OUR PLACE IN THE COUNTRY: Managing your acreage property in West Brisbane “Our Place in the Country: Managing your acreage property in West Brisbane” (2009) was written and produced by members of the Pullen Pullen Catchments Group Inc. and the Moggill Creek Catchment Management Group Inc. with the support of a Gambling Community Benefit Fund Grant and Brisbane City Council. Contributions to the content of this booklet were made by: Vicki Campbell, Gordon Grigg, Bryan Hacker, Amanda Maggs, Jenny Mulchrone, John Ness, Adrian Webb, Andrew Wilson and Graeme Wilson. Information contained herein is a guide only. Editors: Adrian Webb and Bryan Hacker Further copies of this booklet are available free of charge from: Pullen Pullen Catchments Group: [email protected] www.pullenpullencatchment.org.au Moggill Creek Catchment Management Group: [email protected] www.moggillcreek.org.au Photo Credits: Grahame Clarke (GC), Jutta Godwin (JG), Bryan Hacker (BH), Chris Hosking (CH), Amanda Maggs (AM), Irene Robertson (IR), Ray Seddon (RS) Drawings: Brian Dean Map: David Gooding, AUSGIS © All photographs and drawings within this publication are copyright and may not be reproduced without written permission of the photographers or artists except Leaf Skeleton by Bird Eye, which is used under a creative commons license. Excepting the photographs of cat’s claw, Richmond Birdwing Butterfly, sugar glider and Leaf Skeleton, all photographs were taken within the Upper Brookfield to Moggill district.
{ii} {Chapter 1} Introduction 1
{Chapter 2} Geography, Geology & History 3 The Aboriginal landscape 4 The European landscape 4 Geology and Soils 6 Handy Resources 6
{Chapter 3} Flora & Fauna 7 A region with rich Biodiversity 7 Flora 7 Fauna 9 Handy resources 10
{Chapter 4} Managing your own Property 11 Your reasons for wanting to live in this part of Brisbane 11 General considerations 11 How do I set about restoring natural bushland to my property? 17 Handy Resources 24
{Chapter 5} Weeds and Pest Animals 25 What is a weed? 25 Declared noxious weeds 26 Noxious weeds categories 26 How do I recognise what is a weed and what is a native? 27 What priorities should I have for weed control? 27 What is the best way to control weeds? 28 How do I control pest animals? 31 Handy Resources 31
{Chapter 6} Managing Wildlife and Domestic Stock 32 How do I attract native wildlife onto my property? 32 How do I attract native birds into my garden? 33 How do I attract native butterflies? 34 Should I fence my land? 35 How to become a responsible pet owner? 36 Caring for injured wildlife 37 I want to keep some livestock; how should I do it? 37 What are the common pest animals in our area? 38 Handy Resources 39
{Appendix 1} Wildlife and Conservation Organizations 40 Pullen Pullen Catchment Group Inc. (PPCG) 40 Moggill Creek Catchment Management Group Inc. (MCCG) 40
{Appendix 2} Wildlife Conservation Partnerships 42 Wildlife Conservation Partnerships Program 42 Other Wildlife & Conservation Organisations & Networks: 42
{iii} THE BROOKFIELD - PULLENVALE - MOGGILL DISTRICT IN WESTERN BRISBANE
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Legend Major Roads Drainage (metres above Elevation sea level) 351m - 450m
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The area of south-west Brisbane covered by this booklet
{iv} {CHAPTER 1} Introduction
Residents in the Pullen Pullen and Moggill pristine bush, but rather to become Creek catchments, and adjoining areas nurseries for weeds. in west Brisbane, live in one of the most It is well documented that pleasant areas of the City. Population actions at the property scale can density is low, with typically large blocks, have detrimental ecosystem effects at absence of heavy or concentrated the catchment scale through erosion, industries, only one major arterial road sedimentation, flooding, water pollution through the area and a large proportion of and habitat destruction. We know also that tree covered land, both private and public. these detrimental effects can degrade the In these districts, farming is fast environment at river basin and continental fading with only vestiges of the once scales, and there is increasing evidence large pineapple, small crops and stock of effects at the global scale. It is widely holdings still remaining. Much has believed that changes in climate are already been converted to urban areas associated with human activities. There with concomitant increases in the built is widespread support for implementing environment and traffic flows. Some land environmental management actions has been left to revert, not necessarily to at local scales to reduce these adverse
{1} the district on how best to manage their own land and how to help with the overall conservation of the flora and fauna of the district. These two Catchment Groups have been very active since 1998-99, promoting and participating in good environmental practices in the district. In this booklet, the scene is set with a brief description of the geography, geology and history of the district, then the flora and fauna. Important aspects Pullen Pullen Creek (Photo AM) of bush regeneration and riparian zone management are then discussed in the effects. In the Moggill Creek and Pullen section entitled “Managing your own Pullen catchments and nearby areas property” under a series of questions adjacent to the Brisbane River, Catchment asked by landholders. The major issue of Groups are heavily involved in promoting weeds and how to avoid adding to the environmentally sensitive management problem is the subject of the next section, activities at the property scale, such as followed by a section on managing bush regeneration, erosion protection, wildlife, feral and domestic animals. weed control and management of water Appendices include descriptions of to limit pollution of the streams. relevant environmental organizations, This booklet was developed by and information on Brisbane City the Pullen Pullen and Moggill Creek Council’s Wildlife Conservation Catchment Groups in response to a wide Partnerships Program. range of questions asked by residents of
Gold Creek, a tributary of Moggill Creek, Brookfield (Photo: BH)
{2} {CHAPTER 2} Geography, Geology & History
A catchment is the total area of land smaller drainage lines that flow drained by a particular creek, stream or into the Brisbane River (see Map river and is usually made up of a number on page iv). All of these are just a of sub-catchments. Catchments are small section of the Brisbane River separated by more or less elevated ridges. catchment and any sediments from this As water drains off the land it flows into district flow into the Brisbane River and streams, and then into larger creeks and ultimately into Moreton Bay. The Moggill rivers, carrying sediments, nutrients and Creek catchment covers some 55 km²; pollutants downstream with it. Thus, the Pullen Pullen Catchments Group the quality of the water in the streams provides support for a similar area. effectively provides a measurement The health of our waterways is about of the overall environmental health of much more than just the quality of the the catchment. water. Healthy waterways are living The area covered by this booklet systems, where many factors interact includes the catchments of Pullen to produce a balanced and productive Pullen and Pullen Creeks, Farm Creek, ecosystem with a high diversity of plant Moggill Creek and its tributaries and and animal species. They are also resilient
