofvalue recursivep Reads a line of text terminated by a newline or endoffile character from stream which defaults to standardinput and returns two values the line as a character string and a Bo olean value T if the line was terminated byanendoffile and NIL if it was terminated by a newline readchar stream eoferrorp eofvalue recursivep Reads one character from stream which defaults to standardinput and returns the corre sp onding character ob ject readcharnohang stream eoferrorp eofvalue recursivep Reads and returns a character from stream which defaults to standardinputif -
Interlisp-VAX: a Report
August 1981 Report. No. SUN-CS-81-879 Interlisp-VAX: A Report Larry M. Masintcr Department of Computer Science Stanford University Slanford, CA 94305 Interlisp-VAX: A Report Larry M. Masinter August 1,198l Contents: I. Introduction II. Interlisp-VAX: Oveniew and Status III. What will Interlisp-VAX be like? IV. Conclusions The views expressed in this report are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the Xerox Corporation, Stanford University, or the University of Southern California. This study was funded in part through the SUMEX Computer Project at Stanford University under grant RR-00785 from the Biotechnology Resources Program of the National institutes of Health. I. INTI~ODUCTION Since November 1979, a group at the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California has been working on an implementation of Interlisp for the DEC VAX-series’ computers. This report is a description of the current status, future prospects, and estimated character of that Interlisp-VAX implementation. It is the result of several days of discussion with those at ISI involved with the implementation (Dave Dyer, Hans Koomen, Ray Bates, Dan Lynch): with John L. White of MJT, who is working on an implementation of another Lisp for the VAX (NIL); with the implementors of Interlisp-Jericho at BBN (Alice Hartley, Norton Greenfeld, Martin Yonke, John Vittal, Frank Zdybel, Jeff Gibbons, Darylc Lewis); with the implementors of Franz Lisp and Berkeley Unix* at U.C. Berkeley (Richard Fateman, Bill Joy, Keith Sklower, John Foderaro); and with my colleagues at Xerox PARC. An earlier draft of this report was circulated to the partics involved in the Interlisp-VAX discussions.