Quasy 2019 First Workshop on Quantitative Syntax
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Formal Grammars of Early Language
Formal Grammars of Early Language Shuly Wintner1, Alon Lavie2, and Brian MacWhinney3 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa [email protected] 2 Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University [email protected] 3 Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon university [email protected] Abstract. We propose to model the development of language by a series of formal grammars, accounting for the linguistic capacity of children at the very early stages of mastering language. This approach provides a testbed for evaluating theories of language acquisition, in particular with respect to the extent to which innate, language-specific mechanisms must be assumed. Specifically, we focus on a single child learning English and use the CHILDES corpus for actual performance data. We describe a set of grammars which account for this child's utterances between the ages 1;8.02 and 2;0.30. The coverage of the grammars is carefully evaluated by extracting grammatical relations from induced structures and comparing them with manually annotated labels. 1 Introduction 1.1 Language acquisition Two competing theories of language acquisition dominate the linguistic and psycho-linguistic communities [59, pp. 257-258]. One, the nativist approach, orig- inating in [14{16] and popularized by [47], claims that the linguistic capacity is innate, expressed as dedicated \language organs" in our brains; therefore, certain linguistic universals are given to language learners for free, requiring only the tuning of a set parameters in order for language to be fully acquired. The other, emergentist explanation [2, 56, 37, 38, 40, 41, 59], claims that language emerges as a result of various competing constraints which are all consistent with general cognitive abilities, and hence no dedicated provisions for universal grammar are required. -
A Quantitative and Typological Approach to Correlating Linguistic
A Quantitative and Typological Approach to Correlating Linguistic Complexity Yoon Mi Oh François Pellegrino Egidio Marsico Christophe Coupé Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, Université de Lyon and CNRS, France {yoon-mi.oh, francois.pellegrino}@univ-lyon2.fr, {egidio.marsico, christophe.coupe}@cnrs.fr Hypothesis and objectives The equal complexity hypothesis states that "all human languages are equally complex" (Bane, 2008). Menzerath's law is well-known for explaining the phenomenon of self- regulation in phonology: "the more sounds in a syllable the smaller their relative length" (Altmann, 1980). Altmann, who made the mathematical formula of this law (Forns and Ferrer-i-Cancho, 2009), assumed that it can be applied to morphology as well - "the longer the word the shorter its morphemes" (Altmann, 1980) - and proved that the clause length depends on sentence length (Teupenhayn and Altmann, 1984). Some previous works on morphological complexity (Bane, 2008; Juola, 1998) assert- ed that morphology is a good starting point for complexity computation for its clearness, compared to other more ambiguous domains such as semantics. The best-known method of calculating morphological complexity is to take the numbers of linguistic constituents into account (Bane, 2008; Moscoso del Prado, 2011), with different mathematical formu- la to be applied to these figures. The following two paradigms are commonly employed: i) information theory (Fenk et al., 2006; Moscoso del Prado et al., 2004; Pellegrino et al., 2011) ii) Kolmogorov complexity (Bane, 2008; Juola, 1998). The main goal of our work is to explore interactions between phonological and mor- phological modules by means of crossing parameters of these two linguistic levels. -
Quantitative Linguistics*
PERSPECTIVE PAPER: QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS* Wolf Moskovich The Hebrew Uni\ersity of Jerusalem Introduction Qualitative analysis of language is based on the study of the opposition presence-absence of a certain linguistic phenomenon in the structure of language without taking into consideration the frequency of the phenomenon. Quantitative analysis, on the other hand, is a way of describing a linguistic system based on an estimate of the relative frequencies of the phenomena under investigation. Quantitative linguistics (statistical linguistics, linguistical statistics) is a part of modern linguistics "using statistical methods for investigation of acts of speech and the system of language" (Akhmanova, 1966, p. 219). While analyzing the application of quantitative linguistics to information science, one has to take into consideration all the three apices of the triangle: mathematical statistics, linguistics, and information science. Representatives of all three disciplines are involved in research in the field, and their attitudes towards, and judgments of quantitative linguistics are often influenced by their professional background. In the following discussion, we shall come across conflicting approaches to quantitative linguistics and its application to information science, and our judgment will always be on the side of quantitative linguistics as a sovereign linguistic field of study. Though it is commonly accepted that quantitative linguistics is a part of mathematical linguistics (or computational linguistics), every now and then there are attempts to exclude it from these disciplines. This opposition usually comes from certain mathematicians who consider mathematical linguistics to be a mathematical and not a linguistic discipline. They reduce it to a study of deductive linguistic calculi or linguistic algorithms (e.g., Gladkij and Mel'cuk, 1970). -
