Survey methodology was developed with regard to the Commonwealth and State guidelines applicable to the relevant species and involved:

 Fish survey - the fish survey undertaken aimed to sample the broad range of fish species that could potentially inhabit the project study area and included methods to specifically target threatened species. Survey techniques included:

– Box traps – box traps were baited and set for a minimum of two (2) hours within suitable habitats. A total of ten (10) traps were set within the project study area. Individual trap placement aimed to sample the variety of microhabitats (e.g. woody debris, root); – Fyke netting – fyke netting was conducted where water levels provided suitable trapping conditions. The net was set with the cod end attached to the bank with the wings of the net outstretched and staked into the substrate (Plate 2-1). The fyke net was set overnight; and – Pool watches – pool watches were conducted within each aquatic habitat assessment site. Watches were a minimum of 30 search minutes in duration.  Turtle survey - ten cathedral traps were baited with beef heart and set within the project study area. Traps were set for approximately 18 hours and checked twice during this period. Trapping targeted key habitat areas such as undercut banks and submerged woody debris. Bank margins within the project study area were also assessed for nesting habitat suitability;

 Platypus survey - suitability of the project study area for platypus habitat was assessed through habitat assessment and identification of banks potential suitable for burrows. Thirty minute pool watches were also undertaken within each habitat assessment site; and

 Opportunistic observations of aquatic fauna species were also undertaken within the project study area during the field survey event.

Note – high water levels and poor visibility within the project study area prevented the inclusion of electrofishing and snorkelling as part of the field survey techniques. The survey techniques that were implemented are considered suitable for the purpose of identifying environmental values and potential project impacts. The exclusion of electrofishing and snorkelling is not considered to have impacted the likelihood of occurrence assessment for conservation significant species.

The target surveys for aquatic fauna species builds on the surveys conducted within the project study areas by Central Queensland University in 2011 (Wormington and Black 2011).

2.2.5 Qualifications

The results of the field survey are based on a single sampling event undertaken in February 2016. Field surveys aimed to identify the presence of terrestrial and aquatic environmental values within the project study area and were not designed to determine population abundance or density. The likelihood of occurrence of species not recorded during the field survey event is based on an assessment of habitat conditions/suitability and information identified during the desktop assessment. Habitat assessment, species profiles and hydrological information has been used to provide an understanding of the seasonal variability in the environment.

10 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Plate 2-1 Turtle cathedral traps within the project study area

2.3 Likelihood of occurrence assessment

The potential for species of conservation significance (listed as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened or special least concern under the EPBC Act and/or NC Act) to be present within the project study area was determined based on a likelihood of occurrence assessment. Conservation significant species identified during the desktop assessment were assessed using the following categories:

 Unlikely to occur: species has not been recorded in the desktop search extent and/or current known distribution does not encompass the project study area and/or suitable habitat is generally lacking from the project study area;

 May occur: species has not been recorded in the desktop search extent although species’ distribution incorporates the project study area and potentially suitable habitat occurs in the project study area (but may not be particularly abundant or optimal habitat);

 Likely to occur: species has been recorded in the desktop search extent and suitable habitat is present in the project study area (species determined to be ‘likely to occur’ are otherwise known to occur within the project study area or surrounding landscape, and has suitable habitat present; however were not recorded during field surveys); and

 Confirmed present: species recorded during field surveys in the project study area.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 11 3. Existing ecological values

3.1 Mary River catchment

The project study area is located within the lower Mary River drainage sub-basin, which has a total area of 6,758 square kilometres (km2) (DEHP 2016) (Figure 1-1). Major towns within the sub-basin include Gympie, Kilkivan, Maryborough and Tiaro (DEHP 2016). Coondoo Creek is a fifth order tributary that flows into the Mary River via Tinana Creek. The Mary River discharges into the Great Sandy Strait, approximately 110 km downstream from the project construction footprint. The Great Sandy Strait is a Wetland of International Importance (Ramsar wetland). Land use is dominated by state forest pine plantations. Queensland DAF has identified Coondoo Creek is an important waterway for fish passage and as such, the presence of an artificial barrier has the potential to have a major (purple) risk of impact on fish movement (Queensland Waterways for Waterway Barrier Works spatial layer; Figure 1-1). The design of temporary and permanent structures for the project must therefore consider potential impacts on fish movement.

3.2 Terrestrial habitat

3.2.1 Habitat description

The existing environment within the project study area consists of mature riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca, Allocasuarina, Eucalyptus and Lophostemon species (Plate 3-1). The riparian vegetation associated with Coondoo Creek represents a large tract of remnant vegetation which provides fauna connectivity across the landscape. Toolara State Forest surrounds Coondoo Creek to the east and west of the project construction footprint (Figure 3-1). The dominant land use in the immediate surrounding area is plantation forestry of Pinus elliottii (slash pine). Road side maintenance and management of existing power easements appear to be the primary disturbances of fauna habitat, with a small amount of litter present and evidence of road drainage into adjacent habitats.

Plate 3-1 Terrestrial habitat upstream (left) and downstream (right) of the existing Coondoo Creek bridge on Tin Can Bay Road

12 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Terrestrial fauna habitat types present within the project study area, as described by GHD 2012, include:  Riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and Allocasuarina litoralis. Bank edges dominated by Lomandra longifolia (Plate 3-1) - upstream of the existing Coondoo Creek bridge;  Riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and Lophostemon suaveolens. Bank edges dominated by Lomandra longifolia (Plate 3-1) – downstream of the existing Coondoo Creek bridge;

 Non-riparian vegetation consisting of Allocasuarina open woodland, with edge effects from adjacent exotic pine plantation (Plate 3-2) - roadside vegetation on south-eastern side of Tin Can Bay Road; and

 Melaleuca swamp area (Plate 3-2) - patches of this habitat occur parallel to Coondoo Creek downstream of the existing bridge and south of the existing forestry track on the southern side of the road.

The location of terrestrial habitats within the project study area are illustrated in Figure 3-1, while detailed terrestrial habitat descriptions are provided in Appendix B.

Plate 3-2 Allocasuarina open woodland (left) and Melaleuca swamp (right)

3.2.2 Essential habitat

The project construction footprint is mapped as containing essential habitat for two (2) NC Act listed threatened species; wallum froglet (Crinia tinnula) and wallum rocketfrog (Litoria freycineti) (Figure 3-1). The riparian habitat and Allocasuarina woodland within the project construction footprint contains limited suitable habitat for these species and no suitable breeding habitat occurs. The Melaleuca swamp habitat located adjacent to the project construction footprint (Figure 3-1), does provide suitable habitat for the wallum froglet and the species is considered likely to occur (refer to Section 3.5.3). The Melaleuca swamp provides suitable, although sub-optimal, habitat for the wallum rocketfrog and the species may occur.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 13 483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600 7,125,600 7,125,600

NEERDIE STATE FOREST 2

OAD R Y Main view A NEERDIE STATE FOREST 1 B N A C IN T

7,125,450 TOOLARA STATE FOREST 7,125,450 5 4 GREAT SANDY NATIONAL PARK 1:150,000 3 2

Based on or contains data provided by the State of QLD (DNRM) 2016. 2 In consideration of the State permitting use of this data you acknowledge

7,125,300 and agree that the State gives no warranty in relation to the data 7,125,300 (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accepts no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) 2 relating to any use of the data. Data must not be used for marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.

3 Imagery © Google Earth Pro (date extracted extracted 27/04/2016) 5 and third party suppliers (eg. © Digital Globe 2016) 2 7,125,150 7,125,150 1

2 4

4 7,125,000 7,125,000 5 5

Terrestrial habitat types 7,124,850 7,124,850 1 - Riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and Allocasuarina litoralis - Bank edges dominated by Lomandra longifolia 2 - Non-riparian vegetation consisting of Allocasuarina open woodland with edge effects from adjacent exotic pine plantation

3 - Riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and Lophostemon suaveolens - Bank edges dominated by Lomandra longifolia 4 - Melaleuca swamp

7,124,700 5 - Completely degraded or highly modified - contains very few native species 7,124,700

483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600

Job Number 41-29634 1:4,000 @ A3 LEGEND Department of Transport and Main Roads Revision A 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 Clearing impact area (construction footprint Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement Essential habitat Proposed Alignment Cadastral Boundary Date 30 Jun 2016 plus 100 m buffer, as per DEHP guidelines) Metres Project study area State-controlled Road National Park Map Projection: UniversalTransverse Mercator Project construction footprint Terrestrial habitat types Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 o Waterways State Forest Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 within the project study area Figure 3-1 N:\AU\Bundaberg\Projects\41\29634\GIS\Maps\MXD\41_29634_002_rev_a.mxd 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD (and TMR, DNRM and Google) make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: GHD: Habitat (2016); DNRM: Essential Habitat 4.30/2016; Waterways (2010), Cadastral Boundary (2013), Protected Areas (2014). TMR: State-controlled Roads (2013), Chainage (2013). GHD: Protected Plants (2016), Proposed Alignment (2016), Clearing Impact Area (2016), Construction Footprint (2016). Google Earth: Aerial Imagery (date extracted: 29/04/2016). Created by:mstanley 3.2.3 Breeding habitat

General fauna habitat and breeding places A range of habitat features were encountered in the project study area for a variety of terrestrial fauna species associated with woodland habitats. Only limited evidence of active breeding was encountered within the project construction footprint.