{3} and can naturally recover from certain Creek. Results from this study have not as amounts of damage from either human yet been released (April 2009). inputs such as pollution, or natural events such as floods. The Aboriginal landscape Problems occur when input from one For tens of thousands of years, the plant of the many interacting factors gets ‘out and animal life of the Pullenvale-Moggill of balance’ with the rest of the system. district provided resources for the Turrbal For example, increased levels of nutrients and probably Yugara Aboriginal people. It from sewage effluent and stormwater is likely that the name ‘Pullen Pullen’ is a inflow can lead to excessive algal growth, corruption of the Aboriginal term ‘bullen or ‘blooms’, choking waterways and killing bullen’ derived from ‘bul’ and meaning wildlife. Residential development leads to tournament. There were up to five such an increase in hard surfaces (roofs, roads ceremonial or bora sites in the district and and driveways), which in turn leads to the outlines of one on the slopes of Mt an increased rate of stormwater runoff, Elphinstone remained visible until the late exacerbating flooding. 1950s. The word ‘Moggill’ is derived from Understanding the changes and trends the Yugara name for the water dragon and in the condition of our waterways also these are still common along both creeks requires ongoing evaluation. Studies of water quality have been conducted The European landscape on Pullen Pullen and Moggill Creeks European settlement in the area and their tributaries. A 2001 report started with pastoral leases and farming, summarised findings for Pullen Pullen which attracted settlers in the late 1840s Creek and Kangaroo Gully, with “Very with the production of crops such as Good” or “Good” water quality at all five cotton, corn, potatoes, pumpkins and sites assessed. Studies over the period peaches. However, it was the opening of October 1999 to May 2002 showed “Very the John Williams coal mine at Moggill in Good” or “Good” water quality in Moggill 1848 that made the area more attractive Creek, upper Gold Creek, lower Gap to European settlers. The 1857 flood Creek and McKay Brook, but “Average” damaged much of the mine, but by this or “Poor” in lower Gold Creek and upper time the coal seam had been largely Gap Creek, the latter perhaps associated exhausted and mining ceased in the early with disturbance. 1860s. The search for coal in the area In 2006 the Council commenced a continued irregularly and the Riverside citywide waterway health assessment coal mines opened at Moggill in 1925 and program which monitors 48 sites operated until 1968. using a range of measures including From the 1840s, logs of hoop pine, monthly chemical measures of water cedar and eucalypts were hauled by quality, seasonal measures on algae and bullocks to the Moggill Creek “rafting” pathogens and annual measures on fish ground where they were chained into and vegetation. Two of these sites are in rafts and floated downriver to Brisbane Pullen Pullen Creek, and one in Moggill sawmills. When the plentiful hoop
{4} pine stands and scattered cedars had deposits and been removed by the mid-1870s, the mining was hardwoods, including various eucalypts, abandoned by the supplied bridge piles and paving blocks end of 1936. for city streets. Intermittent logging of Brisbane’s need for eucalypts continued until World War II. more water than could Graziers, farmers and miners followed the be supplied by the 1866 timber getters, taking advantage of the Enoggera Reservoir {CHAPTER 2} extensive clearing. saw the completion Geography, From the mid-1850s Moggill Road was of construction of an Geology & History central to development, although growth earth dam on Gold Creek faltered when the Ipswich railway was in 1886. When a water treatment plant taken across the river at Indooroopilly, was built at Enoggera Dam in 1912, a bypassing Kenmore and Moggill. By 1870, tunnel was driven through the separating most arable land along Moggill and Gold ridge from Gold Creek Reservoir to form Creeks had been cleared and was used for one water supply, piped to The Gap agriculture and horticulture. In 1881, the and Ashgrove. The stepped spillway rural centre of Kenmore had a European construction of Gold Creek dam is of population of 215; by 1947 it had risen considerable historical engineering to 525 and after the Second World War interest and more information about it this area boomed, with a population can be found at these websites: of 5,646 in 1966. The Brookfield-Gold http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/gold_ Creek-Pullenvale area had an estimated crk.html and http://espace.library.uq.edu. permanent population of only 95 in au/view/UQ:9217. 1881 and 879 in 1947. Two decades later, By the 1940s, Kenmore residents had it had risen to 2,624. water and electrical services but most of Local farms were mainly small-scale Brookfield and Upper Brookfield remained dairying operations and crops such rural until the subdivision of holdings into as cotton, corn, arrowroot, potatoes, hobby farms or large residential blocks pineapples, custard apples, bananas, from the 1970s. pawpaw and sugar were also grown. Although Upper Brookfield and Today, the main crops grown in the Moggill have remained quite low in Pullen Pullen catchment are fodder and population density, in other suburbs pineapples, with some raising of poultry. in the district such as Pullenvale and As the name suggests, Gold Creek was Brookfield growth rates have been quite the site of gold exploration and mining. high over the past decade or so. The By 1866 a number of prospectors were population in the Pullen Pullen Creek working along the creek, seeking alluvial catchment is now around 9,600 and that gold. Renewed interest during the in Moggill Creek catchment is about 1920s opened a number of mines in the 15,400 with Bellbowrie and Kenmore Brookfield area but the optimism and each having around half of the total hard work resulted in few, if any, payable population for each catchment.
{5} Geology and Soils Approaching the Brisbane River, and The geology and soils of the area are along the lower reaches of streams, the extremely variable and this has had local rock is covered by alluvia brought a considerable influence on both the down from higher altitudes. Because of naturally-occurring vegetation and the its texture, improved moisture availability plants that can be grown readily. (being at the lower end of the slope), and, North of an East-West line roughly frequently, at least moderate fertility, these following the Mount Crosby Road, the areas are favoured for re-establishing rocks are classified as the ‘Neranleigh rainforest communities. Fernvale beds’. These comprise highly variable sediments deposited below Handy Resources sea level around 370-290 million years Beckmann, G., Hubble, G. and Thompson, C. ago. They are formed of greywacke (1987). The Soil Landscapes of Brisbane and and argillite with patches of quartzite, South-east Environs. CSIRO, Australia. 77 pp. bands of greenstone and some phyllite Brisbane City Council (2007). Know Your Creek, and tuff. Strata are often near-vertical, Moggill Creek. 46pp. Available free or resulting in high levels of variability over download from www.brisbane.qld.gov.au short distances. and search for ‘Know Your Creek’. To the south of the East-West line, the Brisbane City Council (undated). Pullen Pullen rocks are more recent – about 220 million Creek, Know Your Creek. 19pp. Available free years old – and are described as the or download from www.brisbane.qld.gov.au ‘Ipswich Coal Measures’. They largely and search for ‘Know Your Creek’. comprise sandstones, siltstones and shales, Willmott, Warwick and Stevens, Neville (1992). with some coal. Rocks and Landscapes of Brisbane and Soils are dependent on the parent Ipswich. Geological Society of Australia, rock and erosion and deposition Queensland Division. 72 pp. processes, which are related to topography. More recently, farming (For further BCC information, visit and grazing have also affected soils in www.brisbane.qld.gov.au) the district. The area along the western watersheds of the Moggill Creek catchment is hilly, with steep slopes and, through millennia of erosion, the soils have become very thin. They are generally infertile, supporting eucalypt woodland, but where the parent rock is more fertile, dry rainforest occurred and still exists in a few pockets. Soils developed on the Ipswich Coal Measures are also infertile and support a very different native flora, including Brisbane’s only mallee species – Eucalyptus curtisii.
{6} {CHAPTER 3} Flora & Fauna
A region with rich associated services they provide, Biodiversity while accommodating urban growth. Brisbane is recognised as the most The Moggill Creek and Pullen Pullen biologically diverse capital city in catchments contain more bushland Australia. The major threats to the City’s than any other district in Brisbane, and biodiversity are loss of habitat for native management of bush on the individual plants and animals, and the fragmentation properties plays a very important part in and simplification of remaining habitat contributing to Brisbane’s overall biodiversity. areas. Since European settlement, about 70 percent of Brisbane’s original woody Flora vegetation has been cleared. Four main vegetation communities occur Brisbane is also part of one of the within the district: Open eucalypt forest, fastest growing urban regions in Australia, Rainforest, Riparian (water side) forest, and which puts enormous pressure on its Forest red gum open forest and woodland. natural assets. The challenge for the The open eucalypt forests are very Council and the community is to protect diverse and at most undisturbed sites, five and restore the City’s natural assets and to seven eucalypt species are present.
