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Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial

Topics (Textbook Module Numbers) I. Sources of Pollution (41) IX. Solid Disposal (51) II. Human Impacts on (41) X. Waste Reduction Methods (52) III. Endocrine Disruptors (42) XI. Treatment (41)

IV. Human Impacts on and (43) XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) (57) V. (41) XIII. Dose Response Curve (57) VI. (44) XIV. Pollution and Human Health (56) VII. Persistent Organic (POPs) (42) XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases (56) VIII. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification (42)

Vocabulary • Acid deposition • mitigation • Range of tolerance • • LD50 • Recycling • Bioaccumulation • Leach field • Runoff • Biochemical • • Safe Drinking Act demand (BOD) • Malaria • Sanitary municipal landfill • Biomagnification • Mangroves • SARS • Boom • Manure • Secondary treatment • Bubonic plague • Maximum Contaminant • Sedimentation • Cholera Level (MCL) • Septage • Composting • MERS • Septic system • • Mesothelioma • • • Methylmercury • Sludge • Decomposition • Nonpoint source • Tertiary treatment • Dispersant • Oligotrophic • Thermal pollution • Dose Response Curve • Oxygen sag curve • Thermal pollution • E-waste • Pathogen • Thermal shock Clean Water • Endocrine disruptors • Perceived obsolescence Act • Eutrophication/ Cultural • Persistent Organic • Tuberculosis Eutrophication Pollutants (POPs) • Wastewater • Fecal coliform • Planned obsolescence • • Great Pacific Patch • • West Nile virus • Hypoxic • Polychlorinated biphenyls • • (PCBs) • Zika virus • Indicator species • Primary treatment

1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM 21:17 1. Copy the sketches of the 5 stages of the materials economy Extraction Production Distribution Consumption Disposal

2. How much of our natural resources have been trashed in the last few decades?

3. How many planets are needed to support current rates of consumption in the US and ?

4. How many trees are being lost in the Amazon each minute?

5. What is being added to the production system that is created dangerous waste products?

6. What food is at the top of the and threatening the health of future generations?

7. What is meant by “externalising costs of production”?

8. Who is paying for the real cost of cheap electronic equipment (i.e. the $4.99 radio)? List three groups at least.

9a. How much material is still in the system after 6 months?______%. 9b. Where have the remaining materials gone?

10. When did the modern consumer economy come into being? Why?

2 11. According to Annie Leonard, what are some of the social and community interests being neglected while we are busy consuming “stuff”?

12. What do these terms mean? Give an example of each. • planned obsolescence example______• perceived obsolescence example______

13a. What is happening to the levels of measured happiness?

13b. What reasons are given?

14. Draw or summarize the steps in the treadmill.

15. One solution which many countries use to deal with increasing waste is to burn it. What problem is associated with burning rubbish?

16. How does recycling help?

17. Why is recycling not enough? (Clue: How many rubbish bins are needed to produce one bin of recycled materials?)

3 I. Sources of Pollution

Objective: • Identify differences between point and nonpoint sources of pollution

Waste should be viewed as a ______, just like other materials. Human systems: Inputs Outputs

Waste:______Is natural waste “useful” or not?

______: Produced from a single, identifiable location. Examples: ______: Produced from a more diffuse, broadly defined area Examples: How is it helpful to a community to identify point sources of pollution?

Which type of pollution is more difficult to control and why?

II. Human Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems

Objective: • Describe negative environmental impacts on suffered by coral reefs. • Explain how oil spills happen, and their negative economic consequences and effects on aquatic ecosystems. • Explain what a dead zone is and how it forms. • Describe how can impact water supply. • Identify the major sources of solid waste pollution. • Explain the harmful effects of sediment pollution.

Remember this? Summarize:

4

Why are coral reefs important?

THREATS: Chemical • Physical • • • •

• • • • •

Indirect

Biological

Natural Threats How does human activity exacerbate (magnify) this threat?