Distributional Properties of Verbs in Syntactic Patterns Liam Considine
Early Linguistic Interactions: Distributional Properties of Verbs in Syntactic Patterns Liam Considine The University of Michigan Department of Linguistics April 2012 Advisor: Nick Ellis Acknowledgements: I extend my sincerest gratitude to Nick Ellis for agreeing to undertake this project with me. Thank you for cultivating, and partaking in, some of the most enriching experiences of my undergraduate education. The extensive time and energy you invested here has been invaluable to me. Your consistent support and amicable demeanor were truly vital to this learning process. I want to thank my second reader Ezra Keshet for consenting to evaluate this body of work. Other thanks go out to Sarah Garvey for helping with precision checking, and Jerry Orlowski for his R code. I am also indebted to Mary Smith and Amanda Graveline for their participation in our weekly meetings. Their presence gave audience to the many intermediate challenges I faced during this project. I also need to thank my roommate Sean and all my other friends for helping me balance this great deal of work with a healthy serving of fun and optimism. Abstract: This study explores the statistical distribution of verb type-tokens in verb-argument constructions (VACs). The corpus under investigation is made up of longitudinal child language data from the CHILDES database (MacWhinney 2000). We search a selection of verb patterns identified by the COBUILD pattern grammar project (Francis, Hunston, Manning 1996), these include a number of verb locative constructions (e.g. V in N, V up N, V around N), verb object locative caused-motion constructions (e.g. -
Linguistics in the College of Arts and Letters
Linguistics In the College of Arts and Letters OFFICE: Education and Business Administration 334 Advising TELEPHONE: 619-594-5268 / FAX: 619-594-4877 All College of Arts and Letters majors are urged to consult with their http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/linguist/index.html department adviser as soon as possible; they are required to meet with their department adviser within the first two semesters after decla- Faculty ration or change of major. Emeritus: Bar-Lev, Donahue, Elgin, Frey, Johns, Seright, Underhill, Webb Chair: Kaplan Major Academic Plans (MAPs) Professors: Choi, Gawron, Higurashi, Kaplan, Visit http://www.sdsu.edu/mymap for the recommended courses Robinson needed to fulfill your major requirements. The MAPs Web site was Associate Professors: Csomay, Kitajima, Osman, Poole, Samraj, Wu, created to help students navigate the course requirements for their Zhang majors and to identify which General Education course will also fulfill a Assistant Professors: Keating, Malouf major preparation course requirement. Offered by the Department of Linguistics and Asian/Middle Eastern Languages Linguistics Major Master of Arts degree in linguistics. With the B.A. Degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences Major in linguistics with the B.A. degree in liberal arts and sciences. (Major Code: 15051) Minor in linguistics. All candidates for a degree in liberal arts and sciences must Certificate in teaching English as a second or foreign language complete the graduation requirements listed in the section of this (TESL/TEFL), basic and advanced. catalog on “Graduation Requirements.” No more than 48 units in lin- guistics courses can apply to the degree. The Major Students majoring in linguistics must complete a minor in another Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -
ON the TEST ABILITY of THEORIES of LANGUAGE EVOLUTION Rudolf P Botba Department Ofgeneral Linguistics, University Ofstelienbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa*
ON THE TEST ABILITY OF THEORIES OF LANGUAGE EVOLUTION Rudolf P Botba Department ofGeneral Linguistics, University ofStelienbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa* 1. Introduction Theories of the evolution of human language express by their very nature claims of a historical sort: claims about why, when, where or how language emerged and/or developed in some distant past. I An essential feature of these claims is that they are made in the absence of sufficient historical evidence about the evolutionary events, biological processes, physical forces, environmental pressures, kinds of (pre)linguistic entities and so on involved in the evolution of language. The paucity of this historical evidence - i.e., evidence derived from data contained in natural or man-made records of these evolutionary events etc. - is generally seen as one of the most formidable obstacles to serious work on language evolution.2 The paucity of historical evidence about the evolution of language has given rise to a kind of speculation on language evolution which has long been considered scientifically unrespectable. Thus, in 1873, the eminent American philologist William Whitney depreciatingly characterized such speculation as " ... mere windy talk, the assertion of subjective views which commend themselves to no mind save the one that produces them, and which are apt to be offered with a confidence, and defended with a tenacity, that are in inverse ratio to their acceptableness. This has given the whole question a bad repute among sober-minded philologists". (Whitney, 1873, p. 279). And, in the same year, Alexander Ellis, the then president of the Philological Society of London, declared: "We [philologists - R.P.B.] shall do more by tracing the historical growth of one single work-a-day tongue, than by filling wasteRaper baskets with reams of paper covered with speculations on the origin of all tongues." Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, Vol. -