In general, key active, potential or significant habitat features encountered included:

 Koala habitat trees which may provide food, shelter and breeding opportunities for koalas;

 Standing live trees, with hollows, cracks, crevices and/or exfoliating bark;

 Standing stags (dead trees) with hollows;  Fallen woody debris, with hollows or exfoliating bark on the ground;

 Ephemeral drainage features and depressions which may provide breeding habitat for amphibian species;  A riparian vegetation corridor which may provide habitat linkages for fauna moving between large patches of remnant vegetation; and

 Bird nest sites and termite mounds.

More broadly, throughout the project construction footprint, almost all native and introduced vegetation provides a range of microhabitat features (woody vegetation at different strata, ground cover, litter, soils) that contribute to the breeding, shelter and roosting habitat for fauna.

High value habitat trees Approximately 14 high value habitat trees pwere observed within the project construction footprint. Trees identified as providing high value habitat were typically large mature individuals which contained multiple hollows with moderate amounts of dead wood or dead stags with one (1) or two (2) large hollows. Such trees provide potential breeding habitat for glossy black- cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus lathami) as well as a range of other hollow dwelling fauna species. The remaining trees (low to moderate habitat value trees) were not of sufficient age to develop large or multiple hollows and contained limited dead wood or evidence of physical damage which are typical precursors for hollow formation. Locations of high value habitat trees recorded within the construction footprint are provided in Table 3-1.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 15 Table 3-1 Locations of high value habitat trees in the project construction footprint

Description Latitude Longitude Dead stag with medium sized hollows -25.9918 152.8394 Dead stag, cracks and peeling bark , 3 to 5 small hollows with cracks -25.9925 152.8392 and peeling bark Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 80 cm diameter breast height (dbh), -25.9918 152.8397 multiple medium sized hollows Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 60 cm dbh; 1 to 2 medium sized -25.9916 152.8397 hollows Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 90 cm dbh, multiple medium to large -25.9915 152.8394 hollows Dead stag with large single hollow -25.9914 152.8396 Dead stag with medium sized hollows -25.9915 152.8396 Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 90 cm dbh, multiple medium sized -25.9916 152.8397 hollows and a high proportion of dead wood Dead stag with large hollows -25.9914 152.8397 Dead stag with medium and large sized hollows -25.9915 152.8398 Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 90 cm dbh, multiple small to medium -25.9918 152.8392 sized hollows Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 80 cm dbh, multiple small to medium -25.9916 152.8394 sized hollows and a high proportion of dead wood Dead stag, cracks and multiple medium sized hollows -25.9917 152.8395 Mature Corymbia trachyphloia, 80 cm dbh, multiple small to medium -25.9917 152.8396 sized hollows and a high proportion of dead wood

Plate 3-3 High value habitat tree (left) and hollow log (right)

3.3 Aquatic habitat

3.3.1 Habitat description

Coondoo Creek within the project study area primarily consists of large, deep (estimated to be greater than 3 m), permanent pool habitat (Plate 3-4; Figure 3-2). The pool is approximately 25 m wide and extends from approximately 120 m upstream of the existing Coondoo Creek bridge to 300 m downstream. The creek is tannin stained and has previously recorded pH values in the range of 5 – 6.9 (Wormington and Black 2011; GHD 2012). At the time of survey, water levels within the creek were elevated above low flow conditions due to recent rainfall. Water velocity was very slow flowing.

16 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 The middle channel of the creek is open with overhanging vegetation in the form of large trees extending 3 - 5 m from the water’s edge. This overhanging vegetation provides both trailing bank structure and large woody debris habitat. Undercut banks were not commonly observed but may be present below current water levels.

Substrate within the creek is predominately sand with a small region of bedrock located on the right bank upstream of the existing bridge. No deposition was present within the project study area and no blanketing silt was observed. Detritus (leaves and twigs) is the dominate habitat feature of the bed with submerged branches and logs also present. The banks of the creek are dominated by mature riparian vegetation with a canopy of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Allocasuarina litoralis and Lophostemon suaveolens (Plate 3-4). The right bank is steeper and higher (approximately 4 - 10 m) than the left (approximately 1 - 3 m). Extensive leaf litter occurs as ground cover with a spare shrub layer of regrowth species. No floating or submerged macrophyes were observed; however, bank edges were extensively dominated by Lomandra longifolia (approximately 2 -10 m wide).

The aquatic environment within the project construction footprint has been impacted by the existing wooden bridge, road, power cable easement on the right bank and the adjacent forestry (Plate 3-4; Figure 3-2). Evidence of disturbance includes bare ground, weeds, grasses and litter within the riparian zone adjacent to the road, minor oil slick observed on water’s surface, noise and vibration disturbance.

Project construction footprint right bank Project construction footprint left bank

Disturbance within road/bridge reserve Existing Coondoo Creek bridge

Plate 3-4 Aquatic habitat within the project construction footprint

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 17 483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600 7,125,600 7,125,600

NEERDIE STATE FOREST 2

OAD R Y Main view A NEERDIE STATE FOREST 1 B N A C IN T

TOOLARA STATE FOREST 7,125,450 7,125,450

GREAT SANDY NATIONAL PARK 1:150,000 7,125,300 7,125,300 7,125,150 7,125,150 7,125,000 7,125,000 7,124,850 7,124,850

Based on or contains data provided by the State of QLD (DNRM) 2016. In consideration of the State permitting use of this data you acknowledge and agree that the State gives no warranty in relation to the data (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accepts no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) relating to any use of the data. Data must not be used for marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.

Imagery © Google Earth Pro (date extracted extracted 27/04/2016) and third party suppliers (eg. © Digital Globe 2016) 7,124,700 7,124,700

483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600

Job Number 41-29634 1:4,000 @ A3 LEGEND Department of Transport and Main Roads Revision A 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 Clearing impact area (construction footprint Proposed Alignment Deep perminant pool Narrow pool habitat Cadastral Boundary Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement plus 100 m buffer, as per DEHP guidelines) Date 30 Jun 2016 Metres State-controlled Road Anabranch Lomandra dominated channels National Park Project construction footprint Map Projection: UniversalTransverse Mercator Waterways State Forest Aquatic habitat types within Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 o Project study area Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 the project study area Figure 3-2 N:\AU\Bundaberg\Projects\41\29634\GIS\Maps\MXD\41_29634_004_rev_a.mxd 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD (and TMR, DNRM and Google) make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: GHD: Habitat (2016); DNRM: Waterways (2010), Cadastral Boundary (2013), Protected Areas (2014). TMR: State-controlled Roads (2013), Chainage (2013). GHD: Protected Plants (2016), Proposed Alignment (2016), Clearing Impact Area (2016), Construction Footprint (2016). Google Earth: Aerial Imagery (date extracted: 29/04/2016). Created by:mstanley Approximately 160 m upstream of the existing bridge, Coondoo Creek narrows to between approximately 5 m and 10 m in width (Plate 3-5; Figure 3-3). Water depth within this reach was estimated to be between 1 - 2 m at the time of survey. In comparison to the deep, permanent pool downstream, this reach supported a higher percentage of overhanging vegetation in the form of fallen trees, branches and shrubs. A higher abundance of instream woody debris was also observed. An unsealed track to the water’s edge is present on the left bank and it is likely that this is pool is used as a swimming hole.

