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Universidad De La Habana Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica Departamento de Automática y Sistemas Computacionales TRABAJO DE DIPLOMA Soluciones de almacenamiento para los servicios informáticos de la red UCLV Autor: Arístides Gutiérrez Molinet Tutor: Manuel Oliver Domínguez Santa Clara 2016 "Año 58 de la Revolución" Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica Departamento de Automática y Sistemas Computacionales TRABAJO DE DIPLOMA Soluciones de almacenamiento para los servicios informáticos de la red UCLV Autor: Arístides Gutiérrez Molinet Email: [email protected] Tutor: Manuel Oliver Domínguez Email: [email protected] Santa Clara 2016 "Año 58 de la Revolución" Hago constar que el presente trabajo de diploma fue realizado en la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas como parte de la culminación de estudios de la especialidad de Ingeniería en Automática, autorizando a que el mismo sea utilizado por la Institución, para los fines que estime conveniente, tanto de forma parcial como total y que además no podrá ser presentado en eventos, ni publicados sin autorización de la Universidad. Firma del Autor Los abajo firmantes certificamos que el presente trabajo ha sido realizado según acuerdo de la dirección de nuestro centro y el mismo cumple con los requisitos que debe tener un trabajo de esta envergadura referido a la temática señalada. Firma del Autor Firma del Jefe de Departamento donde se defiende el trabajo Firma del Responsable de Información Científico-Técnica i PENSAMIENTO Todo lo que enaltece y honra implica sacrificios. Ernesto Che Guevara de la Serna. ii DEDICATORIA En especial a mis bisabuelos (Felipe y Candita) y abuelos (Pápa y Máma), por haber criado y empinado por caminos pedregosos a su nieto que los ama con todas las fuerzas donde quiera que estén. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi familia, especialmente a mis bisabuelos, a Pápa y Máma, a La Hormiga y Agabama por ser mi paraíso que me crió, a mi abuela Isabel por criarme y salvarme la vida con leche materna de una mulata, a mi madre y mi padre por ser una luz que me guía en el horizonte, a mis hermanas Yeni y Arlet, a mi tíos Hernán y Arelis que siempre aportaron su granito de arena, a Mími “la mujer de mis sueños”. A los profesores del Departamento de Automática, los que están y ya no están, por ser las principales fuentes del conocimiento adquirido durante estos cinco años y poner en alto el orgullo de la carrera de Ingeniería en Automática y Sistemas Computacionales. A Arletis M. (Tina) una buena amiga en el tiempo que estuvo a mi lado. A Rocío G. una inigualable compañera que siempre quise. A Gina RD. un amor incondicional. A Rosita (AFRODITA) por su incomparable ayuda, amistad y por el pacto de familiaridad. A la señorita Ashly con su corazón infinito que no hay cosa alguna que no quepa en él y añoro que nunca se valla de mí lado. A Ernesto (Ernest the Masther) por su ayuda de buen compañero. A Google por ser el mejor buscador en Internet. A Reiniel (Sr_Lord_Black_Snow), a los técnicos de lab. PAIN_DENDI, de tele Yaniel, a Rodolfo (Rex), a DRACULA por acogerme en su local y prestarme su ayuda humanitaria en la elaboración de la tesis. A Manuel Oliver por aceptarme como tesiante y lograr esta meta. iv A mis excompañeros de aula del curso (2014-2015) y (2015-2016) por compartir con ellos esta travesía. A Blizzard por acogerme sin importar el momento. Al mejor profesor de matemática del IPVC de Santa Clara cuando estaba en período de prueba de ingreso. A mi tía Anita, a mis primos Randi y Adriano, A Marco e Iris y al señor Amado por su preocupación. A los viciosos del Chat UCLV y doteros que siempre se preguntaban cómo estudiaba una de las mejores y difíciles carreras de la universidad. A todos los que me prestaron sus cuentas de la universidad para la elaboración de la tesis. A mi profesor de la primaria Reídel por impregnarme al hábito de estudio en especial las matemáticas, aunque a veces recurría a los reglazos. A Sergito, A Malagamba, A Mazuela, a todos aquellos que confiaron en mí en el período del servicio militar, que yo podía aprobar las pruebas de ingreso a la universidad. A mis vecinos del barrio por todo su apoyo. A Reik por su canción “Creo en ti”. Al decano Juan Pablo Barrios por toda su ayuda. A mis profesores de la Secundaria y del Preuniversitario por inculcarme el deseo de estudiar. A Mamerto que siempre me recordaba cobrar el estipendio de la UCLV. A todos aquellos que de una forma u otra aportaron a la causa. A God que de seguro aporto su