T O U R I S T G U I D E

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Coffee Time Tour “You have to taste a culture to understand it”

Deborah Cater

2 PRAÇA DOS RESTAURADORES

The square is characterized by the high obelisk, 30 meters high, called “Monumento dos Restauradores” and was inaugurated on April 28, 1886, celebrating the liberation of the country from the Spanish rule on December 1st, 1640. The bronze figures of the pedestal represent the victory, with a palm and a crown, and Liberty.

3 The names and dates on the sides of the obelisk are those of the battles of the Restoration War.

4

Avenida da Liberdade is one of the main avenues of the city of Lisbon, which connects to Marquês de Pombal Square. About 90 m wide and 1100 m long, it has several lanes and wide walks decorated with gardens and Portuguese sidewalk. There are still statues of famous portuguese writers such as Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano or António Feliciano de Castilho. Avenida da Liberdade and Praça dos Restauradores have their origins in the boulevard called “Passeio Público”, from 1764, and created by the architect Reinaldo Manuel.

5 After much controversy, the Avenue was built between 1879 and 1886, in the image of the boulevards of Paris. Its creation was a landmark in the expansion of the city to the north, and quickly became a reference for the wealthier classes to locate their homes. Many of the original Avenida’s buildings have been replaced in recent decades by office buildings and hotels. Its scenic qualities, prestigious shops, hotels, theaters and historic buildings make it an important landmark of the city. It is considered the 35th most expensive avenue in the world. Avenida da Liberdade is still the main stage of the traditional parades of the city festivals.

6 MARQUÊS DE POMBAL

Marquês de Pombal, was born in 1699 and was responsible for major architectural changes in the city of Lisbon. He was minister to King Dom José (who gave him the titles of Marquis of Pombal and Count of Oeiras) between 1750 and 1777. In 1755 there was an earthquake accompanied by a tsunami and fire in Lisbon, which destroyed almost all of the city, mainly the downtown area.

7 Marquês of Pombal, became famous, because it was him who managed the rebuilt of the city, taking very important measures at the architectural level. He turned to “Baixa”, which before the earthquake was totally disorganized, and planned it to be rebuilt in a planned and methodical way. The streets became wider and paved with the beautiful Portuguese sidewalk, making them perpendicular and parallel to each other. The city had it’s first sewer system, and among the buildings, which all had the same height, walls were placed to prevent the spread of the flames in the event of a fire. The walls of the houses now have a wooden anti- sismical structure called cage (pombaline cage). Between these and other measures, they had the birth of “Baixa Pombalina”!

8

Rossio Square is officially called D. Pedro IV Square. and was built after the earthquake of 1755. Rossio Square is one of the oldest and most beautiful squares in Lisbon. For more than six centuries it has been the scene of several important events in the . Through it have already passed bullfights, festivals, military acts and even the acts-of-faith of the Inquisition. The great central statue, named after the Square, was inaugurated in 1870 and represents D. Pedro IV (also known as D Pedro I, the first independent emperor of ). This monument has 27.5 meters! At the base of the pedestal are four female figures symbolizing Justice, Prudence, Strength and Moderation, qualities that are attributed to D. Pedro. At the top, D. Pedro is depicted wearing a general’s uniform, shoulders covered by royal cloak and a crowned head of laurels. In Rossio Square there is still “Café Nicola”, one of the first cafés in Lisbon.

9 The Nicola was a meeting place for writers, being considered the second house of the poet Bocage. Another icon of this square is the traditional Rossio florists, which occupy the south side of the square. On the opposite side is the National Theater D. Maria II, inaugurated in 1846, with the name of the daughter of D. Pedro. An interesting fact is that in the same place where the Theater is already functioning, used to be the Inquisition Court, which was ruined with the earthquake of 1755. The two monumental fountains on the sides of the statue represent mythological figures and have a French influence. They were added to Rossio Square in 1889, replacing two wells that existed on the spot.

