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Networking Knowledge for Information Societies: Institutions & Intervention Binod C. Agrawal Peter S. Anderson Peng Hwa Ang Jens C. Arnbak Networking Knowledge Robert E. Babe Johannes M. Bauer Jörg Becker for Information Societies: Jean-Claude Burgelman Martin Cave Institutions & Intervention Sung Woon Cho Edward Comor Edited by Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan James Cornford James A. Dewar John D. H. Downing Elizabeth Fox Chris Freeman David Gabel Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. Nicholas Garnham Alison Gillwald John B. Goddard Anders Henten John W. Houghton Heather E. Hudson Meheroo Jussawalla Tim Kelly Rolf Künneke John Langdale Carleen F. Maitland Werner A. Meier Ian Miles Bella Mody Vincent Mosco Edwin B. Parker Aileen A. Pisciotta Paschal Preston Marc Raboy Rivka Ribak Liora Salter Roderick Sanatan B. P. Sanjay Peter Sheehan Peter Shields Roger Silverstone Supriya Singh Knud Erik Skouby Anthony Smith Ricardo Tavares Harry M. Trebing Gaëtan Tremblay Joseph Turow John Ure Silvio Waisbord Rudi Westerveld Márcio Wohlers Sally Wyatt Networking Knowledge for Information Societies: Institutions & Intervention Networking Knowledge for Information Societies: Institutions & Intervention Edited by Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan DUP Science / 2002 DUP Science is an imprint of Delft University Press P.O. Box 98 2600 MG Delft The Netherlands Telephone: +31 15 2785678 Telefax: +31 15 2785706 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 90-407-2300-1 Copyright 2002 – Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan for compilation, and introductory sections I, II.0, III.0, IV.0, V.0 and VI.0. Authors retain copyright of their individual contributions. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher: Delft University Press. Printed in The Netherlands Book and cover design by Elies van der Linden v There is nothing more difficult to plan, more uncertain of success, or more dangerous to manage than the establishment of a new order of government; for he who introduces it makes enemies of all those who derived advantage from the old order and finds but lukewarm defenders among those who stand to gain from the new one. (The Prince by Nicolo Machiavelli, 1513, p. 27) Table of Contents List of tables, figures and boxes xiii Prologue... Networking knowledge for information societies Chris Freeman xv I About... Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan 3 II Inquiry... Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan 17 II.1 Universities, Research and the Public Interest Nicholas Garnham 24 II.2 Universities in the Knowledge Economy Peter Sheehan 28 II.3 The University, ICTs and Development in the Information Society John B. Goddard and James Cornford 34 II.4 The Role of the Social Sciences in Policy Oriented Telecom Research John Langdale 42 II.5 Integrating Social Sciences into Information Society Policy Jean-Claude Burgelman 47 II.6 Virtual Solutions to Real Problems Bella Mody 54 viii II.7 Challenging Orthodoxy Liora Salter 60 III Change... Rohan Samarajiva, Robin Mansell and Amy Mahan 71 III.1 Utility Deregulation in the United States: A Critical Evaluation Harry M. Trebing 79 III.2 Telecom Policy for Information Economies: Unregulation is not Enough Aileen Amarandos Pisciotta 86 III.3 The Toppling of the Natural Monopoly Doctrine Edwin B. Parker 90 III.4 Never-ending International Telecommunication Union Reform Tim Kelly 92 III.5 From Arctic Village to Alice Springs: Rural Telecom Myths and Realities Heather E. Hudson 96 III.6 Setting the Reform Agenda: What Next, After Privatisation? Márcio Wohlers de Almeida and Ricardo Tavares 103 III.7 Policy and Regulatory Challenges of Access and Affordability Alison Gillwald 109 III.8 Technical Aspects of Rural Telecom Rudi Westerveld and Carleen F. Maitland 115 III.9 Spectrum Management: Private Property Rights or Commons Johannes M. Bauer 118 III.10 Spectrum Allocation Controversies Martin Cave 123 III.11 3G Auctions: A Change of Course John Ure 127 ix III.12 A Competitive Market Approach to Interconnection Payments David Gabel 132 III.13 Multi-Utility Regulation: Yet Another Convergence? Jens C. Arnbak 141 IV Next... Robin Mansell, Rohan Samarajiva and Amy Mahan 151 IV.1 Information Society Revisited: PICTuring the Information Society Ian Miles 160 IV.2 Falling Behind on ICT Adoption Indicators: Can We Afford This? John W. Houghton 166 IV.3 Information Societies: Towards a More Useful Concept Knud Erik Skouby 174 IV.4 Evolving the Information Society in the Caribbean: The Paradox of Orderliness Roderick Sanatan 179 IV.5 Revealing the Ties that Bind: Property and Propriety in the Information Age. Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. 