991.4 S51e Keep Your Card in This Pocket Books will be issued only on presentation of proper library cards. labeled books , Unless otherwise, may be retained for two weeks. Borrowers finding books marked, de faced or mutilated are expected to report same at library desk; otherwise the last borrower will be held responsible for all imperfections discovered. The card holder is responsible for all books drawn on this card. Penalty for over-due books 2c a day plus cost of notices. Lost cards and change of residence must be re ported promptly. Public Library Kansas City, Mo. Keep Your Card in This Pocket MKKOWITZ INVKLOPt CO., K, O., MO. J> A MAI MAR 06 1992 EC 1 5 1992 f S 1 , 4 iFEB 2 'uaLic LIBRARY * ** * * * * * % ***?*%***;* m m %** IN THE SUN THE PHIUWNC ISLANDS- Amrlcof ftfdlfrs trocfe Insurgents through nwm 5S3? of pri |^4 Aguinotdo copturad tm\ 21 now ood unarmed Amerlcon soldiers umfer hosf:!0 flrt THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO Soldiers In The Adventure in Imperialism by William Thaddeus Sexton Captain, United States Army The Military Service Publishing Company Harrisburg, Pa. Copyright 1939, by WILLIAM THADDEUS SEXTON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5 1 -, PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. BY THE TELEGRAPH PRESS PENNSYLVANIA ''" J';-> To My Daughter, Elaine Sexton Who though only four years of age, loved to sit and watch her daddy "play map." God needed an angel and took her away. Pref ac e Any opinions expressed in this book are entirely those of the author, which have been reached as a result of his own research on this subject and must not be construed as reflecting in any way the thoughts of the Army as a whole or of the War Department in par ticular. Contents Chapter I. Events to leading up Spanish-American War. Dewey's actions in the Far East. Mobilization of in the troops United States and movements of transports to Manila. Condition of our armed forces and capabilitiesr for distant tropicalr service. Chapter II. ............ 26 Conditions in the Philippine Archipelago, Aguinaldo's early leadership. Ac tions of Mr. Pratt and Admiral Dewey. Agumaldo's proclamation of revolu tion against Spain. Chapter III. ............ 30 The difficulties of our overseas movement. The lack of means and the handi caps in landing troops on the Islands. Discussions between Dewey, Aguinaldo and Anderson on the status of our government in relation to the Insurgents. Difficulties of later American expeditions in entering the Islands. Establish ment of uncomfortable camps. Merritt's prospects in taking Manila. Embar rassments with Filipinos. Preliminary skirmishes with the Spaniards. Arrival of American reenforcements. The capture of Manila. The tense situation between the Americans and Insurgents. Chapter IV. ............ 50 Merritt's dilemma in trying to establish American sovereignty. Civil dif ficulties in Manila. Sanitary conditions. Effort to clean up te city. Chapter V. ............ 63 Otis takes command of American troops. His characteristics. Encounters with Aguinaldo, who extends his authority and demands, but has difficulties in his own ranks. Effect of Treaty of Paris. Otis between two fires. Civil requests and Insurgents' attitude. Insurgents become hostile. Negotiations fail. De cided tension. Chapter VI. ........... 79 State of of American False rumors. discipline troops. Supply. The Insurgent its state of in the army, discipline, equipment and efficiency. The possibilities brewing conflict. How the Philippine War Starts. The battle with the In surgents about Manila. The confused aftermath of the action. Chapter VII. ............ 103 More American troops arrive in the Islands. "Wheaton's Flying Column" to Laguna de Bay. The occupation of Cebu and Negros. Wheaton's campaign toward Pasig and Taguig. MacArthur captures the Insurgent "Capital" at Malolos. Problems at the close of the movements. Chapter VIII. ........... 121 Otis relinquishes chances for occupation. MacArthur advances north of Malolos. Lawton sent to Santa Cruz. The trials of the expeditions. The Schurman Commission receives rebuff. Lawton and MacArthur move north after Luna. Sufferings en route. The amazing defense at Baler. Funston at the bridge. Wheaton's movement The desperate, heroic efforts of Lawton's column. Otis calls off expedition. Operations about Laguna de Bay. Schwann pushes fur ther into Cavite. Some volunteers return to the United States. The Macabebe Scouts are organized. The press complains of Otis. Climate and conditions knock out troops of MacArthur's division. Murder of Luna. Reconnaissance of Bell. IX. ........... Chapter 173 The chase after The of Aguinaldo, pinchers plan Otis for the capture. The daws of Lawton and Wheaton, The direct pressure by MacArthur. Lawton's task. into super-human Young's cavalry brigade moves the mud and jungle. Lawton must become his own supply officer. Rain, flood and wash-out dam up Soldiers endurance. supply. go beyond Young breaks loose. Swigert misses chance to capture Aguinaldo. Wheaton's inexplicable lack of aggressiveness. out of the net. Aguinaldo slips MacArthur