Measuring Orthographic Transparency and Morphological-Syllabic Complexity in Alphabetic Orthographies: a Narrative Review
Read Writ DOI 10.1007/s11145-017-9741-5 Measuring orthographic transparency and morphological-syllabic complexity in alphabetic orthographies: a narrative review Elisabeth Borleffs1 · Ben A. M. Maassen1 · Heikki Lyytinen2,3 · Frans Zwarts1 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract This narrative review discusses quantitative indices measuring differences between alphabetic languages that are related to the process of word recognition. The specific orthography that a child is acquiring has been identified as a central element influencing reading acquisition and dyslexia. However, the development of reliable metrics to measure differences between language scripts hasn’t received much attention so far. This paper therefore reviews metrics proposed in the literature for quantifying orthographic transparency, syllabic complexity, and morphological complexity of alphabetic languages. The review included searches of Web of Science, PubMed, Psy- chInfo, Google Scholar, and various online sources. Search terms pertained to orthographic transparency, morphological complexity, and syllabic complexity in relation to reading acquisition, and dyslexia. Although the predictive value of these metrics is promising, more research is needed to validate the value of the metrics discussed and to understand the ‘developmental footprint’ of orthographic transparency, morphological complexity, and syllabic complexity in the lexical organization and processing strategies. & Elisabeth Borleffs [email protected] Ben A. M. Maassen [email protected] Heikki Lyytinen heikki.j.lyytinen@jyu.fi; http://heikki.lyytinen.info Frans Zwarts [email protected] 1 Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG), School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 716, 9700 AS Groningen, The Netherlands 2 Department of Psychology, University of Jyva¨skyla¨, P.O. -
Language and the Learning Curve: a New Theory of Syntactic Development
SSLA, 30, 389–409+ Printed in the United States of America+ BOOK REVIEWS doi:10+10170S0272263108080509 LANGUAGE AND THE LEARNING CURVE: A NEW THEORY OF SYNTACTIC DEVELOPMENT. Anat Ninio+ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006+ Pp+ xiv ϩ 206+ £24+95 paper+ Ninio presents an interesting and ambitious attempt to account for syntactic develop- ment from a lexicalist perspective with support from the power law of practice and complexity theory+ She argues strenuously against a rule-based account of acquisition, preferring instead a purely word-specific syntax throughout acquisition and into adult language and sees the minimalist syntax merge0dependency operation coupled with ana- logical learning as the only machinery required+ This volume has a number of strengths, including the particularly good review of the range of accounts available for early two-word combinations and the presentation of merge0dependency+ The discussion of the power law of practice raises some impor- tant issues and reminds us that we should always be prepared to revisit the idea that language acquisition is skill acquisition like any other, even if we ultimately disagree with this idea+ Finally, the appeal to complexity theory and the suggestion that children hook into the world of speakers like Internet navigators hook into the Internet is pro- vocative+ It leads to the interesting claim that children neither reinvent nor internalize language but simply choose which items to learn to produce via the same pragmatic principles that adults use in choosing what to say+ -
Problems in Quantitative Linguistics 2
Problems in Quantitative Linguistics 2 by Reinhard Köhler Gabriel Altmann 2009 RAM-Verlag Studies in quantitative linguistics Editors Fengxiang Fan ([email protected]) Emmerich Kelih ([email protected]) Ján Mačutek ([email protected]) 1. U. Strauss, F. Fan, G. Altmann, Problems in quantitative linguistics 1. 2008, VIII +134 pp. 2. V. Altmann, G. Altmann, Anleitung zu quantitativen Textanalysen. Methoden und Anwendungen. 2008, IV+193 pp. 3. I.-I. Popescu, J. Mačutek, G. Altmann, Aspects of word frequencies. 2009, IV+198 pp. 4. R. Köhler, G. Altmann, Problems in quantitative linguistics 2. 2009, VII + …….. ISBN: 978-3-9802659-5-9 © Copyright 2009 by RAM-Verlag, D-58515 Lüdenscheid RAM-Verlag Stüttinghauser Ringstr. 44 D-58515 Lüdenscheid [email protected] http://ram-verlag.de Preface „It is not just that research begins with problems: research consists in dealing with problems all the way long.” (Mario Bunge, Philosophy of science. Vol. 1: From problem to theory. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers, 2007, p. 187) Finding a scientific problem is the first task of a young scientist. Solving it is the next one. A solution, however, does not finish a problem; on the contrary, every solution opens up a series of new problems. Thus, from time to time it would be useful for every scientific discipline to resume the topical problems, show some new ones and shed light on other aspects of old problems. We present a collection of problems in the field of quantitative linguistics – as far as it is possible to find Ariadne´s thread in the jungle of its differently developed sub-disciplines. -