184 IV.6 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age Peter S. Anderson 188 IV.7 Technology Determinism, the State and Telecom Surveillance Peter Shields 195 IV.8 Opportunities and Risks for India in the Knowledge Society B. P. Sanjay 202 IV.9 Infrastructure Development and the Digital Divide in Asia Meheroo Jussawalla 207 IV.10 Linking Information, Technologies and the Consumer Interest Supriya Singh 212 x IV.11 Theses on Informatisation Jörg Becker 216 V Bias... Rohan Samarajiva, Robin Mansell and Amy Mahan 223 V.1 C is for Convergence (and Communication, Content, and Competition) Sally Wyatt 228 V.2 Knowledge or ‘Know-less’ Societies? Paschal Preston 232 V.3 When More is Less: Time, Space and Knowledge in Information Societies Edward Comor 239 V.4 The Telecom-Economy Nexus: Innis and Du Boff Revisited Cho, Sung Woon 245 V.5 Back to the Future of the Internet: The Printing Press Ang, Peng Hwa and James A. Dewar 249 V.6 The ‘Information Economy’, Economics, and Ecology Robert E. Babe 254 V.7 Bridging the Gap: Processes of Communication and Institutions of Political Economy Vincent Mosco 260 V.8 Concrete Analyses Versus Abstract Deduction Anders Henten 265 VI What... Amy Mahan, Robin Mansell and Rohan Samarajiva 271 VI.1 Regulation and the Ethics of Distance: Distance and the Ethics of Regulation Roger Silverstone 279 VI.2 In Search of the ‘Shared Moment’ Anthony Smith 286 xi VI.3 Global Media and Cultural Diversity Gaëtan Tremblay 292 VI.4 Media Ownership – Does It Matter? Werner A. Meier 298 VI.5 Latin American Media: A Long View of Politics and Markets Elizabeth Fox and Silvio Waisbord 303 VI.6 Towards an Information Society: The Need for a Policy Perspective Binod C. Agrawal 311 VI.7 Media Policy and the Public Interest Marc Raboy 315 VI.8 Radical Media Projects and the Crisis of Public Media John D. H. Downing 320 VI.9 Towards a World System Perspective on Cross-National Web Research Joseph Turow and Rivka Ribak 328 Epilogue... Economics of Infrastructures: The Ultimate Challenge? Rolf W. Künneke 335 Notes 343 Bibliography 345 Acronyms 379 Contributors 383 Author Index 401 List of Tables, Figures and Boxes Table IV.9.1 Broadband Penetration in Asia, 2000 209 Figure II.5.1 Telecommunications Prospects for 2000 49 Figure III.13.1 Policy and Competition Problems in Network Sectors 142 Figure IV.2.1 Composition and Balance of Trade in ICT Equipment, Australia 1990-91 to 2000-01 (AU$ million) 168 Figure IV.2.2 Revealed Comparative Advantage in Communication Equipment, 1990 and 1999 170 Figure IV.2.3 Ratio of ICT Expenditure to Gross Domestic Product, 1999 171 Box III.11.1 A Model 131 Box IV.6.1 Critical Information Infrastructure Protection 193 Prologue... Networking Knowledge for Information Societies This is a magnificent Festschrift but no more than William Melody deserves. He has made an outstanding contribution to our understanding of the evolution of information and communication technology over the past half century, and to the problems of regulating and controlling it during a period of revolutionary change in the technology. The Editors of the book have been more pro-active than is usually the case with this type of publication. They have insisted on short contributions and this has not only made them very readable, it has also made it possible to include a wide range of papers, reflecting the scope of William Melody’s own activities and relationships. Furthermore, the Editors have so organised more than 50 contributions that they provide a lively and well-informed commentary on the various stages of his life and work. Finally, they have written an introduction to each of the sections highlighting the main features of his work and relating these to the evolution of ICT. This does not leave much to say by way of a prologue, which means that it can at least have the virtue of brevity. I shall not try therefore to summarise or introduce the 50 chapters which follow. This would be both impossible and unnecessary. I shall rather make a few comments of my own on William Melody’s life and work based on my own reading of this book and my own experiences of working with him. As the Editors point out and as most of the chapters testify, William Melody made an excellent contribution to research, as conventionally measured by the quantity and quality of his publications. He published 150 or so papers in dozens of journals. However, to assess his work on this criterion would be vastly to under- estimate what he has achieved. His publications were certainly not just bits of information; they were contributions to knowledge and in many cases to policy- making. Even when working in a university environment, his activity was certainly not confined to academic goals. His over-riding objectives have always been to influence policy and thereby to achieve social goals. Policy research raises some special problems which William Melody encountered at each of the five stages of his career.
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