Storm impacts

Temperature changes

Salinity changes

Predation

Algal overgrowth

5 Oil spills Cause harm from surface to bottom of ocean, at all trophic levels 1. Marine mammals and birds→ 2. → 3. Invertebrates → Case Studies

1.______ Supertanker crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, AK  42 million liters (11 million gallons)  Half a million birds and thousands of marine mammals killed 2. ______ Exploration might yield up to 1.4 trillion L of oil and natural gas Opponents: will harm pristine habitat and the human population as well

3. ______ Explosion at a BP oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico  Released 780 million L (206 million gal)—87 days  6000 sea turtles, 26,000 marine mammals, 82,000 birds killed

BP Timeline (2:58) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiF-X- Ez9Bs

BP Oil Spill 5 Years Later: Wildlife Still Suffering MSNBC (5:53) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcZ9MLDuIl0 Why were there so many birds on the neighboring barrier islands off the Lousiana at the time of the spill?

What occurred with the land and mangroves? (positive feedback loop!)

6 Why are they in danger of losing the pelican population?

What are the steps being taken right now to protect the pelicans? Who is supporting and not supporting?

Deepwater Horizon disaster, five years later (10:24) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZKBDVurCdk Correctsit dispersant:

Physical evidence that remains even 5 years later

Human medical issues

BP’s responses to the complaints

Economic issues in Grand Isle

______: Produced by livestock operations and human activities Types:

Why is wastewater a problem? ______→ more oxygen is required for the bacteria to decompose all the organic material → ______BOD = ______pollution → High BOD = Less ______for other forms of life; may cause ______BOD in the of has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because:

BOD in the waters of Africa and has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because:

7 How is the creation of a dead zone in the ocean or river an example of a positive feedback loop? (Draw it)

Oxygen Sag Curve

Trout, perch, bass, No fish Pollution- Trout, perch, bass, Pollution-tolerant mayfly, stonefly Fungi, sludge, tolerant mayfly, stonefly fishes (carp, gar) (clean water orgs) worms, bacteria (carp, gar) (clean water orgs)

Clean Decomposition Septic Recovery Clean

Zones→

Sediment Pollution (______) • Caused by construction, , erosion • Increases ______, reduces sunlight • Clogs gills • ______

8 Heavy metals used for industry, especially and burning of fossil fuels, can reach the , impacting the drinking water supply

Heavy Metals and other toxins Metal/Toxin Source Removal Health Effect Water filtration Nervous system and kidney damage to Laws banning lead paint, import of toys fetuses and infants Replacement of old pipes Federal guidelines for building Filtration and reverse osmosis Skin, lung, kidney, bladder cancers

Reduce use of coal Biomagnification—can damage CNS, esp. fetuses/children

Coal scrubbers Lethal to many forms of life, Water treatment effects Destroy statues, bridges, , buildings

Use organic methods Kill many non-target organisms Ban certain chemicals (DDT)

Proper waste disposal Varying effects on food web

Other compounds: ______(rocket fuel), ______--polychlorinated biphenyls (/electrical transformers), ______(flame retardants)

9 http://www.cc.com/video-clips/13hiav/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-michigan-s-toxic-water-crisis http://www.cc.com/video-clips/hwvdyb/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-it-s-not-just-flint-s-water-crisis

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/chemical-study-ground-zero-house-flint-water-crisis-180962030/ Scientists Now Know Exactly How Lead Got Into Flint's Water –Smithsonian magazine What was the root cause of the crisis and what happened in 2014 that exacerbated it?

What safety measures might have prevented the problem, but were not being followed by Flint?

What has Flint done since 2014, and is it working for the long term?

Is Flint the only place this contamination could be a problem?

III. Endocrine Disruptors Objective: • Identify endocrine disruptors and describe the effects of endocrine disruptors on ecosystems.

______: Mimic hormones causing overstimulation, or bind to a receptor within a cell and block the real hormone, stopping response.

Examples:

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals https://youtu.be/ibfAF66JzFE (2:54)

10 IV. Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves

Objective: • Describe wetlands and mangroves, and the ecological services they provide. • Describe the impacts of human activity on wetlands and mangroves.