{7} Mixed eucalypt open forests grow on viminalis, previously Callistemon viminalis), steep hills and ridges, while tall woodlands river oak (Casuariana cunninghamiana) of the same species are present on some and sandpaper fig Ficus( coronata). The north-facing slopes. The most common understorey plant mat rush (Lomandra hystrix) eucalypt species in the district are grey is often to be found stabilising creek banks). gum (Eucalyptus propinqua), spotted gum Forest red gum open forest and (Corymbia citriodora) and iron barks. Forest woodland usually occurs on floodplains, red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) also occurs, such as in the low lying areas of although it also represents a particular Pullenvale. As the name suggests it is vegetation community (see below). Other dominated by forest red gum (Eucalyptus species commonly found in the open tereticornis); a species which, in our district, forests include forest oak (Allocasuarina also extends into the open eucalypt forest torulosa), red ash (Alphitonia excelsa), brush community. While this species is one box (Lophostemon confertus) and kurrajong of the more common eucalypts in the (Brachychiton populneus). In many areas the Brisbane area, very few intact stands of understorey would have been dominated the forest red gum open forest community by kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra). remain. Other tree species found in this Rainforest communities mainly vegetation community include: broad occur in areas of the district with more leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina) and fertile soils. This vegetation type contains carbeen (Corymbia tessellaris). a diverse range of species, with over Visit www.moggillcreek.org.au for 250 different species recorded. Rainforest advice on growing native plants and a communities are particularly important list of species recorded in the Moggill for supporting a wide range of butterfly Creek catchment. species. Rainforest in the district is often characterised by emergent hoop pines Areas of special significance (Araucaria cunninghamii) rising above Smith’s Rainforest Nature Refuge at Upper the surrounding tree canopy. Other Brookfield is the single largest remnant of commonly encountered rainforest species dry rainforest remaining in Brisbane, with include the trees, foam bark (Jagera about 6 ha of forest that has never been pseudorhus) and red kamala (Mallotus cleared and from which no timber has philippensis); the shrubs, native holly been taken for 50 years. (Alchornea ilicifolia) and chain fruit (Alyxia The relatively small bushland area of ruscifolia); and the understorey plant, love the former Eden Rainforest Sanctuary at flower (Pseuderanthemum variabile). Pullenvale has locally-rare plant species Riparian rainforest used to occur along including the native jute (Corchorus waterways in the district but has been cunninghamii). One of Brisbane’s first degraded in most areas. A comparatively Voluntary Conservation Agreements small number of species usually dominate between the Council and a private riparian rainforests. Common riparian trees landowner was signed on this site in 1997. in the district include lillypilly (Syzygium Bushland to the south of Primley Street smithii), weeping red bottlebrush (Melaleuca has rainforest patches on the steep slopes
{8} where the endangered hairy hazelwood Mammals (Symplocos harroldii) tree species exists. The variety of The large-leafed spotted gum (Corymbia habitats in the district henryi) and Plunkett mallee (Eucalyptus curtisii) support a diversity of are also found here; the former is classed native mammal species as ‘significant’ and and the latter as a ‘rare and population numbers and threatened’ species within the greater not found in most areas Brisbane region. Other uncommon species of the city. Four of {CHAPTER 4} in the area include the tree scrub ironbark Brisbane’s five species of Flora & Fauna (Austromyrtus acmenoides) and the shrub gliders have been recorded Notelaea lloydii, related to the native olive. in the Moggill Creek area; the greater glider, squirrel glider, sugar glider and feathertail Fauna glider. The mix of farmland, rainforest, Clearing of native vegetation since open forest and eucalypt woodland also settlement by Europeans, first provides shelter and food for four species for agriculture and later for urban of macropod: the eastern grey kangaroo, development, has reduced and fragmented whiptail wallaby, red-necked wallaby and the area of habitat available for native swamp wallaby. The last specimen of animals. Development also introduced the spotted-tailed quoll in Brisbane was non-native plants and animals to the recorded from Brookfield in 1957, however area. Weeds competed with or replaced signs of this marsupial carnivore have again much of the native flora, reducing the been seen in the catchment in recent years. food sources for some wildlife. Domestic Many other mammal species occur in and feral animals also competed with, the district, including the iconic platypus or preyed upon, the native fauna. Other and koala, and the rarely-seen brush-tailed human impacts such as hunting and later, phascogale. Pullen Pullen and Moggill pollution and cars, took their toll on the Creeks are two of only a few Brisbane populations of local wildlife. streams still supporting viable populations Despite this, many native animals can of platypus. More than 40 koala sightings still be found in the catchments today. over the five year period to January Moggill Creek catchment includes the 2009 have been recorded in the Moggill forested foothills of the D’Aguilar Range, Creek catchment. which provides habitat for more species of mammals, birds and reptiles than any Birds other area of mainland Brisbane. The Around 250 species of birds have been rural nature of the upper and middle recorded in the Moggill district. Some are catchment, areas of remnant vegetation considered rare, such as the grey goshawk, and the rehabilitation work being done Lewin’s rail and the square-tailed kite, while by landholders and the community, others are only occasional visitors, such supported by the Council, provide other as the black-necked stork. Some species opportunities for native fauna to live and are seen in the area seasonally, including move throughout the catchments. winter visitors such as Pacific baza, and
{9} summer visitors, the channel-billed cuckoo Fish and common koel. Resident species include The large rural and natural areas and limited some not commonly found elsewhere in urban development in the catchment has Brisbane, such as the satin bowerbird and allowed many native fish species to survive. regent bowerbird, and bell miner. In fact, Moggill Creek has the highest diversity of native freshwater fish species in Reptiles and Amphibia Brisbane, with 17 species being recorded at Many reptile species are to be found in the one site. However, exotic fish species such district. The comparatively harmless carpet as mosquito fish, swordtails and guppies are python is commonly seen in the warmer also present in Pullen Pullen and Moggill months, as are slender and colourful green Creeks. These introduced species now tree snakes. The venomous red-bellied dominate the freshwater reaches of many of black snake and eastern brown snake are the city’s creeks. fortunately less commonly encountered. There are quite a number of small to Butterflies medium-sized species, some venomous Numerous species of butterfly may be and some quite harmless. Among the seen in the catchments, including the smaller venomous ones are the small-eyed Australian painted lady, glasswing, lemon snake, and the rough-scale snake which migrant, clearwing swallowtail and is very similar to the harmless fresh-water chequered swallowtail. snake. Brown tree snakes are conspicuous A listing of 133 butterfly species and reasonably common and, though identified in the Moggill Creek venomous, they are rear-fanged and catchment, together with the food unlikely to deliver a serious bite. It is always plants of their caterpillars, is available on a wise precaution to leave any snake alone; www.moggillcreek.org.au . they will very rarely bite, unless provoked. Moggill Creek derives its name from Handy resources: the eastern water dragon, commonly seen Cameron, Ian. (1999). A Green and Pleasant along creeks in the district. The common Land. Published by the author. 107 pp. bearded dragon may be seen if there aren’t Brisbane City Council (2007). Know Your Creek, too many cats around and there are various Moggill Creek. 46pp. Available free or other lizard and skink species, including the download from www.brisbane.qld.gov.au collared delma (Delma torquata) which is and search for ‘Know Your Creek’. considered to be vulnerable. Brisbane City Council (undated). Pullen Pullen Freshwater turtles enjoy the creeks, Creek, Know Your Creek. 19pp. Available free including the broad-shelled river turtle, or download from www.brisbane.qld.gov.au eastern long-necked turtle, short-necked and search for ‘Know Your Creek’. turtle and saw-shelled turtle. Wager, Libby. (1998). Different tracks. Kenmore- Numerous species of frogs can Brookfield Parish of the Uniting Church of be found in the creeks of the district Australia. 138 pp. including the tusked frog, green treefrog, (For further BCC information, visit graceful treefrog and the great barred frog. www.brisbane.qld.gov.au)