carries on despite the insup- pressable Wheder and rain. MacArthur comes through. Young out of reach. The of Parker and pioneering capture of Vigan 213 miles from Manila. Howze's ana Hares feats in the Benguet Mountains. Rescue of prisoners. Castner's and Bachelor's heroic expeditions. Chapter X. ........... Ml Lawton recalled from round-up of Insurgents by Otis. Given command of lesser to San Mateo. Lawton expedition killed in the attack. Bates expedi tion south of Manila. Actions of Schwann and Wheaton. Bullard's victory at mas * Kobbe at 1 ' The stubborn - jr2! vr ^P conditions in Mindanao witn tne Moros. Chapter XL ........... ^ Aguinaldo in Guerrilla warfare Chiding. begins. Otis' mistaken estimate. Army increased in The so-called Philippines. cruelties imposed by American soldiers. of Geographical occupation Islands undertaken. Continual ructions between 1 Insur8e ts Otis asks to be relieved. Taft ? : , Commission ar- lef^ative end of government. MacArthur becomes Of MitcheII>s caa and T?' P mf aWft column l *???* engagements. Guerrilla situation Ant"]ta pvr ^ EO* the United States. The its influence ' Sigismundo, Funston ww. prodamation of%?am^^ ^ CapWres Malvar" Roose^ BIBLIOGRAPHY (Primary Sources) ..... ^ BIBLIOCRAPHY (Secondary Sources) ..... 289 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .... ..... INDEX List of Illustrations 1 . Orientation map of Philippine ArchipelagoFrontispiece Page 2. Photographs: i. General Otis and Staff. 2. Insurgent Regiment Preparing to Leave Manila .... 32 3. Photographs: i. Battalion of Filipino Insurgents. 2. General MacArthur's Private Car 48 4. Map. Environs and Battle of Manila. ... 89 5. Photographs: i. Wreck of Bridge Over Paruao River, South of Bamban. - - 2. Fording Tarlac River, Nov. 17, 1899 (Troop E, 4th U. S. Cav.) 96 6. Photographs: i. Transporting Army Supplies in the Philippines by Caraboa Cart 2. Macabebe Scouts. - - - - 112 of 7. Map. Country Between Manila Bay and Gulfs Lingayen 116 8. Map. Country Around Laguna de Bay and Lake Taal 123 9. Map. North Country Along Cagayan River and Mountains 202 $?; In INTRODUCTION THE PURPOSE of this book is twofold: First, it is intended to dose a gap which exists in American (and Filipino) history. Many people know that a war was fought in the Philippines nearly forty years or ago, but heretofore no one has been able to go to a bookstore library and obtain a book which would acquaint him with what his actually happened. Magazine articles, memoirs and regimental tories have covered many phases of the Insurrection, but nowhere has the subject been covered from beginning to end. In 1916, James Leroy commenced an admirable work on the Philippines which was intended to cover the Insurrection and the early years of Amer ican rule, but the completion of the work was cut short by his death. Since that time the writing of a history of the Insurrection has not been attempted despite the laments of numerous participants. The second purpose of the book is to describe some of the prob lems incident to the conduct of extended military operations in the tropicsa situation unique in the annals of American history. In her 1898 we defeated Spain in war and received as spoils of victory a result most prized colonial possession, the Philippine Islands. As of the treaty of Paris we blithely accepted sovereignty over ten mil lion human beings living 7000 miles from our shores. We attempted to impose on these people who were of different race, language and social background, our American ideas and principles of govern ment. Then when this normally law abiding race refused to be bought, sold and otherwise disposed of as chattels and opposed by force the assumption of our sovereignty, we found ourselves facing a new and distinct problem. We were compelled to call on the army to take by force what we had intended to gain by mere diplomatic procedure. As usual and through no fault of its own, the army was caught unprepared. Never before had American troops left the continent of North America, let alone conduct military operations 7000 miles from the United States. Never before had the American army cam next the it paigned Equator. Never before had attempted to quell an inspired insurrection of a people who were fighting for their independence.* Never before had an army officer been given su preme dictatorial authority over some 120,000 square miles of Amer ican owned territory. Never before had American sovereignty been *With the possible exception of the American Indians. INTRODUCTION extended over the polygamous Mohammedans. It was indeed a novel and interesting problem which was put up to the army for solution. Officers and others who were present in the Philippines at the time and read this book may mentally remark to themselves that the writer has not scratched the surface. Probably they are correct. The justification which this writer can offer for what may be considered culpable omissions of hikes, skirmishes or captures is that if every march, contact, or incident which occurred throughout the Philip pine Insurrection were assembled in one volume, no one would read it.