Plate 3-5 Aquatic habitat upstream of the project construction footprint

Plate 3-6 Aquatic habitat downstream of the project construction footprint

Downstream of the existing bridge, the water within Coondoo Creek enters an anabranch on the left bank for around 150 - 200 m before re-joining narrow pool habitat within the main river channel (Figure 3-2). Stream width within the anabranch is approximately 5 m with a maximum water depth of 2 m. As observed within the narrow pool habitat upstream, the anabranch supports a higher abundance of overhanging vegetation and instream woody debris than observed within the deep permanent pool habitat. The habitat between the anabranch and the main channel of Coondoo Creek is dominated by multiple narrow (approximately 1 m wide) channel runs with extensive Lomandra longifolia. These runs were primarily dry at the time of survey although the sandy substrate was moist and some small pools remained in depressions. The left bank of the anabranch was approximately 1.5 - 2 m high. The right bank spilled out to multiple run channels with some large trees present (Plate 3-6). The bank increased to approximately 2 m before entering another series of run channels and small pools within the

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 19 main channel of Coondoo Creek. The canopy was dominated by Corymbia trachyphloia and Lophostemon suaveolens to 16 m with a sub-canopy of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Acacia disparrima, Alphitonia excelsa, Elaeocarpus reticulatus and Glochidion ferdinandi.

The location of aquatic habitat types are illustrated in Figure 3-2, while detailed aquatic habitat descriptions are provided in Appendix C.

3.3.2 Breeding habitat

There was no suitable breeding habitat for conservation significant species (i.e. large woody debris, macrophytes, sandy banks) observed within the project construction footprint. Suitable breeding habitat in the form of large woody debris is present within the project study area, upstream and downstream of the project construction footprint.

3.4 Terrestrial flora

3.4.1 Desktop assessment results

The Wildlife Online search identified five (5) conservation significant flora species that have confirmed records within 10 km of the project construction footprint (DISTI 2016). Of those species recorded, M. pauli-guilielmi is the only EVNT species previously recorded within 100 m of the project construction footprint (herein referred to as the clearing impact area (refer to Section 1.3). The conservation status of each previously recorded species and details of closest occurrence records held in Australia’s Virtual Herbarium spatial database (AVH 2016) are provided in Table 3-2. The results of the desktop searches are provided in Appendix D. Table 3-2 Conservation status and closest occurrence records

Scientific NC Act EPB Details of closest record (AVH 2016) name status1 C Act statu s

Acacia V V Catalogue number: BRI AQ0620616 attenuata Location: approximately 8.7 km south east of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: Headwaters of Noosa River, Cooloola National Park. Swampy open forest of Euc. umbra, E. signata, Mel. quinquenervia. Shrub 2.2 m high, in fruit. Bipinnate leaves present on some plants. Rare at site.

Boronia NT - Catalogue number: BRI AQ0151287 rivularis Location: approximately 65 m east of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: Sandy Creek, ca 10 miles W of Tin Can Bay. Common in tea tree scrub near creek; shrub 4-5 m high; flowers purple pink, showy.

Macrozamia E E Catalogue number: BRI AQ0640103 pauli- guilielmi Location: approximately 3.5 km south west of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: SF944 Red Ridge logging area Parish of Neerdie just off Red Ridge Rd (GPS 25 59 33 152 45 08). Undulating Ck flat. Red brown loam. Eucalypt very tall open forest. Labile to sublabile sandstone under quaternary alluvium influence. Low shrub with few fronds branching from ground level with no trunk evident. Occasional at site.

Marsdenia V - Catalogue number: BRI AQ0640104 coronata Location: approximately 8.3 km west of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: SF944 Red Ridge logging area Parish of

20 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Scientific NC Act EPB Details of closest record (AVH 2016) name status1 C Act statu s Neerdie just off Red Ridge Rd (GPS 25 59 33 152 45 08). Undulating Ck flat. Red brown loam. Eucalypt very tall open forest. Labile to sublabile sandstone under quaternary alluvium influence. Weak slightly woody vine climbing shrubs in open forest understorey. Uncommon at site.

Pterostylis E - Catalogue number: BRI AQ0582796 chaetophora Location: approximately 6 km east of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: Toolara State Forest, grid ref. 9446-858270. Woodlands. Terrestrial orchid.

Samadera V V Catalogue number: BRI AQ0338598 bidwillii Location: approximately 9.3 km south west of the clearing impact area. Specimen label details: Goomboorian. Cleared open forest country at edge of fringing forest. Shrub c 1.m; fruit green.

1 E – endangered, V – vulnerable, NT- near threatened

Fifteen M. pauli-guilielmi individuals were recorded within the vicinity of the Coondoo Creek bridge during an ecological assessment of the project construction footprint conducted by GHD in 2012. The population was not previously recorded on the Wildlife Online database nor was it listed as an important population in the National Multi-species Recovery Plan for the cycads, Cycas megacarpa, Cycas ophiolitica, Macrozamia cranei, Macrozamia lomandroides, Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi and Macrozamia platyrhachis (Queensland Herbarium 2007).

3.4.2 Field survey results

One (1) conservation significant flora species was identified during the 2016 GHD field survey, namely M. pauli-guilielmi. This species is a small cycad with an underground ovoid trunk and spirally twisted leaves (DotE 2016). The crown is sparse, typically comprised of 2 - 8 mature leaves up to 120 cm long. It is distinguished from related cycads by its very narrow, pale green leaflets, which are 15 - 35 cm long and 2 - 4 mm wide. Leaflet bases are white and conspicuously thickened. Male and female cones develop on separate individuals (Qld DNR 2000). Male cones are 8 - 14 cm long, 3.5 - 5 cm wide, and straight. Female cones are oval shaped, 9 - 14 cm long and 4 - 6.5 cm wide. Seeds are 17 - 25 mm long and 13 - 20 mm wide and red when ripe. Pollination between male and female plants is via insect vectors (weevils). Fruit production (coning) only occurs every four (4) to six (6) years, with seed viability not persisting beyond six (6) to 12 months (DotE 2016). M. pauli-guilielmi typically occurs in lowland (5 m - 230 m altitude) open forest or woodland (wallum) dominated by banksias or eucalypts, or in shrubland or heath, generally on stabilised sand dunes (DotE 2016).

Representative photographs of M. pauli-guilielmi within the clearing impact area are provided in Plate 2. M. pauli-guilielmi plants occurring within clearing impact area were marked with orange flagging tape during the field survey.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 21 Plate 3-7 Photographs of M. pauli-guilielmi showing growth habitat (left) and male cone (right)

The following sections provide information concerning the population extent and density, landscape attributes, supporting habitat and population condition for M. pauli-guilielmi within the clearing impact area (i.e. project construction footprint with an additional 100 m buffer).

Population extent and density A total of 57 M. pauli-guilielmi individuals were recorded within 100 m of the clearing impact area during the field survey, occupying an area of approximately 0.15 ha. Of those recorded, 11 individuals are likely to be directly impacted by the project. GPS locations as well as the number of individual plants recorded at each location are provided in Table 3-3, and spatial representation is provided in Figure 3-3. The M. pauli-guilielmi occurrence is considered to be a sub-population of the broader Toolara State Forest population (P. Forster pers. comm. 2015). The occurrence (herein referred to as the subject sub- population) was restricted to the western side of the existing bridge, with 34 individuals recorded within the clearing impact area south of Coondoo Creek and 23 individuals recorded within the clearing impact area north of Coondoo Creek. On both sides of the creek, the population occurred as a relatively narrow band of individuals (approximately 40 m wide), immediately upslope of the creek’s high bank. An additional two (2) individuals were recorded immediately west of the clearing impact area south of Coondoo Creek. M. pauli-guilielmi is easily identifiable, even when not in flower, and it can be concluded with a high degree of confidence that no additional individuals or populations of this species were present within the clearing impact area at the time of the survey.

22 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Table 3-3 Location and number of M. pauli-guilielmi individuals recorded within and immediately adjacent to the project construction footprint

Location Latitude Longitude Count Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9925 152.839119 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9923 152.838241 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838275 6 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9923 152.838407 9 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838443 4 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838536 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838542 2 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9925 152.838866 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.992 152.838368 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.992 152.83847 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838231 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9926 152.839163 2 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.992 152.838313 3 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9922 152.838158 1 Clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9914 152.838662 1 West of clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9919 152.838053 1 West of clearing impact area (south of creek) -25.9919 152.837362 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9914 152.8389 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9919 152.839467 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9919 152.839403 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9919 152.839442 2 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9918 152.83955 2 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9916 152.83939 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9915 152.839364 3 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9919 152.839577 2 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9912 152.838695 3 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9912 152.838665 3 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9912 152.838793 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9913 152.838775 1 Clearing impact area (north of creek) -25.9913 152.838815 1

Total 59

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 23 483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600 7,125,600 7,125,600

NEERDIE STATE FOREST 2

OAD R Y Main view A NEERDIE STATE FOREST 1 B N A C IN T 7,125,450 7,125,450 TOOLARA STATE FOREST

GREAT SANDY NATIONAL PARK 1:150,000

7,125,300 3 3 7,125,300 !.!.!1 ..!1.! 1 .! 3 .! 1 ! ..! 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 .!.!.!! .! ! 1 .! .2 2 . .!3 1.! .! 6 2 .!.! 1 !9 .!!.!. 2 1 .!1. 4 .! 1

7,125,150 .! 2 7,125,150 .! 7,125,000 7,125,000 7,124,850 7,124,850

Based on or contains data provided by the State of QLD (DNRM) 2016. In consideration of the State permitting use of this data you acknowledge and agree that the State gives no warranty in relation to the data (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accepts no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) relating to any use of the data. Data must not be used for marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.