gran contribución. A la universidad Central de las Villas como a muchos les gusta decir UCLV, por ser la mejor escuela que he tenido en la vida en todos los aspectos. v RESUMEN La cantidad de información almacenada ha tenido un incremento vertiginoso en el mundo en los últimos años. Entre los principales métodos para el almacenamiento de datos por hardware que suelen usarse en servidores están los arreglos de discos o niveles RAID permitiendo que aunque un disco falle mecánicamente los datos del conjunto sigan siendo accesibles para los usuarios. También se dispone de arquitecturas más complejas como son DAS, NAS, SAN y la híbrida SAN-NAS, las cuales producen beneficios como interconectividad, escalabilidad, alta disponibilidad, alto rendimiento, tamaño infinito, puede tener ubicación dispersa, administración e información centralizada, con una alta seguridad y fiabilidad. Por otra parte las soluciones basadas en software son mucho más flexibles, permitiendo construir espacios de almacenamiento en discos de diferentes tamaños o incluso particiones y compartirlos con usuarios remotos. Se debe hacer mención especial al protocolo NFS, al sistema de archivos de alta disponibilidad y escalabilidad GlusterFS, la plataforma abierta de almacenamiento unificada y distribuida Ceph. En este trabajo se analiza la Red UCLV buscando los principales servicios, sus necesidades de almacenamiento y como encajan las tecnologías antes mencionadas. Se analiza si las soluciones actuales son las mejores, y en caso de no serlo se aconseja una mejor, con el objetivo de optimizar el rendimiento, seguridad y escalabilidad de los servicios. vi ÍNDICE PENSAMIENTO ..................................................................................................................... i AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................ iii RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................. v INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 1 Capítulo 1: Almacenamiento a nivel físico ............................................................................. 4 1.1 Introducción. ........................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Objetos almacenables. ........................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Big Data. ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Información. ........................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Medios de almacenamientos tradicionales. ............................................................ 7 1.3 Arquitecturas de almacenamiento ........................................................................... 8 1.4 Sistemas de almacenamiento inteligente. ............................................................... 8 1.4.1 Niveles RAID estándar. ....................................................................................... 10 1.5 Red de Almacenamiento Local. ............................................................................ 14 1.5.1 DAS (Direct-Attached-Storage). ......................................................................... 15 1.5.2 NAS (Network Attached Storage). ...................................................................... 15 1.5.3 SAN (Storage Area Network). ............................................................................. 17 1.5.4 Beneficios y ventajas de las redes de almacenamiento SAN. .............................. 18 1.5.5 Breve comparativa SAN, DAS y NAS. ............................................................... 19 1.1.6 Híbrido SAN-NAS. .............................................................................................. 21 1.6 Tecnologías. .......................................................................................................... 22 1.6.1 Infiniband. ............................................................................................................ 22 vii 1.7 Consideraciones finales del Capítulo. ................................................................... 26 CAPÍTULO 2. SERVICIOS DE ALMACENAMIENTO ................................................ 27 2.1 NFS. ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Características principales. .................................................................................. 29 2.1.2 Versiones de NFS ................................................................................................ 30 2.2 GlusterFS. ............................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1 Distribución y Replicación
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