{10} {CHAPTER 4} Managing your own Property
Your reasons for wanting to different areas and this booklet live in this part of Brisbane endeavours to give them some There are many reasons why people guidance in achieving their goals. might want to live in this part of Brisbane. Amongst these would be: General considerations Under the South East Queensland • peace and quiet Regional Plan 2005 – 2026, most of • to live in a natural environment, and our district is included in the Regional enjoy birds and other wildlife, Landscape and Rural Production Area • to have space for a big garden, (RLRP) and is covered by strict controls on • to have space for the kids to sub-division, limiting new sub-divisions to run around, areas exceeding 100 hectares. Kenmore • to be able to keep a few ponies or cows, and the area around Bellbowrie are • close to the city centre but not built in included in the Urban Footprint where such limitations do not apply. Many who come to live on acreage The Brisbane City Council provides properties in this district come from very the regulations for administering the area,
{11} A pole house in Brookfield (photo BH) most of which is included in Brisbane’s Precinct 1 seeks to protect the important ‘Green Space System’, covering the RLRP natural and rural landscapes along area noted above. That land in private the river banks as well as the riparian ownership is further classified as the ‘Rural vegetation. Area’ or ‘Environment Protection Area’, the latter largely well-wooded or forested. What sort of a block do you own? Waterways are also defined. Acreage properties in our district generally The Rural and Environment Protection range from 1-10 hectares and from fully Areas have specific requirements for cleared land previously under pasture planning and building. For all basic to largely undisturbed bushland. Also, building works and renovations, properties range from being generally landowners have to comply with Council flatter at lower altitudes to steeply sloping planning schemes, specifically the towards the west of the district. Soils Council’s house code requirements. This range from relatively fertile alluvial or can be viewed on-line at www.brisbane. volcanic soils to shallow infertile soils qld.gov.au or for more information or on ridges, and sandstone-derived soils advice contact the Council on 3403 8888. in southern parts of the district. Almost Land close to the Brisbane River is invariably there will be an exotic weed covered by the ‘Brisbane River Corridor component and often this will be a Planning Scheme Policy’. Precinct 1 major issue. stretches from Pinjarra Hills upstream All of this has an influence on what for 54 km and Precinct 2 extends from you can reasonably expect to achieve on Precinct 1 downstream to Toowong. your property. Ideally, those wishing to
{12} keep livestock or have a big garden would house exposes have purchased largely cleared land, and large areas of bare more natural areas would be in the hands earth to weed invasion. of those particularly appreciative of native Building a pole house bushland. If you are keen to grow fruit and minimises the area of vegetables, you are likely to find it difficult disturbed soils and is except on fertile riparian or volcanic soils, an option that should and you will require a reliable source be considered. {CHAPTER 4} of water If at all possible, Managing your Inevitably you will have a number of avoid building your house own Property questions in mind and we have tried to on a north west facing answer some of these. For any queries slope, particularly in bushland areas. that we do not address, your Creek Ranger North west facing slopes are particularly should be able to help or to direct you to hazardous in bush fire conditions. locals who have specialised knowledge. Avoid more clearing than necessary for your purpose. – cleared land will soon What sort of house should I build, become weed-infested. and where? Avoid building close to eucalypts – Brisbane City Council’s Natural Assets they are inclined to shed branches. Sadly, Local Law 2003 helps to protect our sometimes trees need to be cut down, but natural assets, including bushland, areas, it is preferable to change the siting of a wetlands, waterway corridors and trees future house to cutting down a tree that in urban areas. This law affects many could well be over 200 years old. Many properties in the district, especially near well-vegetated areas in our district are the river, or any waterway or drainage covered by Vegetation Protection Orders – line, in bushland areas, or in an emerging enquire 3403 8888 for details. community (future urban land) with Houses and other buildings should large trees. not be built in riparian (flood prone) areas, Visit a Council Customer Service for obvious reasons – sooner or later Centre or contact the Council on 3403 they are likely to be flooded. The Council 8888 for more information on protected has established a ‘Flood Regulation vegetation on your property and any Line’ either side of larger creeks, within legal requirements relating to protected which building is not allowed. It is the vegetation. Usually there will be a owner’s responsibility to find out whether designated Building Location Envelope on Flood Regulation Lines apply and also your property. Vegetation Protection Orders. It is important to appreciate that It is a good idea to locate a house any land disturbance is likely to result away from important habitat areas such in the introduction of weeds. Many of as creeks, as the noise, movement, soil the bushland areas in our district are disturbance, and other effects associated quite steep, and the popular method of with human occupation, can have a preparing a flat area (cut-and-fill) for a negative effect on wildlife. It is usually
{13} a requirement of the Council that to form, a prompt response is necessary, houses and other buildings are located slowing down flow by means of rocks or more than 30 m from creeks and well- planting of Monto vetiver grass (Vetiveria defined drainage lines. Information on zizanioides), a sterile tussock grass the location of waterway corridors is developed for this purpose and widely available on the Council website. PDOnline tested in Queensland (DNRW). Interactive Mapping can be found on the When clearing sloping land preparatory PDOnline homepage via the Building and to revegetation, consider leaving strips Development link within the Brisbane City of uncleared land along the contour, to Council website (www.brisbane.qld.gov.au). reduce run-off and soil loss, and clear If you are lucky enough to own them only when the first areas have a property in relatively undisturbed established successfully. Trunks and major bushland, make sure building contractors branches of any felled weed trees should clean equipment before entering, so as to be laid along the contours rather than up avoid introduction of weeds. and down the slope.
How do I prevent erosion down my My property is largely cleared; driveway or across my paddocks? what should I consider when Erosion is caused by fast-moving water landscaping it? and anything you can do to reduce the As a general rule, we suggest that the aim rate of runoff during storm events will for those building houses should be a reduce erosion. This can be achieved design that is in harmony with the local by using a sequence of barriers and countryside and vegetation. Similarly in spreading the depth of water. Typically the garden, avoid straight lines when on driveways low broad mounds are building terraces and avoid using rocks built into the road every 15 to 20 metres that are not local and impinge on the to pond/slow the runoff and have it run scenic amenity of the area. off to the side in a broad level channel, Where planting a garden, consider preferably into a well grassed area. The having your brighter-coloured exotic distance between mounds needs to be and hybrid plants close to the house shorter for steeper land. In areas where it and having a planted bushland further is difficult to maintain well grassed sites for away. It is preferable to plant local runoff control; more expensive designed natives – they are good for local wildlife structures such as concrete or rock and if appropriate for your site, need no barriers and table drains may be needed. additional irrigation after establishment. As a temporary measure straw-bales can If planting exotics, select those be used. species that do not produce seed and Pastures should be maintained with a become invasive. Good examples are good ground-cover (at least 70%) – this roses, camellias, philodendrons, hibiscus, usually means avoiding over-grazing. If bougainvillea. Poincianas are an example pastures are badly degraded, destocking that does produce seed but is not invasive should be considered. Where gullies start in this district.