7,124,700 Imagery © Google Earth Pro (date extracted extracted 27/04/2016) 7,124,700 and third party suppliers (eg. © Digital Globe 2016)

483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600

LEGEND Job Number 41-29634 1:4,000 @ A3 Department of Transport and Main Roads M. pauli-guilielmi individuals Waterway barrier works - Risk of impact Project construction footprint Cadastral Boundary Revision A 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 .! recorded outside project construction footprint Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement 1 - Low Project study area National Park Date 30 Jun 2016 M. pauli-guilielmi individuals Metres .! recorded within project construction footprint 4 - Major Proposed Alignment State Forest Location and number of M. pauli-guilielmi Map Projection: UniversalTransverse Mercator Clearing impact area (construction footprint State-controlled Road individuals recorded within and immediately Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 o plus 100 m buffer, as per DEHP guidelines) Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 Waterways adjacent to the clearing impact area Figure 3-3 N:\AU\Bundaberg\Projects\41\29634\GIS\Maps\MXD\41_29634_005_rev_a.mxd 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD (and TMR, DNRM and Google) make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: DAF: WWBW (2013); DNRM: Waterways (2010), Cadastral Boundary (2013), Protcted Areas (2014). TMR: State-controlled Roads (2013), Chainage (2013). GHD: Points/2016; Protected Plants (2016), Proposed Alignment (2016), Clearing Impact Area (2016), Construction Footprint (2016). Google Earth: Aerial Imagery (date extracted: 29/04/2016). Created by:mstanley Population condition Whilst reproductive output was low (with only one (1) individual coning at the time of the survey), the M. pauli-guilielmi population appeared to be in a healthy condition, with both adults and seedlings present. Mature plants ranged in height from 0.5 - 1.2 m. Two (2) individuals were located amongst dense exotic grasses within the regularly maintained verge and may be at risk of clearing for routine maintenance.

Landscape attributes The project occurs within a broad undulating coastal sandplain. The M. pauli-guilielmi population within the clearing impact area was restricted to the lower slopes adjacent to the upper banks of Coondoo Creek. Slopes within the area of occupation were flat to gently inclined and surface soils typically consisted of light grey coarse sands. Geology mapping (1:500,000) indicates that the clearing impact area overlies Triassic-Jurassic Myrtle Creek Sandstone. Contour mapping indicates that the population occurs within an altitude of 35 - 55 m above sea level. No individuals were observed on the banks of the creek.

Supporting habitat The M. pauli-guilielmi population occurred within a mixed woodland community. A more detailed description of the supporting habitat for the occurrence both south and north of the creek is provided as follows:

 The associated vegetation community south of the creek was dominated by a sparse canopy layer of Allocasuarina litoralis, Acacia disparrima and *Pinus ellioti (10 - 12 m high) over a moderately dense sub-canopy of Alphitonia excelsa, Allocasuarina litoralis and Lophostemon suaveolens (6 - 9 m) over a very sparse shrub layer of Callitris columellaris, *Pinus ellioti and Acacia disparrima (up to 2 m). Common ground layer species included Ottochloa gracillima, Dianella caerulea and Pteridium esculentum; and

 The associated vegetation community north of the creek was dominated by a moderately dense canopy of Corymbia trachyphloia and Lophostemon confertus (14 - 18 m) over a sub-canopy of Allocasuarina litoralis, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Acacia disparrima, A. maidenii, Elaeocarpus reticulatus and Alphitonia excelsa (8 - 10 m) over a sparse shrub layer of Acacia leiocalyx, *Lantana camara, Hovea acutifolia and Dodonaea triquetra. Common ground layer species included Ottochloa gracillima, Smilax australis, Dianella caerulea, Gahnia clarkei and Pteridium esculentum.

Representative photographs of supporting habitat within the clearing impact area are provided in Plate 3-8.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 25 Plate 3-8 M. pauli-guilielmi habitat within the clearing impact area- south of Coondoo Creek (left); north of Coondoo Creek (right)

3.4.3 Potential for additional conservation significant flora species

The entire clearing impact area was comprehensively traversed and it can be concluded with a high degree of confidence that no conservation significant flora species additional to M. pauli- guilielmi are present. Nevertheless, a precautionary approach was adopted and a habitat suitability and likelihood of occurrence assessment for conservation significant flora was undertaken (Appendix E).

The assessment identified that potentially suitable habitat is present for three (3) species that have been previously recorded within 10 km of the project construction footprint, namely Boronia rivularis, Acacia attenuata and Pterostylis chaetophora. Of these species, B. rivularis was rated as likely to occur within the clearing impact area based on the close proximity record and the presence of potentially suitable habitat. Nevertheless, the season was suitable for detection of this species and comprehensive searches were undertaken within the habitat. Therefore, it can be concluded with a high degree of confidence that this species is not present within the clearing impact area. The other two (2) species, A. attenuata and P. chaetophora, were rated as may occur within the clearing impact area based on the presence of suitable habitat and consideration of the paucity of close proximity records (within 5 km). Comprehensive searches for A. attenuata did not detect any individuals within the clearing impact area (although the seasonality of the survey was appropriate), such that it can concluded with a high degree of confidence that it is not present. However, P. chaetophora was unlikely to have been visible during the survey period due to its seasonal growth habit. A follow-up survey should be undertaken over the spring period to target this taxon.

All other protected plant species identified in desktop searches were considered unlikely to occur within the clearing impact area.

26 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 3.5 Terrestrial fauna

3.5.1 Desktop assessment results

A search of the EPBC Protected Matters database, Wildlife Online database and other published literature indicated that 20 conservation significant terrestrial fauna species may potentially occur within 5 km of the project study area (Table 3-4), including:

 Eight (8) birds;

 Four (4) frogs;  Five (5) mammals; and

 Three (3) reptiles.

An additional 12 migratory and three (3) marine bird species are also predicted to occur. The likelihood of occurrence of each conservation significant species within the project study area is discussed in Section 3.5.3. The results of the desktop searches are provided in Appendix D. Table 3-4 Conservation significant terrestrial fauna potentially occurring within the project study area

Common name Species name EPBC Act status NC Act status Birds Regent honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Critically endangered Endangered Coxen’s fig-parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma Endangered Endangered coxeni Red goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus Vulnerable Endangered Squatter pigeon Geophaps scripta Vulnerable Vulnerable (southern) scripta Swift parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered/Marine Endangered Australian painted snipe Rostratula australis Endangered/Marine Vulnerable Black-breasted button- Turnix melanogaster Vulnerable Vulnerable quail Glossy black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami - Vulnerable Frogs Giant barred frog Mixophyes iteratus Endangered Endangered Wallum froglet Crinia tinnula - Vulnerable Cooloola sedgefrog Litoria cooloolensis - Near threatened Wallum rocketfrog Litoria freycineti - Vulnerable Mammals Large-eared pied bat, Chalinolobus dwyeri Vulnerable Vulnerable large pied bat Northern quoll Dasyurus hallucatus Endangered - Koala Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable Vulnerable Long-nosed potoroo Potorous tridactylus Vulnerable Vulnerable tridactylus Grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable - Reptiles Collared delma Delma torquata Vulnerable Vulnerable Yakka skink Egernia rugosa Vulnerable Vulnerable Dunmall’s snake Furina dunmalli Vulnerable Vulnerable

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 27 3.5.2 Field survey results

Terrestrial fauna species confirmed present within the project study area during field surveys (Table 3-5) included:  20 birds;

 Eight (8) frogs (Plate 3-9);

 Four (4) reptiles; and  Four (4) mammals. The vulnerable (NC Act) glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) was observed approximately 2 km north of the existing bridge and evidence of the species in the form of chewed Allocasuarina cones, were observed within the project construction footprint. Other conservation significant species confirmed present within the project study area include: one (1) migratory marine (EPBC Act) bird, Rufus fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons), and three (3) marine (EPBC Act) species: channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae), Horsfield's bronze cuckoo (Chalcites basalis) and shining bronze cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus). Introduced species recorded within the project study area included the cane toad (Bufo marinus), European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). All other species (Table 3-4) were common least concern fauna.