10 PRAÇA DO COMÉRCIO

Praça do Comércio, also known as “Terreiro do Paço”, is one of the largest squares in Europe with about 36,000 m² (180m x 200m). This square is located at the downtown of Lisboa and has direct access to the River “Rio Tejo” through the “Cais das Colunas”. This square served countless times as the noble entry to the capital; the illustrious ones having stepped on the marble steps of the “Cais das Colunas”. This square was for two centuries the royal palace of , namely the “Paço da Ribeira”, which was destroyed in the earthquake of 1755. In 1755, “Paço da Ribeira” is destroyed by the earthquake, as well as its extensive library with more than 70 thousand volumes.

11 The reconstruction of the palace became a key element of the Marquês de Pombal plan. The buildings, which surround the square, now host the headquarters of some of the Portuguese Government Ministries. In the center of the square, one can see the equestrian statue of D. José, built in 1775 by Joaquim Machado de Castro, the main Portuguese sculptor of the XVIII century. On the north side of the square is the Triumphal Arch of Augusta Street, the noble entrance to downtown. With the Republican Revolution of 1910, the square was painted Republican pink. Later the buildings of the square would be painted again with their original color, yellow.

12 CAIS DO SODRÉ

The designations of “Cais do Sodré” and “Praça dos Remolares” were common for a long time, before the statue of the Duke of Terceira was built in 1877. Known as “remolares”, because it was in the past, a place for workers carpenters of oars, denominated of tugboats. In 1906, the “Regulador” clock was built, which for many years, marked the legal hour of Lisbon.

13 MERCADO DA RIBEIRA

Lisbon was always a city of merchants. In the streets, a little of everything could be bought from street vendors. With the discoveries, in the sixteenth century, and the rise of merchants, there began to be a concern to rearrange the city and place the merchants in specific places. Thus, “Ribeira Velha” Market was born, which was located in front of the “”. After the 1755 earthquake, King Dom José I ordered the construction of the “Ribeira Nova” Market, now part of the “Ribeira” Market. Initially, the market was composed of huts and sheds, and where mainly fish was sold. It has suffered several changes over the years, until in 1882, when it gained the form that it presents today, being the space used by the sellers of fish, vegetables and flowers that supplied the city of Lisbon.

14 At this moment the market also hosts theme fairs, dances and a quite extensive restaurants area.

15 CRISTO REI

The statue of Christ the Redeemer, in , Brazil, inspired, in 1934, during a visit to that city by the Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon, Mons. Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, to build a similar monument in Lisbon. In the year 1936, he transmitted this idea to the Movement of the Apostleship of Prayer with an enthusiastic reception. The monument to was also built in fulfillment of a vow formulated by the Portuguese episcopate assembled at Fatima on April 20, 1940, asking God to free Portugal from participating in World War II. Prime Minister Salazar did not want to violate the old friendship with the United Kingdom, which dates from the 14th century, and preferred to remain neutral, and Portugal did not participate in the war.

16 The first stone of the monument’s construction was launched on December 18th, 1949, after the end of the war. It was inaugurated on May 17th, 1959, the day of “Pentecostes”, in the presence of about 300 thousand people. The Cristo Rei National Sanctuary is located at an altitude of 133 meters above the level of the Tagus River “Rio Tejo”, and is made up of a portico, 75 meters high, surmounted by the statue of the Holy Redeemer with open arms facing the city of Lisbon, with 28 meters of height, work of the Portuguese sculptor Francisco Franco de Sousa. This monument is the best viewpoint overlooking the city of Lisbon, offering a wide view over the capital.

17 PONTE 25 DE ABRIL

The “25 de Abril” Bridge is a suspension bridge on the Tagus River “Rio Tejo” that connects the city of Lisbon (north bank) to the city of (south bank). The bridge crosses the Tagus River “Rio Tejo” in the final and narrowest part - the “Tejo” bottleneck. The project of this bridge is similar to the in San Francisco (USA), and was structurally conceived ahead of it’s time, with the calculations made to later on support the addition of the train that exists today. The Bridge is 2 277 meters long. With a free span of 1,013 meters, the “25 de Abril” Bridge is the 33rd largest suspension bridge in the world.

18 The upper tray houses 6 roadways, while the lower tray houses two electrified railway lines. Construction began in November 1962 and lasted for four years. The Bridge was inaugurated on August 6, 1966, then only with a road board. On July 29, 1999 the railroad board was inaugurated. Until 1974, Ponte “25 de Abril” was called “Ponte Salazar”. The name April 25 is represented by the revolution of April 25, 1974.

