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The Ribosomal A-Site Finger Is Crucial for Binding and Activation of The Published online 30 January 2018 Nucleic Acids Research, 2018, Vol. 46, No. 4 1973–1983 doi: 10.1093/nar/gky023 The ribosomal A-site finger is crucial for binding and activation of the stringent factor RelA Pavel Kudrin1,†, Ievgen Dzhygyr2,3,†, Kensuke Ishiguro4, Jelena Beljantseva1, Elena Maksimova5,6, Sofia Raquel Alves Oliveira1, Vallo Varik1, Roshani Payoe1, Andrey L. Konevega5,6,7, Tanel Tenson1, Tsutomu Suzuki4 and Vasili Hauryliuk1,2,3,* 1University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia, 2Department of Molecular Biology, Umea˚ University, Building 6K, 6L, SE-901 87 Umea,˚ Sweden, 3Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umea˚ University, Building 6K and 6L, SE-901 87 Umea,˚ Sweden, 4Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, 5Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina 188300, Russia, 6Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia and 7National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia Received October 19, 2017; Revised January 08, 2018; Editorial Decision January 09, 2018; Accepted January 24, 2018 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION During amino acid starvation the Escherichia coli Guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and tetraphosphate stringent response factor RelA recognizes deacy- (ppGpp) are ubiquitous bacterial intracellular signaling nu- lated tRNA in the ribosomal A-site. This interaction cleotides that regulate metabolism, virulence, stress and activates RelA-mediated synthesis of alarmone nu- antibiotic tolerance (for review see (1–3)). The intracellu- cleotides pppGpp and ppGpp, collectively referred to lar levels of pppGpp and ppGpp (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp) are controlled by RelA/SpoT Homologue as (p)ppGpp. These two alarmones are synthesized (RSH) proteins, which synthetize (p)ppGpp by transferring by addition of a pyrophosphate moiety to the 3 po- the pyrophosphate group of ATP onto the 3 of GDP or sition of the abundant cellular nucleotide GTP and GTP, and degrade (p)ppGpp by removing the 3 pyrophos- less abundant nucleotide GDP, respectively. Using phate moiety (4). untagged native RelA we show that allosteric acti- Escherichia coli RelA is the most well-studied ribosome- vation of RelA by pppGpp increases the efficiency associated RSH enzyme. The N-terminal enzymatic half of of GDP conversion to achieve the maximum rate of the protein consists of a catalytically active (p)ppGpp syn- (p)ppGpp production. Using a panel of ribosomal thesis SYNTH domain and inactive (p)ppGpp hydrolysis RNA mutants, we show that the A-site finger struc- HD domain (Figure 1A). The C-terminal regulatory half tural element of 23S rRNA helix 38 is crucial for RelA is made up of four domains: TGS (ThrRS, GTPase and binding to the ribosome and consequent activation, SpoT), Helical, ZFD (Zinc Finger Domain; equivalent to CC, conserved cysteine as per (4)) and RRM (RNA recog- and deletion of the element severely compromises nition motif; equivalent to ACT, aspartokinase, chorismate (p)ppGpp accumulation in E. coli upon amino acid mutase and TyrA, as per (4)). RelA is the subject of multi- starvation. Through binding assays and enzymology, faceted allosteric regulation. Deacylated tRNA in the ribo- we show that E. coli RelA does not form a stable com- somal A-site signals amino acid starvation and dramatically plex with, and is not activated by, deacylated tRNA induces (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelA (5). This activation re- off the ribosome. This indicates that in the cell, RelA quires disengagement of the auto-inhibitory C-terminal do- first binds the empty A-site and then recruits tRNA mains (6–11). In the test tube, RelA efficiently uses both rather than first binding tRNA and then binding the GDP and GTP as substrates, possibly with a moderate pref- ribosome. erence for GDP (12–14), while in the cell during acute strin- gent response the predominantly accumulated product is ppGpp (15,16). The ppGpp activates RelA at low concen- trations (up to 200 ␮M) and inhibits at high (IC50 of 0.7 ± *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +46 0 706090493; Fax: +46 0 90772630; Email: [email protected] †These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors. Present address: Vallo Varik, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. C The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-abstract/46/4/1973/4829690 by University of Verona user on 10 