Eastern sedgefrog (Litoria fallax) Striped rocketfrog (Litoria nasuta)

Stony creek frog (Litoria wilcoxii) Dainty tree frog (Litoria gracilenta)

Plate 3-9 Frog species recorded within the project study area

28 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Table 3-5 Terrestrial fauna species recorded within the project study area during field surveys

Common name Species name Status

Birds Australian raven Corvus coronoides Least concern Azure kingfisher Alcedo azurea Least concern Blue-faced honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis Least concern Channel-billed cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae Marine (EPBC Act) Glossy black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Vulnerable (NC Act) Golden whistler Pachycephala pectoralis Least concern Golden-headed cisticola Cisticola exilis Least concern Horsfield's bronze cuckoo Chalcites basalis Marine (EPBC Act) Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae Least concern Noisy friarbird Philemon corniculatus Least concern Pale-headed rosella Platycercus adscitus Least concern Pied butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis Least concern Rufous fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Marine, Migratory (EPBC Act) Shining bronze cuckoo Chalcites lucidus Marine (EPBC Act) Striated pardalote Pardalotus striatus Least concern Sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita Least concern Torresian crow Corvus orru Least concern Varied triller Lalage leucomela Least concern Variegated fairy-wren Malurus lamberti Least concern White-browed treecreeper Climacteris affinis Least concern Willie wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys Least concern Frogs Broodfrog Pseudophryne sp. Least concern Cane toad Rhinella marina Introduced Dainty green tree frog Litoria gracilenta Least concern Eastern sedgefrog Litoria fallax Least concern Green tree frog Litoria caerulea Least concern Southern laughing tree frog Litoria tyleri Least concern Stony creek frog Litoria wilcoxii Least concern Striped rocketfrog Litoria nasuta Least concern

Reptiles

Copper-tailed skink Ctenotus taeniolatus Least concern Eastern water dragon Physignathus lesueurii Least concern Goanna Varanus gouldii Least concern Spotted black snake Pseudechis guttatus Least concern

Mammals

Bandicoot diggings Unknown Least concern Common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula Least concern European red fox Vulpes vulpes Introduced Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Introduced

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 29 3.5.3 Likelihood of occurrence for conservation significant species

A likelihood of occurrence assessment was undertaken for each of the 20 conservation significant species identified as potentially occurring within the project study area during the desktop assessment. The results of the assessment determined:

 Glossy black-cockatoo confirmed present;

 Koala and wallum froglet likely to occur;  Nine (9) species may occur; and

 Eight (8) species unlikely to occur.

The three (3) threatened species known or likely to occur within the project study area are discussed below, with the results of the likelihood of occurrence assessment for each species provided in Appendix F. Species profiles are included in Appendix G. Marine and migratory species were not considered in the likelihood of occurrence assessments due to very small size of the project construction footprint in relation to the area of potentially suitable habitat for these species.

Glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami)

The glossy black-cockatoo is listed as vulnerable under the NC Act. The glossy black-cockatoo was recorded approximately 2 km north of the project study area during field surveys. The Allocasuarina woodland habitat within the project construction footprint (Figure 3-1) contains suitable foraging trees (i.e. Allocasuarina) for this species. Direct evidence of the species in the form of chewed Allocasuarina cones was observed within the project construction footprint during field surveys. The project construction footprint contains a number of high value habitat trees in the form of large mature individuals that have multiple hollows with moderate amounts of dead wood or dead stags with one (1) or two (2) large hollows. These trees provided potential roosting and breeding habitat for the glossy black-cockatoo; however no active hollows were observed during field surveys.

Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

The koala is listed as vulnerable under both the EPBC Act and NC Act. No evidence of the koala (i.e. scratches, pellets) was observed within the project construction footprint during field surveys. However, the species has been previously recorded on two (2) occasions within 5 km of the project study area. The project construction footprint contains suitable habitat for the koala including three (3) species of food tree: Eucalyptus racemosa, Lophostemon confertus and Melaleuca quinquenervia. In accordance with the EPBC Act significant impact assessment guidelines for the koala (DotE 2014), the habitat assessment tool was used to assess the value of habitat within the project construction footprint (Table 3-6). This assessment has identified that the project construction footprint represents habitat critical to the survival of the koala.

30 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Table 3-6 Assessment of koala habitat

Attribute Score Project habitat appraisal

Koala +1 Desktop Koalas have been recorded within local area according to occurrence Medium assessment Wildlife Online database

Field No koalas or evidence were detected during surveys surveys

Vegetation +2 Desktop RE mapping shows the project study area contains suitable composition High assessment RE - 12.5.2 (Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa, E. latisinensis +/- Corymbia gummifera, C. intermedia, E. bancroftii woodland with heathy understorey on remnant Tertiary surfaces)

Field Field surveys confirmed the presence of two (2) or more surveys koala food trees (i.e. Eucalyptus racemosa, Lophostomen confertus and Melaleuca quinquenervia)

Habitat +1 Desktop Review of aerial imagery and RE mapping shows the local connectivity Medium assessment habitats have moderate levels of connectivity to habitats along Coondoo Creek. This represents a narrow corridor fringed on either side by extensive pine plantations

Field Field surveys confirmed that habitat connectivity is surveys maintained along Coondoo Creek

Key existing +1 Desktop Desktop assessment revealed one (1) anecdotal record of threats Medium assessment koala roadkill on Tin Can Bay Road.

Field Compared with urban koala populations, local threats are surveys likely to be relatively low. Threats from roadkill are expected to be infrequent

Recovery 1 Desktop Review of Biodiversity Planning Assessment mapping shows value Medium assessment the vegetation along Coondoo Creek is a State significant ecological corridor

Field Field assessments confirmed habitats along Coondoo Creek surveys are important for providing connectivity. As such, the habitats in the project study area are likely to contribute to the interim recovery objectives by maintaining corridors and connective habitat between areas of suitable koala habitat

Total score 6 Habitat critical to the survival of the koala

Wallum froglet (Crinia tinnula)

The wallum froglet is listed as vulnerable under the NC Act. The wallum froglet was not recorded during field survey; however, six (6) previous records of the species occur within 5 km of the project study area. The project construction footprint is mapped as containing essential habitat for the wallum froglet (Figure 3-1); however, the riparian habitat and Allocasuarina woodland within the project construction footprint contains limited suitable habitat for this species and no suitable breeding habitat occurs. The Melaleuca swamp habitat located approximately 200 m north and 30 m south of the project construction footprint (Figure 3-1), does provide suitable habitat for the species.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 31 3.6 Aquatic fauna

3.6.1 Desktop assessment results

A search of the Protected Matters database, Wildlife Online database and other published literature indicated that six (6) conservation significant aquatic fauna species may potentially occur within 5 km of the project study area (Table 3-7) including:

 One (1) mammal;

 Three (3) fish; and  Two (2) reptiles.

The likelihood of occurrence of each species within the project study area is discussed in Section 2.3. The results of the desktop searches are provided in Appendix D. Table 3-7 Conservation significant aquatic fauna potentially occurring within the project study area

Common name Species name EPBC Act status NC Act Status Mammals Platypus Ornithorhynchus - Special least concern anatinus Fish Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri Vulnerable - Mary River cod Maccullochella Endangered - mariensis Oxleyan pygmy perch Nannoperca oxleyana Endangered Vulnerable Reptiles Mary river turtle Elusor macrurus Endangered Endangered White-throated snapping turtle Elseya albagula Critically endangered Endangered

3.6.2 Field survey results

Aquatic fauna species confirmed present within the project study area during field surveys (Table 3-8) included:

 Nine (9) fish;

 Five (5) crustaceans; and

 Three (3) reptiles (Plate 3-10).

Two (2) threatened species were confirmed present within the project study area. The vulnerable (EPBC Act) Australian lungfish was observed on two (2) occasions downstream of the project construction footprint (Figure 3-4). Three (3) juvenile white-throated snapping turtles (Plate 3-11; listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act and endangered under the NC Act) were captured within the project construction footprint during cathedral trapping (Figure 3-4). A very rare (but not protected under EPBC Act or NC Act) hybrid turtle was also captured in a cathedral trap within the project study area (Plate 3-10). This species is suspected as being a hybrid between the Krefft’s river turtle (Emydura macquarii krefftii) and the saw-shelled turtle (Wollumbinia latisternum). The introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) was captured during bait trapping. All other species were common least concern fauna.