19 • 3,000 people worked on bridge construction • 1 012.80 meters of main span length • 2 277.64 m distance from mooring to mooring • 70 meters high from the span above water level • 190.47 meters of height of the main towers above the • 58.6 centimeters in diameter of each main cable • 11 248 steel wires with 4.87 millimeters in diameter, in each cable (totaling 54,196 kilometers of steel wire) • 79.3 meters deep, below water level, on main pillar, South

20

The National Factory of “Cordoaria” or “Cordoaria Nacional” constituted a factory establishment of the Portuguese Navy.

21 The “Cordoaria” made cables, sisal ropes, sails and flags that equipped the Portuguese ships. The building, built in 1771, is currently a national monument. Its facilities extend over almost 400 meters, to a width of only about 50 meters, accompanying in parallel the Tagus River “Rio Tejo”. These characteristic dimensions were due to the needs of the productive process. Its situation on the river sought to facilitate the supply of the products to shipowners. Nowadays, the building, open to the public, houses several exhibitions throughout the year.

22 MAAT

The Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT) is the contemporary art museum in Lisbon. This project was thought in a way that highlights the river faced facade, in detriment of the back portion of the building which was meant to merge with the urban space. It’s one of the most important architectural pieces of the last years in the city’s riverside.

23 It was inaugurated in 2016, and the architectural project is authored by the British architect Amanda Levete. The MAAT occupies an area of 38 thousand square meters and is an integral part of the EDP Foundation.

24 MUSEU DA ELETRICIDADE

Originally known as the “Tejo Central”, it was built between 1908 and 1951 and during this period it was able to see several stages of expansion. Its structure follows the type of western iron architecture with bricklaying, which configures and decorates the structure sides in artistic styles that range from new art to classicism.

25 The whole complex that constitutes the “Tejo central” represents an old Thermoelectric Central that supplied electricity to the city of Lisbon during many years. The museum presents in its space the past, the present and the future of the Energies, in a concept of Museum of Science and Industrial Archeology, where it shows side by side exhibitions, thematic and experimental.

26 PALÁCIO NACIONAL DE BELÉM

The Palace was built in 1559 by the noble D. Manuel de Portugal. In the eighteenth-century D. João V bought it from the Earl of “Aveiras” and altered it radically. He added a riding school (the stables are now part of the National Museum of “Coches”) and adapted the interior to be able to make his love conquests with discretion. When the earthquake of 1755 occurred, the monarch D. José I and the family were spending the holiday in the area of Belém and survived the devastation. Fearing another earthquake, the royal family settled in tents on the grounds of the palace, whose interior was used as a hospital. The Palace thus entered the patrimony of the Royal House, that constructed in its annexes its Royal Riding. Later, in 1886, the Palace of Belém was destined to receive the invited foreign officials who visited Lisbon.

27 In 1905, at the initiative of the cultured spirit of Queen Amelia, the elegant Royal Riding was transformed into the Royal “Coches” Museum, preserving the valuable collection of “Coches” and vehicles of the Royal House. October 2, 1910. It was in this palace, during the reception of the President of Brazil, that King D. Manuel II learned of the revolution that days later robbed him of the crown. In 1912, already after the proclamation of the republic, the Palace of Belém was designated official residence of the President of the Republic. The presidents of the First Republic had, however, to pay income to the State to reside in the Palace (not to be accused of enjoying the privileges attributed to the previous regime). For the general public, the Museum of the Presidency of the Republic was opened in 2004, where the spoils of the Presidents of the Republic that preceded the current President are exhibited. Every Saturday the Museum organizes guided tours to the Palace of Belém.

28 MOSTEIRO DOS JERÓNIMOS

Near the place where the Infante D. Henrique, in the middle of the century. XV, ordered to build a church on the invocation of St. Mary of Belém, King D. Manuel I wanted to build a great monastery. In order to perpetuate the memory of the Infante, for his great devotion to “Nossa Senhora” and his belief in St. Jerónimo, D. Manuel I decided to found in 1496 the Monastery of St. Mary of Belém, near the city of Lisbon and near the river “Tejo”. It was later donated to the monks of the Order of St. Jerónimo, is now commonly known as the Jerónimos Monastery.