______: a distinct that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where anaerobic processes prevail

Ecological Services provided by Wetlands 1. 2. 3. 4. • 5,000 species of plant life • 1/3 of all species of birds • 190 species of • ALL of America's wild ducks and geese need wetlands to survive

______: • ______that grow along tropical shorelines • inhabit the ______• ______ substrate for inverts like corals, sponges, tunicates  shelter many species of juvenile fish

Threats to Mangroves and Wetlands • • • •

11

→The Disappearing Wetlands in ’s Central Valley, High Country News 2/29/16 https://www.hcn.org/articles/the-disappearing-wetlands-in--central-valley What are the natural and anthropogenic causes of the wetland loss in CA?

What are two ways that bird populations are impacted by shrinking wetlands?

What was a mitigation solution that conservationists came up with to preserve some habitat for migrating birds?

Why is that no longer a viable solution?

How does the Central Valley Project Improvement Act fit into the story?

V. Eutrophication Objective: Explain the environmental effects of excessive use of fertilizers and detergents on aquatic ecosystems • Define eutrophication and algal blooms. • Discuss the characteristics of hypoxic, oligotrophic, and eutrophic waterways. • Describe anthropogenic causes of eutrophication.

Excess nutrients in the water → ______(anthropogenic causes = ______eutrophication) → especially ______→ ______→ again leads to High BOD and dead zones Waterways low in oxygen = ______waterways: low nutrients, stable algae populations, high DO 12 1.

2.

4.

3. 5.

VI. Thermal Pollution Objective: • Define thermal pollution and describe its causes. • Describe the effects of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems. Also called ______Temp vs. DO • Power plants/factories use cooling water, pump hot water back into waterways • Warm water contains less ______• Decreased respiration, suffocation • To reduce : use of ______VII. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Objective: • Define POP and identify examples. • Explain how and why POPs are toxic to organisms and how they can spread long distances.

POPs are types of pollutants that are especially harmful because 1. 2. 3.

5 examples of POPs

13 VIII. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Objective: • Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification and explain the difference between them. • Describe harmful effects on ecosystems and humans that are a result of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. • Identify examples of substances that are capable of bioaccumulating and having measurable negative environmental impact.

______: Increase in concentration of a in an organism ______: Increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain → Effects on top carnivores—thinning eggshells, reproductive malformities → DDT banned after Rachel Carson wrote about its effects on songbirds in ______→ Human body systems that can be most severely affected: ______

→ Article: High Level of Found in Pumas Linked to Coastal https://www.worldatlas.com/news/high-level-of-mercury-found-in-pumas-linked-to-coastal-fog.html Explain how a puma is a victim of BOTH bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to methylmercury in the fog.

14

1. Which of the following groups is most susceptible to problems from DDT: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, or tertiary consumers? Why?

2. What are some differences between the food chain of ospreys and the food chain of northern harriers? How might these differences in the diet of osprey and northern harriers result in exposure to different amounts of DDT?

3. a) Suppose an osprey eats 300 g of fish per day. The fish tissue consumed by the osprey has an average DDT concentration of 0.1 μg/g. How much DDT is the osprey consuming in one day?

15 b) Now suppose a bald eagle also eats 300 g of food per day. But, the bald eagle eats seal carcasses that have washed up on the beach. The seal had eaten fish-eating fish with 1.0 μg/g DDT in their tissue. Much of the seal’s body is made of blubber (a fatty substance) and the DDT bioaccumulates in the seal. So, the seal has 2.0 μg/g DDT in its tissue. If the bald eagle eats 300 g of seal, how much DDT does the bald eagle consume in one day?

4. Taking all factors into account, rank the following for likelihood of bioaccumulation: bald eagles, osprey, seals, and northern harriers.

IX. Solid Waste Disposal

Objective: • Define solid waste and how and where it is generated. • Describe the negative impacts of improperly designed . • Define e-waste and discuss its recent prevalence. • Describe the design of sanitary municipal landfills. • Describe factors in landfill decomposition rates. • Explain the pros and cons of incineration as an alternative. • Identify items that cannot be accepted in landfills, such as rubber tires • Discuss the prevalence and negative impacts of ocean dumping

16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkfAnQtIUCw Where is the Biggest Garbage Dump on Earth? (4:03) How has it formed? What is it composed of?

