DOCSLIB.ORG

Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices* Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices* F. J. C. ROE AND WiNIFRED E. H. PEIRCE (Cancer Research Department, London Hospital Medical College, London, E.1, England) SUMMARY Numerous papillomas and two malignant tumors were elicited in 101 strain mice treated once weekly with applications of acetone extracts of latices of ten species of Euphorbia after a single dose of DMBA in acetone. Of the species tested E. ti~ucalli was the most potent. Three papillomas were seen in 40 mice treated with DMBA only and three among 100 mice treated with latices only. These results indicate the presence of potent tumor-promoting agents in the latices. With one exception, there was good correlation between degree of epidermal hyperplasia and tumor-promoting effect. In the course of studies on the two-stage mecha- tion of the active principle of croton oil is an objec- nism of skin tumor production in mice and rabbits, tive of considerable importance, and it is hoped many tumor-initiating agents have been discov- that the experiments described here, in addition to ered. Several of the carcinogenic polyeyclic hydro- any intrinsic interest they may have, will lead in- carbons (e.g., 3,4-benzpyrene, 9,10-dimethyl-l,~- directly toward that goal. benzanthracene, ~0-methylcholanthrene), applied About 18 months ago a colleague, Dr. J. S. in subcarcinogenic doses, have been shown to Fawcett, of the Department of Experimental Bio- initiate tumor formation. In addition, substances chemistry, London Hospital, suggested that we which are not carcinogenic for the skin, e.g. ure- should test the latex of Euphorbia ingens for tu- than and triethylene melamine, have been shown mor-promoting activity. He had come across this to act in this way (el, e4). material during the war, while searching for alter- On the other hand, the choice of tumor-promot- natives to natural rubber, which was in short ing agent has always been much more limited. Un- supply. The latex was so irritating to human skin til recently croton oil was the only promoting that it was obviously not a suitable substitute. Be- agent of sufficient potency for reliable use in cause of this irritant effect, and because E. ingens studying the two-stage mechanism in mouse skin. belongs to the same family as Croton tiglium, from Many attempts to isolate the active principle of which croton oil is obtained, Fawcett thought it croton oil have failed (1, ~, 5, 6, 9, ~6), although might be interesting to test it for tumor-promoting highly potent fractions of it have been prepared activity. (1). Lijinsky has recently obtained crystalline In due course, a sample of the latex was ob- products (le), but these have not yet been tested tained and tested. The present paper describes ex- for biological activity. periments with the latex of E. ingens, and also Since 1953, several pure substances have been with latices from nine other species of Euphorbia. found to possess promoting activity for mouse MATERIALS AND METHODS skin; among these are iodoacetic acid (10), chlor- acetophenone (10), several surface-active agents Mice.--Male and female mice of the "101" in- (~5), and many phenolic compounds including bred strain were used for all experiments. They phenol itself (:3). Of these pure chemical substances were housed in groups of ten in zinc or galvanized phenol is the most active promoter; nevertheless, it iron cages. White wood shavings and sawdust is considerably less potent than croton oil or its were used as bedding. The mice were fed on cubed Diet 41B (obtained from Messrs. E. Dixon and resin (cf. [3] and [1]). It follows that the identifica- Sons Limited, Ware, Herts.) and water ad libitum. * The cost of this research was partly defrayed out of a All mice when 6-8 weeks old were vaccinated on Block Grant from the British Empire Cancer Campaign. the tail with sheep lymph against ectromelia. Received fo~ publication August 19, 1960. Only those showing a positive reaction were used. 338 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 24, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. ROE AND PEIRCF~--Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices 339 Technic of application to the skin.--The hair of in a few weeks, whereas none of the stock solutions the entire dorsal area from the root of the tail to showed any visible deterioration after 30 weeks at the nape of the neck was removed with electric 4~ C. in the dark. clippers from all mice before the beginning of the experiment and thereafter at ~- to 3-week inter- RESULTS vals. Experiment I: Euphorbia ingens.--Preliminary All test substances were applied to the skin from tests were carried out to see whether the latex was calibrated pipettes, care being taken to ensure that irritating to the skin of mice. Concentrations in the solution spread evenly over the entire clipped acetone above 10 per cent caused complete necro- area. sis within ~4 hours. A 10 per cent acetone extract Recording of tumors.--AU mice were examined caused patchy necrosis of the skin, which took up at fortnightly intervals for tumors of the skin and to 3 days to become manifest to the naked eye. other organs. Sick mice were killed and, together Damage to the skin was most marked when the with those found dead, examined post mortem. skin was in the resting phase of the hair cycle. His- Histology.