32 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600 7,125,600 7,125,600 NEERDIE STATE FOREST 2

OAD R Y Main view A NEERDIE STATE FOREST 1 B N A C IN T

TOOLARA STATE FOREST 7,125,450 7,125,450

GREAT SANDY NATIONAL PARK 1:150,000

Based on or contains data provided by the State of QLD (DNRM) 2016. In consideration of the State permitting use of this data you acknowledge ¡[ and agree that the State gives no warranty in relation to the data (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) 7,125,300 and accepts no liability (including without limitation, liability in 7,125,300 negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) relating to any use of the data. Data must not be used for marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.

Imagery © Google Earth Pro (date extracted extracted 27/04/2016) and third party suppliers (eg. © Digital Globe 2016) ¶[ ¶[ 7,125,150 7,125,150 7,125,000 7,125,000 7,124,850 7,124,850 7,124,700 7,124,700 483,250 483,400 483,550 483,700 483,850 484,000 484,150 484,300 484,450 484,600

Job Number 41-29634 1:4,000 @ A3 LEGEND Department of Transport and Main Roads Revision A 0 15 30 60 90 120 150 Clearing impact area (construction footprint Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement White-throated snapping turtle Proposed Alignment Cadastral boundary ¶[ plus 100 m buffer, as per DEHP guidelines) Date 30 Jun 2016 Metres State-controlled Road National Park ¡[ Australian lungfish Project construction footprint Map Projection: UniversalTransverse Mercator Waterways State Forest Location of Australian lungfish and Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 o Project study area Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 White-thoated snapping turtle Figure 3-4 N:\AU\Bundaberg\Projects\41\29634\GIS\Maps\MXD\41_29634_003_rev_a.mxd 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com © 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD (and TMR, DNRM and Google) make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: GHD: Habitat, Observed threatened species (2016); DNRM: Waterways (2010), Cadastral Boundary (2013), Protected Areas (2014). TMR: State-controlled Roads (2013), GHD: Protected Plants (2016), Proposed Alignment (2016), Clearing Impact Area (2016), Construction Footprint (2016). Google Earth: Aerial Imagery (date extracted: 29/04/2016). Created by:mstanley Table 3-8 Aquatic fauna species recorded within the project study area during field surveys

Common name Species name Status Number of individuals

Fish Crimson spotted rainbowfish Melanotaenia duboulayi Least concern 49 Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki Introduced 4 Empire gudgeon Hypseleotris compressa Least concern 109 Firetail gudgeon Hypseleotris galii Least concern 35 Flatheaded gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps Least concern 4 Freshwater catfish Tandanus tandanus Least concern 1 Midgley's carp gudgeon Hypseleotris species 1 Least concern 2 Western carp gudgeon Hypseleotris klunzingeri Least concern 20 Australian lungfish Neoceratodus fosteri Vulnerable (EPBC Act) 2

Crustaceans Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium australiense Least concern 32 Orange-fingered crayfish Cherax depressus Least concern 1 Land crayfish Cherax punctatus Least concern Serval burrows observed Shrimp Paratya australiensis Least concern 286 Slender crayfish Cherax dispar Least concern 2 Reptiles Broad-shell river turtle Chelodina expansa Least concern 1 (deceased juvenile*) Saw-shelled turtle/Krefft’s Emydura macquarii Least concern 1 (juvenile) river turtle hybrid krefftii/Wollumbinia latisternum White-throated snapping Elseya albagula Critically 3 (juveniles) turtle endangered (EPBC Act) Endangered (NC Act)

*deceased juvenile broad-shelled river turtle found floating in creek during field surveys. No signs of injury or disease

34 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Crimsonspotted rainbowfish Flatheaded gudgeon (Melanotaenia duboulayi) (Philypnodon grandiceps)

Firetail gudgeon Empire gudgeon (Hypseleotris galii) (Hypseleotris compressa)

Freshwater catfish Slender crayfish (Tandanus tandanus) (Cherax dispar)

Hybrid Broad-shell river turtle turtle (Chelodina expansa)

Plate 3-10 Aquatic species recorded within the project study area during field surveys

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 35 Plate 3-11 Critically endangered white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula)

3.6.3 Likelihood of occurrence for conservation significant species

Of the six (6) conservation significant species identified as potentially occurring within the project study area, two (2) species were confirmed present and four (4) species were considered likely to occur based on availability of habitat and known distribution. These species are discussed below with the results of the likelihood of occurrence assessment provided in Appendix F. Species profiles are included in Appendix G.

Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri)

The Australian lungfish is listed as vulnerable under the EPBC Act. The Australian lungfish was confirmed present within the project study area during field surveys with two (2) individuals observed approximately 350 m downstream of the project construction footprint (Figure 3-4). The deep permanent pool habitat within the project study area provides suitable habitat conditions for this species with key habitat features such as instream woody debris, undercut

36 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 banks, overhanging riparian vegetation present in a relatively high abundance. No suitable spawning habitat for this species (i.e. macrophyte beds) was observed within the project study area during field surveys.

White-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula)

The white-throated snapping turtle is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act and endangered under the NC Act. The white-throated snapping turtle was confirmed present within the project study area with three (3) juvenile turtles captured during field surveys (Figure 3-4). The deep permanent pool habitat within the project study area provides suitable habitat conditions for this species with key habitat features such as instream woody debris, undercut banks, overhanging riparian vegetation present in a relatively high abundance.

The suitability of nesting habitat within the project study area is limited by the density of riparian bank vegetation and Lomandra longifolia at the water’s edge. As a result, nesting of the white- throated snapping turtle within the project construction footprint and broader project study area is considered unlikely to occur. Little information is known about the movement behaviour of juvenile turtles; however evidence suggests that dispersal upstream occurs following hatching (Limpus 2008). It is therefore likely that juvenile turtles recorded within the project construction footprint have moved upstream from nesting habitats in the lower reaches of Coondoo Creek or upper reaches of Tinana Creek. The movement of turtles past the Tallegalla Weir on Tinana Creek is likely to be restricted suggesting that nesting of the white-throated snapping turtles occurred upstream of this area. The low human population density within Tinana/Coondoo Creek, combined with the extensive riparian zone and adjacent pine plantation forest, is likely to have resulted in lower rates of turtle nest predation from introduced species compared to other regions of the Mary River catchment.

Due to extremely high predation rates of turtle nests, there is a deficiency of immature turtles within the white-throated snapping turtle population (Limpus 2008). The capture of three (3) juvenile turtles within the project study area may suggest that Coondoo Creek is an important habitat area for facilitating juvenile recruitment into the breeding population and for the long- term maintenance of the species. In accordance with EPBC Act significant impact guidelines (DotE 2013), Coondoo Creek within the project study area is therefore considered habitat critical for the survival of the species.

Mary River cod (Maccullochella mariensis)

The Mary River cod is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act. The Mary River cod was not recorded within the project construction footprint during field surveys; however, three (3) previous records of the species occur within 5 km of the existing bridge. Together with Tinana Creek, Coondoo Creek is known to support one (1) of only three (3) subpopulations of the Mary River cod within the Mary River catchment (Simpson and Jackson 1996). Only 25-30% of Tinana/Coondoo Creek contains deep permanent pool habitat suitable for this species. The project construction footprint forms part of the suitable cod habitat within the Tinana/Coondoo Creek reach and the species is considered likely to occur. Unlike the majority of the aquatic habitat within the Mary River catchment, existing levels of siltation within Coondoo Creek are low and the riparian habitat remains largely intact maintaining bank stability (Simpson and Jackson 1996). These characteristics are critical in providing suitable habitat conditions (i.e. deep pools, shading, instream cover) for the Mary River cod. The deep permanent pool habitat within the project study area provides suitable habitat conditions for this species with key habitat features such as instream woody debris, undercut banks, overhanging riparian vegetation and shading present in a relatively high abundance.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 37 In accordance with the EPBC Act significant impact guidelines (DotE 2013), Tinana/Coondoo Creek is considered habitat critical to the survival of the Mary River cod as the creek is necessary for critical activities such as foraging and breeding. Supporting one (1) of only three (3) populations of the species, Tinana/Coondoo Creek is also critical for maintaining genetic diversity and for the long-term maintenance of the species.

Oxleyan pygmy perch (Nannoperca oxleyana)

The oxleyan pygmy perch is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act and vulnerable under the NC Act. The oxleyan pygmy perch was not recorded within the project study area during field surveys; however, Coondoo Creek is known habitat for the species and there is one (1) previous record within 5 km of the project study area. The oxleyan pygmy perch inhabits coastal heath or wallum habitat with dense aquatic vegetation (NSW DPI 2005). The reach of Coondoo Creek within the project construction footprint does not represent typical habitat conditions for this species. This species is most likely to occur within the Melaleuca swamp habitat located adjacent to the project construction footprint. The project construction footprint is not considered to provide suitable breeding habitat for this species due to absence of dense aquatic macrophyte beds.