{14} Some specific functions of riparian zones include:
• Reserves of a wide range of unique vegetation communities {CHAPTER 4} • Provision of food, Managing your refuge and corridors own Property for movement Mock Orange – becoming a significant of wildlife environmental weed (Photo :BH) • Provision of food and habitat for in-stream life To help protect our creeks from • Buffering of streams from sediments, weed invasion, avoid using plants in nutrients and other contaminants in your garden that are likely to become surface runoff and groundwater a pest – for example, ochna (Ochna • Protection of stream bank stability serrulata) and mock orange (Murraya • Moderating temperatures and wind paniculata). Also, you should be aware effects on native animals that many commercial nurseries are – quite legally – promoting plants that are Overclearing of these lands for cropping known to be invasive; e.g. Duranta repens or grazing, coupled with limited stock “Sheena’s Gold”. control often leads to damaged vegetation along creek flats and creek banks and can What aspects are important in lead to serious erosion, and degradation riparian areas? of water quality. In addition there is loss Landholders fortunate enough to have of vegetation, animal and aquatic species frontages to creeks (riparian land) will which may lead to local extinction of usually know how attractive, diverse and some species or ecosystems. productive their land is compared to A major objective of landholders land away from the streams. It is usually should be to limit loss of habitat and the most diverse part of the landscape degradation of stream water quality. in terms of vegetation, plant and animal Special care needs to be taken when using species, and is the land most valued for fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides close grazing or agricultural production. In to riparian areas to avoid contamination recent years Land and Water Australia or pollution of the water, or damage to (2003) has led national efforts to assess native vegetation. the values of riparian lands, identify Similarly threats to stream water the threats to their condition and the quality from waste water disposal (grey development of practical management water and septic tank overflows) and guidelines for landholders. intensive stock facilities should be
{15} Some species in our district are well adapted to creekside situations and should be considered when planning the work. Pre-eminent are the two matrushes Lomandra hystrix and L. longifolia. Also common along creeks are red bottlebrush (Melaleuca viminalis), creek sandpaper fig Ficus( coronata), river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), black tea tree (Melaleuca bracteata), and lilly pilly (Syzygium smithii). For smaller areas, it is a good idea to Long-leaved matrush stabilising Upper purchase biodegradable weed matting Brookfield creek bank (Photo: BH) such as jute`mat or some similar product as an aid to erosion prevention. Jute assessed when planning the location of mat may be ‘nailed’ down, with overlaps houses and other buildings. pointing downstream, and crosses cut There has been a focus in the Moggill into it to enable plants to be planted. The Creek – Pullen Pullen area on programs of jute mat saves the plants from washing bush regeneration of riparian zones and away in a flood for some months, but bio- attempts to re-establish corridors with degrades in about a year. neighbouring higher lands. Key issues common to these efforts include selection What should I do with and planting of appropriate local vegetation garden rubbish? species, protection and promotion of natural Discarded garden clippings and other litter regeneration, weed control, and minimising can spread weeds and change the nutrient erosion on stream banks from grazing levels of the soil. Biodegradable garden horses and cattle and periodic floods. organic material – providing it does not include viable seeds, fruit or stems that How do I stabilise my creek banks can sprout – can be used as a coarse and gullies? mulch or composted. It is particularly If you have a creek on your property, important not to discard garden rubbish stabilising the banks should be one of your into bushland and riparian areas. To primary objectives. The method you use report any garden waste dumping, phone will depend on the size of the creek, the Council on 3403 8888. likelihood of serious flooding and existing Although prunings of many species vegetation cover. can be used as coarse mulch or There is a lot to be said for weed composted, many species can sprout and removal and planting in sections, perhaps grow quite readily away from soil contact. working on 10-15 m lengths of creek and Examples are purple succulent (Callisia leaving 5 m to be done a couple of years fragrans), mother of millions (Bryophyllum later. This could reduce damage in the spp.) and Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia). event of a flood. Care should be taken with disposal of
{16} these – see ‘Removal of Madeira vine’, woodland is also page 29. Limited quantities, providing they under increasing are bagged, can be disposed of in Council pressure. Bush rubbish bins providing these do not weigh regeneration aims to more than 70 kg. restore and maintain Within a forested area, branches ecosystems that were sometimes fall and leaf ‘litter’ accumulates naturally present on the ground. This should be left in before colonisation. {CHAPTER 4} place as it provides habitat for a variety For a list of species Managing your of insects, lizards and other wild life. It native to the area and own Property should not be burned. When clearing suitable for different lantana and other weeds, leave the cut habitats, see Hacker et al. 1994 – “Putting stems scattered (not piled up), unless Back the Forest”. there are seeds or stems that might Broadly speaking, our district was develop into plants – these should be covered with eucalypt woodland or bagged for disposal. forest on the poorer and drier soils and Household refuse can also attract pest rainforest on the more fertile and moister animals or cause injury to native wildlife. soils. If your property is on the former Where biodegradable, refuse should class of country, most rainforest species be placed well away from habitat areas are unlikely to be well-adapted. In the where it can be recycled or composted. Moggill Creek catchment we have found Non-biodegradable refuse should be properly disposed of – contact BCC Call Centre (3403 8888) for details.
How do I set about restoring natural bushland to my property?
Why should we conserve or regenerate native bushland? Since European settlement in Australia, more than 70% of all native vegetation has been removed or significantly modified, followed by impacts on water and land resources. In Queensland today, the destruction of bushland continues at an unprecedented rate, with hundreds of thousands of hectares of native vegetation being cleared each year. In our own district, little remains of the rainforest that once covered the valleys and the eucalypt
{17} detail in a later section. However, clearing lantana and other weeds is only the first step because that opens the way for a lot of other weeds which will need to be controlled. It is also important to establish or encourage the development of native ground cover. The challenge is to control the weeds but also maintain a healthy understorey and ground cover which can support the insects and other arthropods on which the small lizards, frogs and so many of the birds depend. Native grasses make a good ground cover and, most importantly, a good grass cover does a good job inhibiting weeds. If you are lucky enough to own a largely undisturbed area, natural regeneration is the way to go. In this case, seedlings develop from seed from local trees and understorey plants. Mostly, though, there will be a range of invasive weeds present that are likely to out- compete native seedlings. In our district, therefore, it is critically important that the Madeira vine is a threat to native shrubs and weeds are kept under control, if natural trees, cutting off light and causing their death regeneration is to be successful. (Photo: BH) Natural regeneration relies on seed that that a number of particularly tough is present in the soil, or, depending on the rainforest species can be grown almost species, is introduced by birds, wind or anywhere, and if you are seeking a more sometimes water. Not many species have lush appearance than offered by eucalypts, seeds that remain viable for more than a these species could be considered. few years in the soil, a notable exception Examples are tulipwood (Harpullia pendula), being the genus Acacia. Where there are foam bark (Jagera pseudorhus) and trees present, perching birds bring in seed ribbonwood (Euroschinus falcatus), but there of those species that develop fruit that are a number of others too. attract fruit-eating birds. The nearer the trees of such species occur, the greater What methods are available for the opportunity for seed to be introduced restoring bushland? naturally. With species that have seed (e.g. The first step is likely to be clearing lots bottle brushes (Melaleuca spp.)) or fruit (e.g. of weeds, particularly lantana in this area, white booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum)) and weed control is discussed in more that is carried by wind, the distance the