April 2018 1974 Nucleic Acids Research, 2018, Vol. 46, No. 4 A N HD* SYNTH TGS Helical ZFD RRM C NTD CTD 1067 G A A1070 B ASF872-905 TL1060-1078 SRL2650-2670 A/R tRNA A G U C C C U U A C890 A C G G C G C G C A U ZFD C G U A 1060UU RRM U G AU G C G880 A/R tRNA 2660 2661 cleavage C G H38Δ20 A G α A A G A -sarcin A900 A C G C C A G C G G U A C G A C G C U C A U Δ C G H38 34 A/R tRNA C G 2650U A2670 Figure 1. RelA’s interactions with ribosomal 23S rRNA and A/R-tRNA. RelA is a multi-domain enzyme comprised of N-terminal enzymatic half (NTD) and C-terminal regulatory half (CTD) (A). The NTD contains enzymatically inactive (p)ppGpp hydrolysis (HD) and a functional (p)ppGpp synthesis (SYNTH) domains, whereas the TGS (ThrRS, GTPase and SpoT), Helical, ZFD (Zinc Finger Domain) and RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains together comprise the CTD. Ribosome-bound RelA makes extensive contacts with 23S rRNA and deacylated A/RtRNA(B). Ribosomal A-site Finger (ASF, dark and pale orange) contacts ZFD (pale cyan) and RRM (purple) domains. Thiostrepton loop (TL, dark green) and Sarcin-Ricin Loop (SRL, slate blue) contact the A/R tRNA via rRNA residues A1067 and A2660/G2661, respectively. The TGS domain of RelA (teal) directly binds A/RtRNA’s 3-CCA end. 23S rRNA residues A1067 and A2660/G2661, as well as A/RtRNA3-CCA are shown as spheres. ASF truncation H3820 is highlighted in darker orange and the H3834 truncation comprises the full length of the 34 nt ASF oligo shown on the figure. The 3D structure is as per from Loveland and colleagues (9) RDB accession number 5KPX, 23S rRNA secondary structure is presented as per (66). 0.4 mM) (17,18); the effects of pppGpp have not been re- GTPase-associated center and is targeted by thiopeptide an- ported. Activation of RelA by deacylated A-site tRNA is tibiotics thiostrepton and nosiheptide (30), with the residue potently inhibited by the antibiotic thiostrepton and––to a A1067 being the crucial determinant for thiostrepton resis- much lesser extent––tetracycline (5,19–21). tance (31,32). Finally, the ASF forms the B1a intersubunit Recent cryoelectron microscopy studies have provided a bridge that upon ribosomal ratcheting changes its interac- structural explanation for RelA’s allosteric regulation by the tion partner on the small subunit from ribosomal protein ribosome and deacylated A-site tRNA (Figure 1B) (9–11). S13 (non-ratcheted state) to S19 (ratcheted state) (33), and The C-terminal half of the protein is buried deep inside the is implicated in the mechanics of EF-G-driven ribosomal ribosomal complex, wrapped around the distorted A-site translocation (34–36). Specifically, the ASF attenuates the tRNA, the so-called A/R tRNA. The A/R tRNA makes motion of the A-site tRNA body from its classical (A/A) several contacts with the ribosomal 23S rRNA: the acceptor to hybrid (A/P) position, and its truncation promotes the stem contacts the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) and the tRNA el- formation of the so-called H1 hybrid state (P/E, A/P) (37). bow region forms a stacking interaction with A1067 residue Guided by recent structural insights (9–11), we have ap- of the L7/L12 stalk rRNA base, the so-called thiostrepton plied a combination of biochemical and microbiological loop (TL). RelA’s ZFD and RRM domains interact with techniques to probe RelA’s molecular mechanism to estab- the A-site finger (ASF) of 23S rRNA and the TGS domain lish structure–functional relationships. With the exception wraps around the 3-CCA end of A/R tRNA. of one study using an N-terminally tagged construct from The SRL, the TL and the ASF have important roles the ASKA library (38,39), earlier biochemical studies that in ribosomal functionality. SRL is a part of the GTPase- were performed with recombinantly produced Escherichia associated center––the binding site for translational fac- coli RelA relied on C-terminal His6-tagging for purifica- tors belonging to the translational GTPase family (22). tion (20,21,26). Given the location of RelA’s C-terminus As well as being crucial for activation of GTPase activity deep inside the ribosomal complex, it is likely that the C- (23,24), the SRL serves as an affinity point for their asso- terminal His6 tag affects the functionality of the protein ciation with the ribosome (25). The isolated SRL rRNA causing experimental artifacts. Therefore, we have devel- oligonucleotide fragment binds to translational GTPases oped a procedure for purification of native, untagged E. EF-G and IF2 with ␮M-range affinity, and complex forma- coli RelA.
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