--Specimens of skin, benign and ma- tologically, there was marked epidermal hyper- lignant skin tumors, and other tissues were exam- plasia in those areas which had not undergone ined histologically. Either Zenker's fluid or formol necrosis. Five per cent and 1 per cent acetone ex- saline was used as a fixative, and the sections were tracts caused less necrosis and more hyperplasia. stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A 0.1 per cent extract caused hyperplasia without Chemicals.--9,10-Dimethyl- 1, ~-benzanthracene necrosis. (DMBA) was obtained from L. Light and Co., and After treatment with a tumor-initiating agent, acetone (Analar grade) from British Drug Houses mice tend to develop skin tumors at the margins of Ltd. healing wounds, irrespective of how the wounds The Euphorbia latices were obtained from three are caused (13, 15, 16, 19, ~3). Therefore, in testing sources? The collection of latex from the succulent chemical substances for tumor promotion it is de- species presented little difficulty, since it flowed sirable to avoid excessive damage to the epidermis. freely from the incised stems. Collection from the With this in mind, caution was exercised in testing nonsucculent, E. wulfenii, was far more tedious: the latex of Euphorbia ingens for tumor promotion: only the cut tip of the stem could be used, and treatment was begun with a 0.1 per cent solution. each stem provided no more than 3 small drops of Test of the latex of E. ingens for tumor-promoting latex. Rubber gloves were worn to protect the activity and carcinogenicity.--Three groups of mice hands during collection. were used in the main experiment. Each group Preparation and storage of extracts.--The samples consisted of ten males and ten females. Groups I sent fr(nn South Africa were preserved by the addi- and III received a single application of 0.~ ml. 0.15 tion of a few drops of toluene immediately after per cent DMBA in acetone (300 ~g.) to the clipped collection. Shortly after receipt, 5 per cent acetone dorsal skin. Mice of Group II were clipped but not extracts were prepared from the semi-solid latices treated. Three weeks later mice of Groups I and II by grinding in a pestle and mortar, adding acetone, began to receive once-weekly applications of an shaking, and finally filtering. The resulting ex- acetone extract of E. ingens latex. The concentra- tracts were stored in amber-glass bottles at 4 ~ C. tion of the latex was held at 0.1 per cent for 3 The latex of E. ingens, and all those obtained from weeks, and then, since there was no macroscopic The Royal Botanic Gardens, were liquids. :Five per damage, increased to 0.~ per cent. After a further S cent extracts of these were prepared in the same weeks at this level, it was increased to 0.5 per cent way, except that grinding was unnecessary. More for 7 weeks. During this period the first papillomas dilute solutions were made up from the stock solu- appeared. The concentration was increased to 1 tions as required. per cent during the 14th week of secondary treat- Samples of the extracts left in the light at room ment, and to ~ per cent for the 15th and 16th temperature changed from colorless to red-brown weeks. However, the ~ per cent solution caused 1 Dr. P. R. Enslin, National Chemical Research Labora- patchy necrosis, and so the concentration was re- tories, Private Bay 191, Pretoria, South Africa, kindly supplied duced again to 1 per cent and held there from the samples of Euphorbia ingens. Dr. R. A. Dyer of the Department 17th to 3~d weeks. Except for periodic clipping, of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria, South Africa, sent mice of Group III received no treatment after the the samples of latex from E. tirucalli, E. grandidens, and E. initial single application of DMBA. triartgularis. The remaining latices were obtained from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, through the courtesy Papillomas began to appear on the backs of and cooperation of the Director, Dr. G. Taylor, and of Dr. mice of Group I during the 10th week of treatment F. N. Howes. with the extract. The incidence of papillomas Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 24, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 61, NUMBER 1 THE WHITE RHINOCEROS With Thirty-one Plates EDMUND HELLER Naturalist, Smithsonian African Expedition Publication i 2180) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1913 tt%t £or6 (gfafttmore <pvt36 S. A. BALTIMORE, MD. : C. THE WHITE RHINOCEROS By EDMUND HELLER Naturalist, Smithsonian African Expedition (With Thirty-one Plates) PREFACE The white rhinoceros is so imperfectly known that it has been thought advisable to publish, in advance of the complete report of the expedition, the results obtained from the study of the specimens of this species collected in the Sudan by the Smithsonian African Expe- 1 dition, under the direction of Colonel Roosevelt. In order to make this material available to zoologists generally, a series of photographs of the skull of each specimen collected has been added to the paper. This has been found necessary not only to illustrate the text, but in order to fill one of the gaps in the literature pertaining to African mammalogy. Up to the present time no photograph of a perfect skull of this rhinoceros has appeared in print. There have been a few figures published, but none showing structural details well. The present publication will do much to remedy this want, and will also, it is hoped, serve to put the species on a more logical systematic basis. In the present paper considerable emphasis has been placed on the really great structural differences which exist between the white rhi- noceros and the black, with which it has hitherto been generically con- founded under the name Diccros.