29 The Monastery is a cultural landmark that has not escaped even artists, chroniclers or travelers during its five centuries of existence. It was the reception and burial of kings, later poets. A culmination of the Manueline architecture, an architectural style exclusively portuguese, this monastery is the most remarkable Portuguese monastic complex of its time and one of the main churches in Europe. Its construction began on the initiative of King Manuel I at the beginning of the 16th century and lasted for a hundred years and was led by a remarkable group of architects / Master of Works. Of João de Castilho). The Jerónimos Monastery has been classified as a National Monument since 1907 and in 1983 it was classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO along with the Tour of Belém. On July 7, 2007 it was elected as one of the seven wonders of Portugal.

30 CENTRO CULTURAL DE BELÉM

It began in September 1988 and was completed in September 1992. At the base of its construction was the need for an architectural equipment that could host the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union in 1992 and which, at the same time, as a dynamic center for cultural and leisure activities.

31 Its definitive project was decided at the beginning of 1988. After receiving the presidency of the European Union, it was transformed into a cultural and conference center in 1993, emphasizing in its program music, theatrical arts and photography.

32 TORRE DE BELÉM

The Tour de Belém, officially Torre de São Vicente, is located, where Belém beach once existed, was originally surrounded by the waters around its perimeter. Over the centuries it was surrounded by the beach, until it was incorporated today on the mainland.

33 One of the ex libris of the city, the monument is an icon of the architecture of the reign of D. Manuel I, in a synthesis between the medieval tradition tower and the modern bulwark, where pieces of artillery were available. Over time, the tower was losing its defense function of the “Tejo” bar and, from the Filipino occupation, the old warehouses gave way to dungeons. On the four floors of the tower, the Governor’s Room, the Kings Room, the Audience Hall, and finally the Chapel with its fifteenth-century vaults remain. The Tour de Belém, built in 1514, belongs to a defense formation of the Tagus basin, which was built by João II of Portugal, composed by the São Sebastião da tower in the south (1481) and to the west by the Torre de Santo António de Cascais ( 1488). The monument stands out for implicit nationalism, since it is all surrounded by decorations of the coat of arms of Portugal, including inscriptions of crosses of the Order of Christ in the bulwark windows; such characteristics refer mainly to the typical architecture of a time when the country was a global power (the early modern era). Classified as a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) since 1983, it was elected as one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal on July 7, 2007.

34 PADRÃO DOS DESCOBRIMENTOS

The monument was built on the occasion of the Portuguese World Exhibition in 1940. Designed by Cottinelli Telmo as a tribute to the Infante D. Henrique, becoming the Monument of the Discoveries, celebrating not only the Infante but also his collaborators and followers. The initial monument was built in the short time of eight months. Made of perishable materials, it was dismantled in 1958 and rebuilt in the immediate years, in concrete and lioz stone, by decision of Salazar, on the occasion of the 5th centenary of the Infante. The current monument was inaugurated in 1960.

35 The monument has the shape of a stylized caravel, with three large candles that extend in a central, vertical block, decorated on both sides with bas-reliefs representing the flag of D. João I. On the entrance, the sword of the Royal House from Avis. Henry the Navigator rises to the bow, with a caravel in his right hand and a map on the left. In two descending rows, on each side of the monument, are the statues of notable Portuguese connected with the discoveries among which navigators, warriors, friars, scientists, men of culture such as Nuno Gonçalves with a palette, Camões holding “Os Lusíadas”.

36 On the ground of the frontier space north of the monument is a rose of the winds of 50 meters in diameter, drawn in the atelier of the architect Luís Cristino da Silva and offered by South Africa in 1960. In the center is a planisphere of 14m wide, decorated with vegetal elements, wind roses, buffoons, a mermaid, a fantastic fish and Neptune with trident and trumpet mounted on a marine being. “Dates, ships and caravels mark the main routes of Portuguese expansion, between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.”

37 ENJOY YOUR TRIP

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