Mary River turtle (Elusor macrurus)

The Mary River turtle is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act and endangered under the NC Act. The Mary River turtle was not recorded within the project study area during field surveys; however, the deep permanent pool habitat within the project study area provides suitable habitat conditions for this species. Key habitat features such as instream woody debris, undercut banks, overhanging riparian vegetation are present in a relatively high abundance. The majority of records for the Mary River turtle population has been within the main Mary River channel with Tallegalla Weir on Tinana Creek being the most upstream record on the Mary River turtle within the Tinana/Coondoo Creek reach (Limpus 2008). Almost all aggregated nesting of the species occurs within the lower Mary River channel near Tiaro (Limpus 2008). The absence of previous records for the species within Coondoo Creek suggest that this region of the Mary River catchment does not support a significant proportion of the Mary River turtle population and does not represent habitat critical to the survival of the species. Movement of the Mary River turtle into Coondoo Creek from known habitat areas downstream is also likely to be restricted as a result of instream infrastructure within Tinana Creek. However, given the absence of systematic turtle surveys within Coondoo Creek and the presence of suitable habitat, the species is considered likely to occur within the project construction footprint.

Aggregated nesting of the Mary River turtle primarily occurs within the lower catchment near Tiaro. No aggregated nesting has been recorded within the Tinana/Coondoo Creek reach. The suitability of nesting habitat within the project study area is limited by the density of riparian bank vegetation and Lomandra longifolia at the water’s edge. As a result, nesting of the Mary River turtle within the project construction footprint and broader project study area is considered unlikely to occur.

38 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

The platypus is listed as special least concern wildlife under the NC Act. The platypus is known to occur within the Mary River catchment and the species has been previously recorded within 5 km of the project construction footprint. No individuals were observed during project field surveys; however, aquatic habitat within the project study area is considered suitable foraging habitat for the species. No burrows were observed within the project construction footprint or broader project study area during field surveys and the fine sandy riverbed is not considered to provide optimal burrowing conditions.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 39 4. Conclusion and recommendations

Coondoo Creek is an area of high ecological significance that supports a number of terrestrial and aquatic ecological values. Terrestrial habitats within the project construction footprint include a mixed woodland community dominated by Allocasuarina litoralis and Acacia dissparima ± Corymbia trachyphloia and Lophostemon suaveolens, riparian vegetation dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia and Lophostemon suaveolens, and existing cleared areas. The mixed woodland community provides supporting habitat for the endangered (EPBC Act and NC Act) M. pauli-guilielmi. A total of 57 M. pauli-guilielmi individuals were recorded within 100 m of the project construction footprint, occupying an area of approximately 0.15 ha. The mixed woodland community was also considered to provide potentially suitable habitat for Boronia rivularis (listed as near threatened under the NC Act) and Acacia attenuata (listed as vulnerable under the EPBC Act and NC Act) although no individuals of these species were recorded during the survey. Suitable habitat was also present for Pterostylis chaetophora (listed as endangered under the NC Act); however, it was unlikely to have been visible during the survey period due to its seasonal growth habit.

The Allocasuarina habitat contains suitable foraging trees for the glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami; listed as vulnerable under the NC Act). Evidence of the species, in the form of chewed seed cones was observed within the project construction footprint and two (2) individuals were recorded within approximately 2 km of the project construction footprint during field surveys. The project construction footprint also represents habitat critical to the survival of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus; listed as vulnerable under the EPBC Act and NC Act), with three (3) species of koala food tree confirmed present.

The project construction footprint is mapped as containing essential habitat for the wallum froglet (Crinia tinnula; listed as vulnerable under the NC Act) and wallum rocketfrog (Litoria freycineti; listed as vulnerable under the NC Act). The riparian habitat and Allocasuarina woodland within the project construction footprint contains limited suitable habitat for these species and no suitable breeding habitat occurs. The Melaleuca swamp habitat located adjacent to the project construction footprint, provides suitable habitat for the wallum froglet and the species has been previously recorded within 5 km of the project construction footprint. The Melaleuca swamp provides suitable, although sub-optimal, habitat for the wallum rocketfrog and the species may occur.

The terrestrial habitat within the project construction footprint contains potential fauna breeding habitat in the form of standing live trees with hollows, cracks, crevices and/or exfoliating bark; standing stags (dead trees) with hollows; fallen woody debris with hollows or exfoliating bark; ephemeral drainage features and depressions; riparian vegetation corridor; bird nest sites and termite mounds. Approximately 14 high value habitat trees were observed within the project construction footprint. Trees identified as providing high value habitat were typically large mature individuals which contained multiple hollows with moderate amounts of dead wood or dead stags with one (1) or two (2) large hollows. Such trees provide potential breeding habitat for glossy black-cockatoos as well as a range of other hollow dwelling fauna species. Coondoo Creek is a fifth order tributary that is identified by DAF as an important waterway for fish passage. Unlike much of the Mary River catchment, existing levels of siltation within Coondoo Creek are low and the riparian habitat remains largely intact, maintaining bank stability. These characteristics are critical in providing suitable habitat conditions (i.e. deep pools, shading, instream cover) for a number of conservation significant species.

40 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Aquatic habitat within the project study area is dominated by deep permanent pool habitat. Key habitat features such as instream woody debris, undercut banks, overhanging riparian vegetation and shading are present in a relatively high abundance. This area supports habitat critical to the survival of the Mary River cod (Maccullochella mariensis; listed as endangered under the EPBC Act) and the white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula; listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act and endangered under the NC Act). Together with Tinana Creek, Coondoo Creek supports one (1) of only three (3) subpopulations of the Mary River cod within the catchment. Only 25-30% of Tinana/Coondoo Creek contains deep permanent pool habitat suitable for this species. The project construction footprint forms part of the suitable cod habitat within the Tinana/Coondoo Creek reach and the species is considered likely to occur. Three (3) juvenile white-throated snapping turtles were captured within the project construction footprint during field surveys suggesting that the area may be important habitat area for facilitating juvenile recruitment into the breeding population and for the long-term maintenance of the species. Two (2) observations of the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri; listed as vulnerable under the EPBC Act) were recorded within the project study area approximately 350 m downstream of the project construction footprint. The Mary River turtle (Elusor macrurus; listed as endangered under the EPBC Act and NC Act) has not been previously recorded within Coondoo Creek; however, the deep permanent pool habitat within the project construction footprint provides suitable habitat conditions for this species and individuals are considered likely to occur. Coondoo Creek within the project construction footprint does not represent typical habitat conditions for oxleyan pygmy perch (Nannoperca oxleyana; listed as endangered under the EPBC Act and vulnerable under the NC Act). This species is most likely to occur within the Melaleuca swamp habitat located adjacent to the project construction footprint. The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus; listed as special least concern under the NC Act) has been previously recorded within 5 km and aquatic habitat within the of the project construction footprint is considered suitable foraging habitat for the species.

There was no suitable breeding habitat for conservation significant aquatic species (i.e. large woody debris, macrophytes, sandy banks, platypus burrows) observed within the project construction footprint. Suitable breeding habitat in the form of large woody debris is present within the project study area upstream and downstream of the project construction footprint. Bank habitat within project study area is considered unlikely to support turtle nesting or platypus burrows.

The assessment of ecological values within the project construction footprint has identified that a number of conservation significant species listed under the EPBC Act and/or NC Act are known or likely to occur. The potential impacts of the project on these species should be considered and management actions developed to avoid or minimise the potential risks. A significant impact assessment should be conducted in accordance with the relevant DotE significant impact criteria for those species potentially impacted by the project. The results of the significant impact assessment will inform the project requirement for referral under the EPBC Act.

The project is not expected to trigger the requirement for a species management program (SMP) in accordance with the NC Act as no suitable breeding habitat for conservation significant species was observed within the project construction footprint during field surveys. It is however, recommended that a fauna management plan be prepared in addition to the standard environmental management plans, to detail the specific proposed management actions for the protection of conservation significant species within the project study area.

Queensland DAF has identified Coondoo Creek is an important waterway for fish passage and as such, the presence of an artificial barrier has the potential to have a major risk of impact on

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 41 fish movement. The design of temporary and permanent structures for the project must therefore consider potential impacts on fish movement and permits may be required under the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 and Fisheries Act 1994.

42 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 5. References

Allen, G. R. (1989) Freshwater fishes of Australia. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 240 pages. Arthington, A. H. (1996) Recovery plan for the Oxleyan pygmy perch Nannoperca oxleyana. Final report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 129pp.