    [Show full text]
  • Camel Forage Variety in the Karamoja Sub-Region, Uganda
    Salamula et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2017) 7:8 Pastoralism: Research, Policy DOI 10.1186/s13570-017-0080-6 and Practice RESEARCH Open Access Camel forage variety in the Karamoja sub- region, Uganda Jenipher Biira Salamula1*, Anthony Egeru1,2, Daniel Knox Aleper3 and Justine Jumba Namaalwa1 Abstract Camels have the potential to increase the resilience of pastoral communities to the impacts of climate variability and change. Despite this potential, there is limited documentation of the camel forage species, their availability and distribution. The study was conducted in Karamoja sub-region in Uganda and involved assessment of vegetation with intent to characterize the range of forage species available for camels in the region. The camel grazing area was stratified based on land cover types, namely woodland, bushland, grassland and farmland using the Amudat and Moroto district vegetation maps. Vegetation plots measuring 20 m × 20 m were mapped out among the land cover types where species identification was undertaken. In addition, a cross-sectional survey involving 52 camel herders was used to document the camel forage species preferences. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices as well as the Jaccard coefficient were used to measure the species richness, relative abundance, diversity and plant community similarities among the land cover types. Results showed high species richness and diversities in the bushland and woodland land cover types. Plant communities in the woodland and bushlands were found to be more similar. A wide range of plant species were reported to be preferred by camels in the study area, that is 63 in Amudat and 50 in Moroto districts.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Euphorbia Makallensis S. Carter SCORE:1.0
    TAXON: Euphorbia makallensis S. SCORE: 1.0 RATING: Low Risk Carter Taxon: Euphorbia makallensis S. Carter Family: Euphorbiaceae Common Name(s): hamat kolkwal Synonym(s): sausage plant Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 16 Mar 2021 WRA Score: 1.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Low Shrub, Succulent, Spiny, Toxic Sap, Full Sun Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 16 Mar 2021 (Euphorbia makallensis S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices*
    Tumor Promotion by Euphorbia Latices* F. J. C. ROE AND WiNIFRED E. H. PEIRCE (Cancer Research Department, London Hospital Medical College, London, E.1, England) SUMMARY Numerous papillomas and two malignant tumors were elicited in 101 strain mice treated once weekly with applications of acetone extracts of latices of ten species of Euphorbia after a single dose of DMBA in acetone. Of the species tested E. ti~ucalli was the most potent. Three papillomas were seen in 40 mice treated with DMBA only and three among 100 mice treated with latices only. These results indicate the presence of potent tumor-promoting agents in the latices. With one exception, there was good correlation between degree of epidermal hyperplasia and tumor-promoting effect. In the course of studies on the two-stage mecha- tion of the active principle of croton oil is an objec- nism of skin tumor production in mice and rabbits, tive of considerable importance, and it is hoped many tumor-initiating agents have been discov- that the experiments described here, in addition to ered. Several of the carcinogenic polyeyclic hydro- any intrinsic interest they may have, will lead in- carbons (e.g., 3,4-benzpyrene, 9,10-dimethyl-l,~- directly toward that goal. benzanthracene, ~0-methylcholanthrene), applied About 18 months ago a colleague, Dr. J. S. in subcarcinogenic doses, have been shown to Fawcett, of the Department of Experimental Bio- initiate tumor formation. In addition, substances chemistry, London Hospital, suggested that we which are not carcinogenic for the skin, e.g. ure- should test the latex of Euphorbia ingens for tu- than and triethylene melamine, have been shown mor-promoting activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbia Candelabrum (Candelabra-Tree) Candelabra Tree Is a Bold Architectural Plant for Xeriscape Landscapes