{18} seed is carried is generally quite short. In website and consequence, it is unlikely that a wide Hacker et al. range of species will develop from natural 1994 whether the regeneration unless the site is in close species you are after proximity to species-rich vegetation. Thus, are local, especially often planting on a substantial scale is if purchasing from a required in revegetation activities but commercial nursery; opportunities for natural regeneration • have you access {CHAPTER 4} should be promoted. to enough water Managing your The most common situation in our to establish your own Property district is a landscape that was previously revegetation area? under pasture or cropping (bananas, • what time of the year do you intend to pawpaw, pineapples) and is treeless or plant? Our climate here is notoriously with a sparse tree cover. In this case, variable and any time could be there will be a need for total or near-total ‘good’ or ‘bad’. In general, autumn is replanting. Several issues need to be considered best, when there should remembered or considered: be some moisture in the soil and the summer heat is past. Where possible, • don’t bite off more than you can take the ‘opportunities’ as they arise – chew (how much time do you have these could be a spell of wet weather available?) – a small area revegetated – or a long weekend! successfully is better than a larger area • seek advice on use of water crystals that doesn’t survive; and fertilizer. Many revegetators swear • what species should you plant? – by them. There are valid arguments for ideally plant species that used to occur and against; naturally in the area and on that soil • if planting in a frost-prone area where type; seek advice from local experts; tree tobacco (Solanum mauritianum) • plant a mixture of pioneer and climax plants are present, do not remove trees (that is, those species that might immediately as they are an aid to frost be expected to occur in old-growth protection. These can also be left to forests), shrubs and herbs; provide shade for young seedlings and • plant eucalypts, brush box removed as the natives become better (Lophostemon confertus) and tougher established. Any tree cover provides rainforest trees on thinner soils; a wide protection from frost but competition range of tree species are well-suited to from too many other plants slows the deeper and more fertile soils; development of planted seedlings. • do you have access to the plants you want (be flexible)? – free plants are Many native plant nurseries provide available to MCCG and PPCG members plants in ‘tubes’ 5 x 5 cm and 12 cm deep. at the MCCG nursery and Greening Under fair to good conditions, such plants Australia Nursery at The Gap sells establish well, but some prefer to ‘pot plants at low cost; check on the MCCG seedlings on’ to larger pots before planting
{19} out. It’s largely a matter of personal be sufficient but this is rarely the case preference and convenience; in either on upper slopes.) case, avoid keeping a plant too long in • insert a stake to mark the position of the its pot, when the root system will be too plant (this is important when it comes restricted to provide water and nutrients to weed control time several weeks later to the large upper portion of the plant. and there is uncertainty as to what is a There are several ‘must do’s’ and weed). Alternatively a plastic ‘grow bag’ recommendations: can be used – these have the added advantage that they provide some • there are three ‘musts’ and they are protection from grazing hares; ‘mulch, mulch, mulch’. Mulch can be • on more fertile soils, plants should be forest mulch, sugarcane mulch or about 1.5 m apart. All being well, this weed-free mulch from your garden. should ensure canopy closure and Best success is with broad-scale thus reduced weed competition within mulching to a depth of 10 cm, but three years; on less fertile soils and this is generally impractical. Where when planting eucalypts, plants may native seedlings are present or likely be further apart – up to several metres. to be present, only mulch around your planted plants. Purchase (and spread What about power lines? if broad-scale mulching) your mulch Trees and shrubs planted near power lines before obtaining your plants; can pose a serious safety risk and when • dig a hole for your plant ideally 1.5 mature should be less than 2 m from times the depth of the pot and loosen the power line. For local native plants, and break up the soil in a circle c. 50 cm consider visiting the MCCG nursery, where diameter, breaking up any clods. Do not you can obtain reliable advice. excise any large roots penetrating the For an extensive list of suitable trees area as this will only encourage them species to plant under power lines visit: to proliferate. Apply water crystals and/ http://www.energex.com.au/safety/asp/ or fertilizer if desired, plant seedling and safetree_guide.asp. Before planting on allow for a shallow depression around ENERGEX easements always contact base of plant to enhance effectiveness ENERGEX on 13 12 53 to check if there are of watering. This is particularly any special planting requirements. important on sloping ground; • water thoroughly and deeply soon What do I do about scrub turkeys? after planting (on a hot day, within Planting anything when scrub turkeys minutes). Each plant should receive are active is a problem. The males, who at least 4 litres. Depending on the build the nests, are generally most active weather and situation, plants should over the summer breeding season. For be watered at 1-2 week intervals for this and other reasons, it is best to plant in several weeks, followed by monthly autumn, although males and females feed until established – usually c. 12 months. throughout the year and are particularly (In riparian areas a single watering can attracted to moist areas – just where
{20} you have watered your seedlings!. Some I am looking for protection can be offered planted plants quick-growing by surrounding with three or four large species to provide rocks and/or providing barriers of logs. a screen from my Re-locating male scrub turkeys is neighbour – what tempting, but they are very territorial and do you suggest? we have been told that translocated male A mixture of species birds are unlikely to survive. is a good way to go, {CHAPTER 4} selecting those with Managing your What is present already? dense canopies to a low own Property Learn to identify native and weed species level. There are many and ask your Creek Ranger or local experts to choose from, but suggestions are a if you need to. Most sites of more than mixture of tulip wood (Harpullia pendula), a few hectares would naturally have Brisbane wattle (Acacia fimbriata) and red included 50 or more native species of kamala (Mallotus philippensis). If taller trees flowering plants. Species in the immediate are required, brush box (Lophostemon area are likely to be adapted to the local confertus) could be included. The mixture soil type, aspect and moisture conditions. could depend on the particular situation. Look out for seedlings of these species and make sure you protect them. Putting What should I do about edge effects? a stake close by is a good way to save Edges can provide opportunities for them from the mower! weeds to invade natural vegetation and A fairly comprehensive list of species your regenerated areas. Disturbance and in the Moggill Creek catchment – local increased light creates opportunities for natives and weeds – is available on www. weeds to establish. Ideally therefore, you moggillcreek.org.au. Many of these species should aim to have the minimum length will be present in the Pullen-Pullen – Moggill of edge possible and this is achieved area, but others will occur, too. Although by having a circular revegetation area. you might mainly be interested in the trees Frequently, though, revegetation is along a and shrubs, it is a good idea to consider the creek, when edges are extended along the herbaceous flora (grasses etc.) too. length of the creek The different soil characteristics To overcome the adverse effect of associated with the sandstones of the edges, it is suggested shrubs with a low ‘Ipswich Coal Measures’, south of about canopy are beneficial, as they reduce light Bellbowrie, have given rise to a very penetration into the revegetation area. different flora, and those living in this area A good example in our area is Brisbane are encouraged to learn more about it and wattle (Acacia fimbriata). This species also protect what little remains. Some important is quick growing and regenerates within a species in this area include Eucalyptus curtisii couple of years of planting. (Plunkett mallee) and E. seeana (narrow Where tractor-mowing along the leaved red gum). margin of a revegetated area is anticipated, it is a good idea to plant a row of long-
{21} against bushfires, but a few guidelines are appropriate. Brisbane’s climate is very different from that of southern states and we are extremely unlikely to suffer the wildfires that have caused so much loss of life Molasses grass, a fire hazard in bushland and property, particularly as happened in (Photo: CH) Victoria in February 2009. Summers here are much more humid and long-term leaved matrush (Lomandra longifolia) at residents of our district have rarely seen about 80 cm intervals. This species can the tree-top fires and ember attacks of withstand the occasional mow without that 2009 Victorian summer. too much ill-effect. In the vicinity of houses and other buildings, it is really important to keep the How can I enhance understorey clear of flammable material. wildlife corridors? Wattles are reputed to burn readily and Wildlife corridors generally mean a again should not be planted near houses continuity of native vegetation between in exposed areas. Any trees planted larger areas. Several landholders, each around buildings and roads should be contributing a small amount of habitat, non-flammable, to improve opportunities can effectively create a wildlife corridor. to drive out safely in the event of a Corridors often run along creeks, where bushfire. In our district environmental vegetation tends to be thickest, but weeds such as lantana and molasses ridgetops and woodland area can also grass (Melinis minutiflora) frequently make provide corridor conditions. Corridor up much of the bulk of the understorey requirements differ for different animal and keeping these under control will species, but native trees with a complex do much to protect your property from native shrub (and grass in eucalypt damaging fires. woodlands) understorey are likely to If you are reliant on tank water, avoid provide optimal conditions. using plastic water tanks and fittings, and where plastic water tanks are installed, Will I need to burn my area make sure they are not at risk in a bush of bushland? fire. Also make sure you have back-up If your property is forested or adjoins a power for pumping. forested area, there are implications for As a general rule, burning should be fire management. Your first priority must avoided and no burning should be carried be the personal safety of yourself and out without a permit. A Queensland Fire your family. Make sure you have batteries and Rescue Service (QFRS) Permit to Burn for your radio and maintain contact with is required to burn any vegetation covering local radio stations if a disaster threatens. an area of 2 m2 or more (obtainable from It is not the intent of this booklet to the Kenmore Fire Station – 3878 1052). give definitive advice on protection A Notice of Compliance from BCC is also
{22} suggests that it has the capacity to reduce evaporation from the water surface.