Brooks, S.G. and Kind, P.K. (2002) Ecology and demography of the Qld lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) in the Burnett River, Queensland: with reference to the impacts of Walla Weir and future water infrastructure development, Final report prepared for the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. Cann, J. and Legler, J. M. (1994) The Mary River tortoise: a new genus and species of short- necked Chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines: Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology, vol. 1, pp. 81-96. Churchill, S. (2008) Australian Bats; Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. Clark, N.J. (2008) The diving physiological ecology of Australian freshwater turtle hatchlings, PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Clark, N.J., Gordos, M.A. and Franklin, C.E. (2008) Diving behaviour, aquatic respiration and blood respiratory properties: a comparison of hatchling and juvenile Australian turtles. Journal of Zoology, vol 275, pp: 399-406.

Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) (2008) Fitzroy natural resource management region ‘back on track’ biodiversity action plan. Department of Environment and Resource Management, Queensland.

DERM (2010) Wildlife and ecosystems: long-nosed potoroo, Department of Environment and Resource Management. Available from http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/wildlife- ecosystems/wildlife/threatened_plants_and_animals/. Accessed 10/10.

Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP) (2011) Platypus. https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/platypus.html DEHP (2013) Wallum froglet, Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Queensland Government. Available from: https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/wallum_froglet.html. Accessed 25 February 2016.

DEHP (2016) WetlandInfo, Lower Mary River drainage sub-basin. http://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/facts-maps/sub-basin-lower-mary-river/ Department of the Environment (DotE) (2013) Matters of National Environmental Significance, Significant impact guidelines 1.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Commonwealth of Australia. DotE (2014) EPBC Act referral guidelines for the vulnerable koala (combined populations of Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory). Commonwealth of Australia. DotE (2016) Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) (2010) Fauna sensitive road design manual (volume 2: preferred practices). Queensland Government.

Fairfull, S. and Witheridge, G. (2003) Why do fish need to cross the road? Fish passage requirements for waterway crossings. NSW Fisheries, Cronulla, 16 pp.

Flakus, S. (2002) Ecology of the Mary River turtle, Elusor macrurus. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Queensland. Flakus, S. and Connell, M. (2008) The Mary River turtle, yesterday, today, tomorrow. Tiaro & District Landcare Group, Queensland.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 43 GHD (2009) Report for Coondoo Creek bridge replacement environmental assessment. Report prepared for Department of Transport and Main Roads.

GHD (2012) Coondoo Creek bridge replacement job number 261-41a-800 ecological study. Report prepared for Department of Transport and Main Roads.

Glossy Black Conservancy (2010) Glossy black-cockatoo conservation guidelines for south- eastern Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales. Glossy Black Conservancy. Gordos, M.A., Hamann, M., Schauble, C.S., Limpus, C.J., and Franklin, C.E. (2007) Diving behaviour of Elseya albagula from a naturally flowing and hydrologically altered habitat, Journal of Zoology, vol. 272, pp. 458-469. Grant, T.R. and Temple-Smith, P.D. (1998) Field biology of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): historical and current perspectives, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 353, pp. 1081-1091. Hamann, M, Schauble, CS, Limpus, DJ, Emerick, SP, and Limpus, CJ (2007) Management plan for the conservation of Elseya sp. (Burnett River) in the Burnett River Catchment, Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Harris, J.H. and Rowland, S.J. (1996) Family Percichthyidae - Australian freshwater cods and basses. In: McDowall, R.M., ed. Freshwater Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Rev. ed:150-163. Chatswood, Sydney: Reed Books. Higgins, P.J. (Ed) (1999) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Volume Four - Parrots to Dollarbird; Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Hines, H.B. and Southeast Queensland Threatened Frogs Recovery Team (2002) National recovery plan for stream frogs of southeast Queensland 2001-2005. Report to Environment Australia, Canberra. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane, Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/. Accessed 2009-10-27 Hourigan, C. (2012) Glossy black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami. Targeted species survey guidelines. Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane.

Kapitzke, R. (2010) Fish passage planning and design. Culvert fishway planning and design guidelines. Part C – Fish migration barriers and fish passage options for road crossings. James Cook University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences. April 2010 – VER2.0.

Ketten, D.R. (2008) Underwater ears and the physiology of impacts: comparative liability for hearing loss in sea turtles, birds, and mammals. Bioacoustics: The International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording, vol. 17. Kind, P.K. (2002) Movement patterns and habitat use in the Queensland lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft 1870). Ph.D. Thesis. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland.

Knight, J.T. (2001) Distributional limits of the endangered Oxleyan pygmy perch Nannoperca oxleyana (Whitley 1940) in northeastern New South Wales (Research Phase 1: 31/05/2001- 28/08/2001). Unpublished report, Office of Conservation, NSW Fisheries, Port Stephens.

Limpus, C. (2008) Freshwater turtles in the Mary River: Review of biological data for turtles in the Mary River, with emphasis on Elusor macrurus and Elseya albagula. Brisbane: Queensland

Government.

Limpus, C.J., Limpus, D. J., Parmenter, C.J., Hodge, J., Forrest, M.J., and McLachlan, J. (2011) The biology and management strategies for freshwater turtles in the Fitzroy Catchment, with particular emphasis on Elseya albagula and Rheodytes leukops. A study in response to the

44 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 proposed construction of Rookwood Weir and the raising of Eden Bann Weir. Brisbane, Queensland Government. Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (Eds) (1993) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds; Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Mathie, N.J. and Franklin, C.E. (2006) The influence of body size on the diving behaviour and physiology of the bimodally respiring turtle Elseya albagula, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, vol. 176 pp. 739-747.

McCauley, R. D., Fewtrell, J. and Popper, A. N. (2003) High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 113. Meyer, E., Hero, J-M., Shoo, L. and Lewis, B. (2006) National recovery plan for the wallum sedgefrog and other wallum-dependent frog species. Report to Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Canberra. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service: Brisbane. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) (2005) Oxleyan pygmy perch, Nannoperca oxleyana. Recovery plan and background paper. Prepared in accordance with the threatened species provisions of the New South Wales Fisheries Management Act 1994. Commonwealth of Australia. Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) (2014) Glossy black-cockatoo, Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales Government. Available from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/animals/GlossyBlackCockatoos.htm. Accessed 25 February 2016.’

O’Hara, J. and Wilcox, J. R. (1990) Avoidance responses of loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, to low frequency sound. Copeia, vol. 2, pp. 564 – 567. Popper, A. N. (2003) Effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes. Fisheries, vol. 28, pp. 24 – 31. Pusey, B., Kennard, M. and Arthington, A. (2004) Freshwater fishes of north-eastern Australia, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.

Simpson, R. R. (1994). An investigation into the habitat preferences and population status of the endangered Mary River cod (Maccullochella peelii mariensis) in the Mary River system, 52 south-eastern Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Information Series QI94011, Brisbane. Simpson, R. and Jackson, P. (1996) The Mary River cod research and recovery plan. Mary River Cod Recovery Team, Queensland Department of Primary Industries –Fisheries Group. Report prepared for Endangered Species Program Environment Australia Project Number ESP 505. Simpson, R.R. and Mapleston A.J. (2002) Movements and habitat use by the endangered Australian freshwater Mary River Cod Maccullochella peelii mariensis. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Vol. 65, pp. 401-410. Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C. and Popper, A.N. (2010) A noisy spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 1243. Strahan, R. (Ed) (2008) The Mammals of Australia; Reed Books, Chatswood. Thompson, C., Arthington, A., Kennard, M. (2000) Oxleyan pygmy perch Nannoperca oxleyana Whitley, 1940. Australian Society for Fish Biology Newsletter, vol. 30 (1), pp. 31-32. Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) (2014) Commonwealth conservation advice on Elseya albagula, white-throated snapping turtle.http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/81648-conservation- advice.pdf.

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 | 45 Wager, R. and Jackson, P.D. (1993) The action plan for Australian freshwater fishes. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.

Wheeler, AP, Angermeier, PL and Rosenberger, AE (2005) Impacts of new highways and subsequent landscape urbanization on stream habitat and biota, Reviews in Fisheries Science, vol 13, pp 141-164.

Wood, PJ and Armitage, PD (1997). Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment, Environmental Management, vol 21, pp 203-217. Wormington, K. and Black, R. (2011) Freshwater aquatic biota assessment of Coondoo Creek on Tin Can Bay Road in the Gympie Region. A report for Department of Transport and Main Roads, Bundaberg, Queensland. Centre for Environmental Management

46 | GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 Appendix A – Preliminary design drawings

GHD | Report for Department of Transport and Main Roads - Coondoo Creek Bridge Replacement, 41/29634 CLIENTS PEOPLE PERFORMANCE CLIENTS PEOPLE PERFORMANCE