    Euphorbia candelabrum (Candelabra-tree) Candelabra tree is a bold architectural plant for xeriscape landscapes. Reaching tree size this succulent plant is originated from South Africa. The plant grows needle like barbs or thorns . Yellow small flowers appear at the end of each stems by and of the winter time. Needs full sun and dry soil. Landscape Information Pronounciation: yoo-FOR-bee-uh Plant Type: Cactus / Succulent Origin: South Africa Heat Zones: 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 Hardiness Zones: 10, 11, 12, 13 Uses: Specimen, Mass Planting, Indoor, Container, Reclamation Size/Shape Growth Rate: Slow Tree Shape: Upright Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Canopy Density: Open Canopy Texture: Coarse Height at Maturity: 5 to 8 m Spread at Maturity: 1.5 to 3 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 10 to 20 Years Notes All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested. <span style="line-height:1.6em">Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction. Thorny plant.</span> Plant Image Euphorbia candelabrum (Candelabra-tree) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Spiral Leaf Venation: Nearly Invisible Leaf Persistance: Evergreen Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: Less than 5 Leaf Shape: Oblong Leaf Margins: Entire Leaf Textures: Medium Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Flower Image Color(changing season): Green Flower Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 0 - 1.5 Flower Sexuality: Monoecious (Bisexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance Flower Color: Yellow Seasons: Spring Euphorbia candelabrum (Candelabra-tree) Horticulture Management Tolerance Frost Tolerant: No Heat Tolerant: Yes Drought Tolerant: Yes Salt Tolerance: Poor Requirements Soil Requirements: Loam, Sand Soil Ph Requirements: Neutral, Alkaline Water Requirements: Low Light Requirements: Full Management Toxity: No Invasive Potential: No Susceptibility to Pests and Diseases: No Pruning Requirement: No pruning at all Fruit/ Leaves/ Flowers litter: No Surface Rooting: Yes Life Span: 25-50 years Edible Parts: None Plant Propagations: Cutting Leaf Image MORE IMAGES Bark Image Fruit Image Other Image.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nomenclature and Application of the Names Euphorbia Candelabrum Welw
    Bruyns & Berry • Euphorbia candelabrum Welw. and E. ingens TAXON 68 (4) • August 2019: 828–838 NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature and application of the names Euphorbia candelabrum Welw. and Euphorbia ingens in tropical Africa Peter V. Bruyns1 & Paul E. Berry2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701, Rondebosch, South Africa 2 University of Michigan Herbarium, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48108, U.S.A Address for correspondence: Peter V. Bruyns, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12091 Abstract During the last 40 years, one of the most widespread and conspicuous succulent trees in East and north-east Africa has been referred to as Euphorbia candelabrum Kotschy or as E. candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy. This name is a later homonym of E. candelabrum Welw., and consequently it is illegitimate. The species to which the name E. candelabrum Kotschy has been widely applied is shown to be conspecific with E. ingens, which occurs from southern Ethiopia to subtropical South Africa. Keywords Euphorbiaceae; illegitimate name; synonymy; Welwitsch; widespread species ■ INTRODUCTION E. ampliphylla Pax (Bruyns & al., 2011) in E. sect. Euphorbia (Bruyns & al., 2006). These three species form large trees 8 to With the publication of accounts of Euphorbia in Flora of 30 m tall (as in Figs. 1D and 2A,D), with a broad, candelabrum- Tropical East Africa (Carter, 1988b), Flora of Somalia (Holmes, shaped crown arising from a thick, ± cylindrical trunk covered 1993), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (Gilbert, 1995) and Flora by corky, brown bark. As in E.