Landfills

→ Traditional landfills must confront two large environmental problems: 1. 2. ______: Contaminated water that passes through MSW into the soil and waterways

______aim to contaminate the surrounding environment as little as possible.

Important Features:

1.

How fast will 2. decomposition happen? Depends3. on... 1. 2.4.

5.

17 ______: Burn waste to reduce volume and mass; sometimes can generate electricity or heat (called a ______system) → ______: Residual non-organic material that does not combust

→ Article: Is Burning Trash a Good Way to Dispose of It? PBS KQED https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/is- burning-trash-a-good-way-to-dispose-of-it-waste-incineration-in-charts What does the author consider negative impacts of burning waste?

Why is the U.S. waste incineration industry declining?

______incinerators operate in the U.S., and ______% are in “environmental justice communities”. How are these communities defined?

Where specifically in the U.S. are most of them?

What has changed over the last 50 years in terms of what is burned?

What are some modern solutions that are being demanded by the public?

How do incinerator plants compare to natural gas power plants in terms of emissions?

NIMBY! =

18 Some items are not accepted in landfills and are prone to be disposed of illegally

______is only ______of the waste stream. Why is it such a significant concern?

Explore: Nat Geo’s Planet or ? https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/planetorplastic/planetorplastic- backup/

______: Consider all materials and energy used in the lifetime of a product, from raw materials to final disposal

The life cycle of a T-shirt (6:03) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiSYoeqb_VY

Which is better for the environment??? None of these have a simple answer…write down both pros and cons for both. Paper vs. Plastic cup? We think: Ms. Thaler says:

Disposable vs. Cloth diaper? We think: Ms. Thaler says:

Notebooks or an iPad?

19 We think: Ms. Thaler says:

X. Waste Reduction Methods

Objective: Describe changes to current practices that could reduce the amount of generated waste and their associated benefits and drawbacks • Define recycling and discuss its pros and cons. • Define composting and discuss its pros and cons. • Discuss options for disposing of e-waste and the issues with improper disposal. • Describe landfill mitigation strategies. • Describe the option of methane recapture in landfills.

How much waste is produced by a nation has a direct correlation to that nation’s ______. ______: Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions. What caused the shift to the “throw-away society”?

How does our industrialization lead to developing countries’ increasing their MSW?

Undercover in a Bangladesh clothing factory (CBS news) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1mvcFuiTts (4:39)

20

Composition of the Waste Stream (flow of solid waste before recycling)

D is recycled.

But 75% of recycled material is ______

The Three Rs and Composting 1. ______→______: Reduce use of potential waste materials in early stages of design and manufacture. Examples:

2. ______: increase of ______in the system • Better if reuse does not require much additional energy Examples:

3. ______: objects converted to raw materials which can be used to produce new products 2 Types of Recycling: ______

Recycling Pros? Recycling Cons?

21 ______: Creation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity, and fertility. • Ensure a good ______ratio that will boost ______activity • Layer “dry” material (leaves, grass) will “wet” (kitchen scraps) • Rotation and aeration to provide ______. If decomposition occurs anaerobically like in landfills, ______will be produced (bad !) • Drawbacks:

Solid Hierarchy

Most preferred

Least preferred

______: Liquid, solid or gas that has been shown to be harmful to humans or the environment Examples of

What’s the best option? → → ______happens first →______is best!

22 Legislation: ______• Taxes on chemical and petroleum industries • Funds cleanup of non-operating hazardous waste sites • Authorizes federal government to respond immediately to release of hazardous substances →______: Newer federal program (1995) to clean up industrial sites that do not yet have Superfund status Important Case Study: ______• Used to be a hazardous waste landfill • Benzene, dioxin, and (carcinogens) found in basements in 1978 • Residents evacuated in 1983 The Love Canal Disaster (11:02) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjobz14i8kM Where did the chemicals come from originally, and when?