Am I allowed to Para grass is a serious wetland weed (Photo: BH) pump water from the creek or sink {CHAPTER 4} needed so that QFRS know that you are a bore? Managing your not breaking any Council laws. Owners of properties own Property Rainforest areas should never be burnt; bordering creeks are too frequent burning of eucalypt woodland entitled to pump water from the creek restricts biodiversity. Where burning is providing they have a licence, but there practised, it should be ‘mosaic burning’ are conditions to these activities and they and not carried out in winter when many must comply with a self-assessable code invertebrates are inactive (diapause). and be registered with the Queensland For further information on approved Department of Environment and Resource measures you can implement to mitigate Management (http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/). fire risk, see “Individual Property Fire For a copy of the code and a registration Management Planning Kit”, available from form go to:http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/ the SEQ Fire and Biodiversity Consortium water/management/dev_assessment. (5552 8259), or contact Brisbane City html#self_assess Council 3403 8888. During drought conditions creeks can be irreversibly damaged through There is a small dam on my property. extraction of too much water, so pumping How do I improve its habitat value should be avoided when creeks are low or for frogs? cease to flow. Dams are potentially good breeding areas There are a number of aquifers in for native frogs but also attract the exotic the district and there are opportunities cane toad, a serious pest. Exotic grasses for extracting water without adversely like para grass (Urochloa mutica), with long, affecting creek systems. Drilling for water trailing stems, frequently invade moist may only be carried out by a licensed areas and are best controlled by hand or operator. For further details, contact the judicious use of herbicides. Queensland Department of Environment Close planting of dense tussock plants and Resource Management. such as Lomandra hystrix (and probably the sedges Carex appressa and C. declinata) I would like to plant trees provides a barrier to cane toads and with flowers favours native frogs. Most trees have flowers, although for A grass that is well suited to sunny many they are small and insignificant. waterside situations is swamp rice grass Amongst the more showy native trees are (Leersia hexandra). Local experience lace bark (Brachychiton discolor) and fire
{23} But don’t depend entirely on paperwork. Close attention to what is happening works wonders! Perhaps one of the most telling indications of success is when you find progeny from some of your planted trees coming up on their own.
Handy Resources Brisbane City Council (2000). Brisbane City Plan. Brisbane City Council (Nov 2003). A Guide to the Natural Assets Local Law: Protecting our Valuable Natural Assets. 32 pp. Bureau of Meteorology www.bom.gov.au/weather/qld/ Land and Water Australia (2003). Managing Riparian Land to Achieve Multiple Objectives. RIPRAP Newsletter Edition 23, 2003. Land Lacebark is a handsome local native (Photo: BH) and Water Australia, Canberra.” Office of Urban Management (2005). South East wheel (Stenocarpus sinuatus) and shrubs, Queensland Regional Plan 2005 – 2026. 237 pp. native rosella (Hibiscus heterophyllus) and Queensland Fire and Rescue Service pointed-leaved hovea (Hovea acutifolia). www.fire.qld.gov.au There are many more and MCCG is River Landscapes Website (Land and Water currently (2009) developing a display Australia) – www.rivers.gov.au garden at The Cottage, its Catchment SEQ Fire and Biodiversity Consortium. Individual Centre at the end of Gold Creek Road. Property Fire Management Planning Kit, www.fireandbiodiversity.org.au How do I know whether I have been successful? There are a few good books available What works at one site may not work at if you would like to learn more another. Opportunities to test different about growing bush tucker: treatments and measure their “success” Cribb, A.B. and Cribb, J.W. (1975). Wild Food in can be accommodated within a Australia. Fontana, Sydney. 240 pp. monitoring and evaluation framework. Hiddins, Les. (2003). Bush Tucker Field Guide. It is important to keep lists of what you Explore Australia Publishing/ABC Books. 184 pp. have planted and assess how well those Isaacs, Jennifer (1996). A Companion Guide to: species have grown. Remember, though, Bush Food. Lansdowne Publishing. 158 pp. that some species naturally grow much Low, Tim. (1989). Bush Tucker (Australia’s Wild more quickly than others. Taking before Food Harvest). Angus and Robertson. 233 pp. and after photographs can help you assess Smith, Keith and Smith, Irene. (2004). Grow Your how much you have achieved and is also Own Bush Foods. New Holland Publishers. a good way of staying motivated. 144 pp.