    [Show full text]
  • Acacia Xanthophloea Woodland in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
    Structure and composition of Acacia xanthophloea woodland in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya N. Dharani1,2*, J. I. Kinyamario2 and J. M. Onyari3 1World Agroforestry Centre, PO Box 30677-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, 2Schools of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya and 3Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya approximately 1760–2080 m a.s.l. The park is located Abstract about 150 km from Nairobi along the Trans African The woody vegetation of Lake Nakuru National Park Highway A104. It is only 3 km south of Nakuru Town. occurs along rivers, lakeshores and flood plains. Four dif- The lake has significant ecological and management con- ferent sites within the Acacia xanthophloea woodlands were tribution to the fragile ecosystem and to the national selected for the study. Vegetation structure was not sig- economy through tourism because of its unique biodiver- nificantly different in the four woodlands used for the sity. This lake is home to flamingoes that attract tourists study, but these sites differed in the relative density of and is also a RAMSAR (International Wetland Treaty) site. Acacia trees. Regeneration of A. xanthophloea differed in The park is also declared as a rhino and bird sanctuary. each site, with the highest regeneration rates found in the A detailed vegetation study was conducted by Mutangah nonfenced plots where browsing took place. (1989) who divided the vegetation into three forests, namely Acacia xanthophloea Benth; Euphorbia candelabrum Key words: Acacia, herbivores, Lake Nakuru, vegetation Kotschy; and Olea erupaea ssp. africana Mill forests. Several structure Acacia woodlands occur in the park and are associated with areas of a high water table (Mutangah, 1994; Mut- Re´sume´ angah & Agnew, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • 3560 W. Bilby Rd. Tucson, AZ 85746 Phone: (520) 883-9404
    8/4/2020 Arid Lands Greenhouses Wholesale Price List 1 Arid Lands Greenhouses ` 3560 W. Bilby Rd. Tucson, AZ 85746 Phone: (520) 883-9404 www.aridlandswholesale.com email: [email protected] Wholesale Terms and Price List August 4, 2020 Our wholesale terms are: (1) minimum purchase is $200; (2) minimum of six (6) individuals of each species; (3) if not picked up in Tucson, exact cost of shipping will be billed with a 10% handling charge; and (4) you provide us with a business license and Arizona businesses must supply a tax number. Once our terms are met, other plants not on this list but in our on-line catalog may be available at 30% off subject to our discretion. Our wholesale plants are subject to availability; we reserve the right to reduce quantities. Shipping will be via Fedex Ground for heavier shipments and USPS Priority Mail for lighter shipments unless requested otherwise. Species Size Price Adenium Adenium cv 'Fat Guy' 2-inch pots $3.00 Adenium cv 'Fat Guy' 3-inch pots $3.50 Adenium cv 'Home Run' 5-inch pots $5.00 Adenium obesum 4-inch pots $3.50 Adenium obesum 8-inch pots $15.00 Adenium obesum cv 'DP 196 x self' one-gallon pots $8.50 Adenium obesum cv 'Grumbley's White' 4-inch pots $3.50 Adenium obesum cv 'Grumbley's White' 5-inch pots $5.00 Adenium obesum cv 'Grumbley's White' one-gallon pots $8.50 Adenium obesum cv 'Merrylynn's Pink' one-gallon pots $8.50 Adenium obesum cv 'Merrylynn's Pink' 5-inch pots $4.00 Agave Agave abisai 4-inch pots $3.00 Agave americana var.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
    Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Medicinal Value of Euphorbia tirucalli : A Review Nishi Gupta*, Garima Vishnoi, Ankita Wal, and Pranay Wal PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Review Article Received: 28/02/2013 ABSTRACT Revised: 27/03/2013 Accepted: 18/04/2013 Natural products play an important role in drug discovery and many approved therapeutics as well as drug candidates have been derived from natural *Corresponding author: sources. They have been the source of most of the active ingredients of medicines. The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, combinations of secondary products present in the plan. These secondary metabolites India. constitute the medicinal value of a drug plant, which produces a definite physiological action on human body. The plant of Euphorbia tirucalli belongs to family- Keywords: E. tirucalli, lupeol, Euphorbiaceae is commonly known as Barki-thohar. This plant is native of America resin but has become acclimatised and grows freely in all parts of India. This is a common medicinal plants of India; the plant parts used milky juice and stem bark. Milky juice in small doses is a purgative but in large doses it is acrid, counter-irritant and emetic. E. tirucallilatex seems to reduce the specific cellular immunity associated with the virus Epstein-Barr injection by activating the virus lytic cycle. The bark / latex of E. tirucallipresents pharmacological activities as anantibacterial, molluscicide, antiherpetic and anti-mutagenic. It also shows co-carcinogenic and anticarcinogenicactivities.In the northeast of region in Brazil, the latex of E. tirucalliis used as a folk medicine against syphilis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ingol and Ingenol-Type Diterpenes from Euphorbia Trigona Miller with Keratinocyte Inhibitory Activity