What were some of the health problems people experienced?

Why did residents protest against the EPA and the government?

How many toxic sites has the Superfund Act remediated at the time of this video? ______Was Love Canal remediated? What happened to it?

Why did activists continue to protest when Love Canal was repopulated in 1998?

Why is it so hard to identify and eliminate carcinogens around us?

______• Burning waste for energy and to reduce volume • Restoring habitat for use as parks

23 XI. Sewage Treatment

Objective: • Describe best practices in sewage treatment. • Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment, and disinfection.

Treating wastewater ______→ ______and ______

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IftsX9Z7vHI How a septic system works (2:09)

2. ______: centralized systems in large municipalities in developed countries * ______: • Physical removal of large objects through the use of screens and grates • Settling of waste at the bottom of the tank

* ______: • Water ______, ______added, promotes growth of aerobic bacteria

• Bacterial breakdown into CO2 and inorganic sludge  ______: o ______using chlorine, , UV light --Released to waterway Heavy rain and flooding—plants can ______raw sewage into bodies of water

______: man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by CAFOs. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/drone-factory-farm-pig-feces-lakes

24 XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) and XIII. Dose Response Curve (Hazards and Risk)

Objective: • Identify the five major types of hazards. • Differentiate between transmissible and non-transmissable diseases, with examples. • Describe at least three emergent diseases and the pathogens that cause them. • Discuss ways to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, and the roadblocks. • Identify important toxic substances. • Describe their effects on the different physiological systems of the body. • Define LD50 and compare the toxicity of different substances. • Explain and evaluate dose response curves.

Five types of Hazards: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

______: caused by non-living factors; does not spread ______: (also transmissible/contagious/communicable): caused by pathogens

Look up 5 examples each of diseases caused by…. Add VA if there is a vaccine, add A if there is an antibiotic

Virus Bacterium Protist (Protozoan) Fungus

25 Methods of transmission

______: regional large- scale outbreak ______: worldwide outbreak Copy the 5 deadliest diseases in history, their pathogen, and method of transmission Vaccine or International Transmission Pathogen antibiotic?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7xlGcLGTu8 1918 Pandemic: The Deadliest Flu in History (6:08) the 1918 flu was also known as ______Why did many countries not report the flu?

What percent of the world was infected?

Flu viruses are categorized by two types of ______H5N1 Virus = Bird Flu H1N1 Virus = Swine Flu (2009 pandemic) Small mutations that your immune system can protect against: ______Large mutations that your body cannot protect against: ______

Why did it especially affect 20-40 year olds? (2 reasons) 1.

2.

26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q The Past, Present and Future of the Bubonic Plague (4:12) Visit the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) website and the WHO (World Health Organization) website for information about current disease concerns in the US and internationally. Write down at least 5 of each, and put VI, B, P, or F for pathogen, and VA or AN for vaccine or antibiotic. https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html CDC http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/ WHO

Vaccine or Vaccine or United States Pathogen International Pathogen antibiotic? antibiotic?

Antibiotic Resistance https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-antibiotics-become-resistant-over-time-kevin-wu#watch (4:35) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE (2:02) Watch Antibiotic Resistance Evolve Draw a positive feedback model showing how antibiotic resistance occurs.

Solutions to the Problem of Infectious Disease:

There are CHEMICALS in my food!!! Name something that has scary CHEMICALS in it: ______Penn & Teller get hippies to sign water banning petition 3:23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi3erdgVVTw&t=41s

27 Top 5 Toxic Substances (What they are) 3 Types Toxic Agents Examples (What they do) 1. 1. 2. 2. 3.

4. 3. 5.

Other Hazardous Effects: System Example Disease/Effect Weaken the immune system, leaving it vulnerable to infection

Mercury poisoning ADD Paralysis Learning disabilities

Prevention of hormone from working properly Birth defects Developmental delays and disabilities

______: a measure of the harmfulness of a substance—ability to cause injury, illness, or to a living organism → At what level of exposure to a particular toxic chemical will the chemical cause harm? ______: The amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed at one time What factors affect toxicity? Variables • • • • • •

28 Types of Response: ______: immediate, rapid, possibly temporary ______: permanent, long-lasting What’s a safer chemical: a naturally occurring one, or a synthetic (human-made) one?