The Earliest Utterances in Dialogue: Towards a Formal Theory of Parent/Child Talk in Interaction∗
The Earliest Utterances in Dialogue: Towards a Formal Theory of Parent/Child Talk in Interaction∗ Jonathan Ginzburg and Sara Moradlou CLILLAC-ARP (EA 3967) & Laboratoire Linguistique Formelle (LLF) (UMR 7110) & Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx)–Empirical Foundations of Linguistics (EFL) Universite´ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite,´ Paris, France [email protected], [email protected] Abstract young children say, we assume the mechanisms of this understanding process deserve formal analysis Early, initial utterances by children have received and, unless compelling reasons to the contrary be relatively little attention from researchers on lan- given, incorporation within some notion of gram- guage acquisition and almost no attempts to de- mar. It is clear that such a notion will rely, even scribe them using a formal grammar. In this pa- more than is the case for adult spoken interaction, per we develop a taxonomy for such utterances, in- on a detailed theory of context. spired by a study of the Providence corpus from In this paper we develop a taxonomy for early CHILDES and driven by the need to describe how child utterances. In contrast to previous work, the contents of early child utterances arise from an summarized in section 2 which was strongly based interaction of form and dialogical context. The re- on speech act theory and paid little attention to sults of our corpus study demonstrate that even at the fine structure of semantic combinatory mecha- this early stage quite intricate semantic mechanisms nisms, our own taxonomy, developed in section 3, are in play, including non-referential meaning, akin based on the Providence corpus from CHILDES to non–specific readings of quantifiers. -
Laws and Theories in Quantitative Linguistics
Erschienen in: Glottometrics Jg. 2002 H. 5 , S. 62-80. Laws and Theories in Quantitative Linguistics Peter Meyer1 Abstract. According to a widespread conception, quantitative linguistics will eventually be able to explain empirical quantitative findings (such as Zipf’s Law) by deriving them from highly general stochastic linguistic ‘laws’ that are assumed to be part of a general theory of human language (cf. Best (1999) for a summary of possible theoretical positions). Due to their formal proximity to methods used in the so-called exact sciences, theoretical explanations of this kind are assumed to be superior to the supposedly descriptive-only approaches of linguistic structuralism and its successors. In this paper I shall try to argue that on close inspection such claims turn out to be highly problematic, both on linguistic and on science-theoretical grounds. Keywords: Zipf, language laws, ceteris paribus laws, emergence, complexity theory, explanation, science theory, word length, Menzerath 0. Introduction Quantitative linguistics (henceforth, QL) as understood in the following considerations is concerned with accounting for quantifiable and measurable linguistic phenomena in terms of mathematical models such as curves, probability distributions, time series and the like. The mathematical formulas employed are attributed the status of scientific laws to the extent that they are deducible from very general principles or ‘axioms’ and are thus firmly integrated into some nomological network. Inasmuch as investigations in QL fulfil these -
On the Physical Origin of Linguistic Laws and Lognormality in Speech
On the physical origin of linguistic laws and lognormality in speech Iván G. Torre1;2;∗, Bartolo Luque1, Lucas Lacasa3, Christopher T. Kello2 and Antoni Hernández-Fernández4;∗ 1Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, ETSIAE, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 28040 Madrid (Spain) 2Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd. Merced, CA 95343 (United States) 3School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road E14NS London (UK) 4Complexity and Quantitative Linguistics Lab, Laboratory for Relational Algorithmics, Complexity and Learning (LARCA); Institut de Ciències de l0Educació; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona (Spain)∗ Physical manifestations of linguistic units include sources of variability due to factors of speech production which are by definition excluded from counts of linguistic symbols. In this work we examine whether linguistic laws hold with respect to the physical manifestations of linguistic units in spoken English. The data we analyze comes from a phonetically transcribed database of acous- tic recordings of spontaneous speech known as the Buckeye Speech corpus. First, we verify with unprecedented accuracy that acoustically transcribed durations of linguistic units at several scales comply with a lognormal distribution, and we quantitatively justify this ‘lognormality law’ using a stochastic generative model. Second, we explore the four classical linguistic laws (Zipf’s law, Herdan’s law, Brevity law, and Menzerath-Altmann’s