    plants Article Ingol and Ingenol-Type Diterpenes from Euphorbia trigona Miller with Keratinocyte Inhibitory Activity Reham Hammadi 1, Norbert Kúsz 1 , Csilla Zsuzsanna Dávid 1, Zoltán Behány 2,László Papp 3, Lajos Kemény 2 , Judit Hohmann 1,4,Lóránt Lakatos 2,5,* and Andrea Vasas 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (C.Z.D.); [email protected] (J.H.) 2 Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] (Z.B.); [email protected] (L.K.) 3 Botanical Garden, Eötvös Loránd University, Illés u. 25, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] 4 Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary 5 Photo- and Chronobiology Group Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (A.V.); Tel.: +36-62546451 (A.V.) Abstract: Ingenol mebutate, isolated from Euphorbia peplus, is an ingenane-type diterpenoid, primarily used for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis, a premalignant skin condition. The aim of our work was to investigate other Euphorbia species to find structurally similar diterpenes that can be used as alternatives to ingenol mebutate. Pharmacological investigation of Euphorbia candelabrum, Euphorbia Citation: Hammadi, R.; Kúsz, N.; cotinifolia, Euphorbia ramipressa, and Euphorbia trigona revealed the potent keratinocyte (HPV-Ker cell Dávid, C.Z.; Behány, Z.; Papp, L.; line) inhibitory activity of these spurge species.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Properties of Euphorbia Tirucalli Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts
    Antioxidants 2015, 4, 647-661; doi:10.3390/antiox4040647 OPEN ACCESS antioxidants ISSN 2076-3921 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Article Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Properties of Euphorbia tirucalli Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts Benjamin Munro 1,2, Quan V. Vuong 1,2, Anita C. Chalmers 2, Chloe D. Goldsmith 1,2, Michael C. Bowyer 1,2 and Christopher J. Scarlett 1,2,3,* 1 Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (Q.V.V.); [email protected] (C.D.G.); [email protected] (M.C.B.) 2 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-243-484-680; Fax: +61-243-484-145. Academic Editors: Antonio Segura-Carretero and David Arráez-Román Received: 9 June 2015 / Accepted: 24 August 2015 / Published: 8 October 2015 Abstract: Euphorbia tirucalli is a succulent shrub or small tree that is native to the African continent, however, it is widely cultivated across the globe due to its use in traditional medicines to treat ailments, ranging from scorpion stings to HIV. Recent studies have identified compounds present in the latex of the plant, including a range of bi- and triterpenoids that exhibit bioactivity, including anticancer activity. This study aimed to optimize water extraction conditions for high-yield total phenolic content recovery, to prepare methanol and aqueous extracts from the aerial sections of the plant, and to test the phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of these extracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Ethnoveterinary Medicine in East Africa: a Manual on the Use of Medicinal Plants
    Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine in East Africa: a manual on the use of medicinal plants Authors: Najma Dharani, Abiy Yenesew Ermias Aynekulu, Beatrice Tuei Ramni Jamnadass Editor: Ian K Dawson A manual on the use of medicinal plants i The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) is a non-profit research organisation whose vision is a rural transformation in the developing world resulting in a massive increase in the use of trees in rural landscapes by smallholder households for improved food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy provision and environmental sustainability. ICRAF’s mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes. ICRAF uses its research to advance the implementation of policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment. We receive our funding from over 50 different investors, including governments, private foundations, international organisations and regional development banks. ICRAF is a CGIAR Consortium (www.cgiar.org/) Research Centre and is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. REPUBLIC OF KENYA REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK & FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT The goal of the Government of Kenya’s Ministry of Livestock Development (MOLD) is to improve the livelihoods of Kenyans through sustainable livestock practices. Part of the department’s mandate is the prevention and control of animal diseases to safeguard human health, improve animal welfare, increase livestock productivity and ensure livestock quality. The Government of Kenya seeks to increase livestock productivity through the provision of accessible inputs and services to farmers and pastoralists. Citation: Dharani N, Yenesew A, Aynekulu E, Tuei B, Jamnadass R (2015) Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine in East Africa: a manual on the use of medicinal plants.
    [Show full text]