______(Lethal Dose 50) : Amount of a substance required to kill 50% of the test population (you might also see reference to ______)

Remember: 1. 2.

______(Refer to LD50 Brine Shrimp Lab)  Shows the response of a population to a dose of a chemical/toxin

29 ______: When there is substantial preliminary evidence that an activity/technology/chemical substance can harm humans or the environment, we should take precautionary measures to prevent/reduce harm, rather than wait for more conclusive scientific evidence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1SWkqZCD24 The Precautionary Principle Animation (1:43)

What are some other issues besides toxins to which we could/should be applying the Precautionary Principle?

______: probability of suffering harm (usually percentage or fraction) ______: Use statistical methods to estimate risk ______: Whether and how to reduce risk, and at what cost Refer to Risk Survey Lab

Which of these do people consider to be riskier? What are the reasons behind these perceptions? Being pushed out of an airplane with a parachute Sky-diving

Government chlorination of drinking water Using a chemical water softener in your home

Hiking on an open cliffside trail Living next to an

Driving in a car Living near a nuclear reactor

Or Driving in a car Flying in a jet airplane

Using tobacco Using a product containing dioxin

Drinking tapwater in your house in Cupertino Drinking tapwater from a well in Senegal

Living near a factory that exports goods Living near a factory that sells goods you use

30 XIV. Pollution and Human Health

Objective: • Explain the difficulty behind establishing cause and effect between pollutants and human health issues. • Identify the probable pollution-related causes of human diseases such as dysentery, mesothelioma, asthma, and respiratory problems. https://time.com/4982099/quackery-medicine-history/ (1:43) 3 Strange Treatments Doctors Used to Think Were Good for You https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57983/9-terrifying-medical-treatments-1900-and-their-safer-modern-versions  Difficult to establish ______between pollutants and human health issues  humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals and pollutants

Disease Cause

XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases Objective: Explain human pathogens and their cycling through the environment. • Discuss how and why pathogens may appear in certain locations. • Explain how climate change is affecting the spread of pathogens. • Explain why poverty-stricken regions are more in danger of the spread of infectious diseases. • Define and explain the spread of plague, tuberculosis, malaria, West Nile virus, SARS, MERS, Zika, and cholera.

 Pathogens ______to take advantage of new opportunities to infect and spread through human populations

 Specific pathogens can occur in many environments regardless of the appearance of sanitary conditions

 ______leads to pathogens and associated diseases spreading into new areas

 Poverty-stricken areas more often lack ______and have ______

→ so they have a much ______likelihood for spread of infections disease

31

Wastewater carries a wide variety of ______(disease-causing and viruses) Examples:

Notable Pathogens

Disease Transmission infected organism bites human or contact with contaminated fluids or tissues

breathing bacteria from bodily fluids of an infected person

bites from infected mosquitoes Sub-saharan africa bites from infected mosquitoes

inhaling or touching infected fluids

transferred from animals to humans -bites from infected mosquitoes -Sexual contact

from infected water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2j_Ka3XTgA Ganges: India’s dying mother (3:13) What are some sources of the pollution in the Ganges?

32 REMEMBER!!!! • ______people do not sufficient access to safe water • About ______of the world’s population lacks access to proper and hygiene • In ______, up to 64% lack access

______: indicates whether or not pathogens are present

→ ______such as E. coli shows human waste has entered the water (not necessarily pathogens) If a species is highly sensitive to pollution, what does its presence indicate?

If a species has a wide range of tolerance, will it dominate a habitat in low pollution or high pollution? Why?

33 Bozeman Review Videos Water Pollution (9:07) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNGKsubYJ9U

Health Impacts of Pollution (8:09) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcDjyxanOyk

Solid Waste (7:39) http://www.bozemanscience.com/ap-es-031-solid-waste

34