{24} {CHAPTER 5} Weeds and Pest Animals
What is a weed? the natural environment are known There are numerous definitions of the as environmental weeds. word ‘weed’, but basically, a weed is Throughout Australia, weeds a plant in the wrong place. A weed are spreading faster than they can be can be an exotic species or a native controlled and management of them species that colonises and persists in an is consuming an enormous amount of ecosystem in which it did not previously exist. Local native weeds are umbrella tree (Brassaia actinophylla) and cadaghi (Corymbia torelliana), both from North Queensland. Some weeds are of particular concern and, as a result, have been listed for priority management or in legislation. Some plants that threaten agriculture are declared as noxious by the Queensland Government, other weeds that threaten
{25} Giant rat’s tail grass in a Brookfield pasture Zebrina, a groundcover that got away (Photo: BH) (Photo: BH) resources. The weed problem is so severe All landholders are required by law to that unless we can make progress in getting keep their land free of Class 1 pests. It is a on top of it, we aren’t going to achieve our serious offence to introduce, keep or sell objectives and everyone should contribute Class 1 pests without a permit. to the fight. Climate change poses an additional challenge to our ability to Class 2 Weeds manage weeds. Weeds that have already spread over substantial areas of Queensland, but Declared noxious weeds their impact is so serious that we need There are three classes of declared plants to try and control them and avoid further under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock spread onto properties that are still free Route Management) Act 2002. These plants of the pest. By law, all landholders must are targeted for control because they try to keep their land free of Class 2 pests have, or could have, serious economic, and it is an offence to keep or sell these environmental or social impacts. pests without a permit. Examples in our There are legal obligations associated district are giant rat’s tail grass (Sporobolus with the control, supply, sale, keeping and pyramidalis and S. natalensis) and mother of transport of declared plants in Queensland. millions (Bryophyllum spp.). Declaration under State Legislation imposes various legal responsibilities for Class 3 Weeds control by landowners on land under their Weeds that are commonly established management, including all landowning in parts of Queensland but their control state agencies. by landowners is not deemed to be It is illegal to supply a declared plant warranted unless the plant is impacting, anywhere in Queensland without a permit or has the potential to adversely affect, a issued by the Department of Environment nearby “environmentally significant area” and Resource Management. (e.g. a National Park). It is an offence to sell, introduce or release a Class 3 pest. Noxious weeds categories Examples in our district are climbing Class 1 Weeds asparagus (Asparagus africanus) and Weeds that have the potential to become Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia). a very serious pest in Queensland in the There are many useful websites future. We need to prevent the import, which provide a guide to local weed possession and sale of these species so species, including the MCCG website at that they can’t escape to become pests. www.moggillcreek.org where you can find
{26} Weeds undermine the diversity, ecology and beauty of our remaining A large Madeira vine tuber (Photo: BH) bushland remnants and controlling weeds is crucial to successful a list of weed species declared by the State bushland regeneration. {CHAPTER 5} and City Council Although there are Weeds and numerous species that Pest Animals How do I recognise what is a have become weeds, weed and what is a native? recognising the more serious weeds in our In the present context, we are largely district is not too difficult. concerned with environmental weeds – As a general rule, a species which that is, plants, not native to our area, that occurs to the extent of dominating an invade and replace locally native plants. area and suppressing other plants is likely About 70% of Australia’s environmental to be a weed. In the grasses, usually those weeds were purposefully introduced as with large, broad leaf blades are weeds. ornamental or potential pasture plants. If you are not sure if a plant on your Environmental weeds are plants that property is a weed or not, don’t remove it invade bushland and waterways. They until you have identified it. Cut a stem of degrade the aesthetic, recreational and the plant, preferably with flowers or fruit. ecological values of our catchments. You can use the online Weed Identification Some weed trees and vines out-compete Tool developed by BCC: www.brisbane.qld. or smother native vegetation, resulting gov.au/environment in communities restricted to very few If this doesn’t help, take it to the species and of limited value to native Queensland Herbarium, located in the wildlife. Some species produce toxic Mt Coot-tha Botanic Gardens to have leaves (e.g. camphor laurel, Cinnamomum it identified. camphora) that poison native wildlife. Also, weed trees don’t form hollows for nesting What priorities should I have like our native eucalypts do. for weed control? Weeds typically produce large Probably the worst weeds of all are the numbers of seeds, assisting their spread. ones that climb over trees and provide They are often excellent at surviving and such a dense mat that they choke off the reproducing in disturbed environments light and cause the death of the tree. In and are commonly the first species to our district, glycine (Neonotonia wightii) colonise and dominate in these conditions. and Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) Some weeds reproduce vegetatively and are probably the worst. Glycine can be any part of stem or even leaf can give rise controlled fairly easily; simply cut the to a new plant. Local examples are mother characteristic whitish stem and poison or of millions and Madeira vine. pull out the stump, but eradicating it may
{27} be almost impossible, as seeds remain viable in the soil for many years. Madeira vine is much more difficult to control (see below). Next of concern, probably, are Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia elegans), balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) and climbing asparagus (Asparagus The beautiful cat’s claw is a major africanus). One of the main concerns about environmental weed (Photo: JG) Dutchman’s pipe is that is is closely related to the native vine that Richmond Birdwing serious weeds common Butterflies need to lay their eggs on and in the Pullen pullen they get confused between it and the cAtcHMENT & Moggill much more common introduced weedy cReek catchment areas species. Unfortunately their caterpillars do TREES: not develop on the weedy one. Chinese elm (Celtis sinensis) Lantana is usually easy to remove and Privet (Ligustrum lucidum) the main benefit from doing so is probably Broad-leaved pepper to give easy access. Unfortunately, once (Schinus terebinthifolius) the lantana is removed it makes way for Shrubs: a wide variety of worse weeds such as Lantana (Lantana camara) coralberry (Rivina humilis) and freckleface Ochna (Ochna serrulata) (Hypoestes phyllostachya), so removal of Vines: lantana is not necessarily the first priority, Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) and be prepared for follow up work. Climbing asparagus (Asparagus africanus) Cat’s claw (Macfadyena unguis-cati) What is the best way to Glycine (Neonotonia wightii) control weeds? Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia elegans) Some form of hand weeding is Balloon vine undoubtedly best – as it allows one to be (Cardiospermum grandiflorum). highly selective in removing or poisoning Understorey plants and grasses: weeds while protecting native plants Mother of millions (Bryophyllum spp.) nearby. The following few paragraphs Purple succulent (Callisia fragrans) provide some methods. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) Creeping lantana (Lantana montevidensis) By hand Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) Shallow rooted plants, such as cobbler’s Green panic (Megathyrsus maximus syn. pegs and many ‘soft’ weeds, and seedlings Panicum maximum) of many trees, can be manually removed. Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata) It is important to shake the soil from signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) the roots – otherwise dropped weeds broad-leaf paspalum are likely to continue growing. For most (Paspalum mandiocanum) {28} the climbing stems. The above ground and upper parts of the climber will die and should be left hanging. Manually Chemical killing of trees using the cut stump remove any trailing method (Photo: BH) stems and their {CHAPTER 5} associated roots. Cut Weeds and species, unless ripe fruit or seeds are the main stem close Pest Animals present, plants can be broken up and left to ground level and on the ground to rot down. treat with herbicide (i.e similar to Cut When digging out plants with bulbs, Stump method). corms or tubers all of the underground parts of the plant must be completely Removal of Madeira vine removed. e.g. Madeira vine, onion weed, This is a fleshy subtropical vine which oxalis. This can often be made difficult if reproduces from aerial tubers and is the tubers are connected by thin roots a major problem for existing remnant which are easily severed. patches of vegetation in much of our area. For small plants without aerial tubers Crowning Cut remove the plant by hand. If the plant is For shrubs and vines with growing mature and has aerial tubers the following points below the soil surface, such as methods can be used. climbing asparagus, or ground asparagus Scrape the stem lightly for several (Protasparagus aethiopicus), insert a knife centimetres but do not cut through and close to the base of the plant with the tip apply 50% glyphosate immediately. The under the root system. Cut around the aerial tubers should slowly die over a base of the plant severing all roots, and period of weeks or months. Do not remove the plant. remove the plant but leave to die off. Alternatively, large stems when cut can Cut Stump method be placed immediately in a container Cut the trunk or stem close to ground containing Starane or 50% glyphosate; level with a horizontal flat cut. Apply this container should be tied to the aerial herbicide (e.g. Glyphosate) within 15 stem to allow it to ‘drink its fill’. If using seconds of cutting using a paintbrush, this approach, the basal parts of the plant eye dropper or small spray bottle, making should also be poisoned or removed. sure to cover area close to rim of cut. Glyphosate should be 360 g/L, diluted 50% Composting Another method involves composting the Climbers and Scramblers soft-stemmed plants under a double layer When removing climbers and scramblers of thick black plastic. Check that holes do (with the exception of Madeira vine) cut not develop in the plastic or that plants
{29} such as Kamba M or Amicide which does not kill the grass (but read carefully and adhere to the safety precautions outlined on the pack and, as well, refer to the Materials Safety Data Sheet, MSDS, via the Web). However, brushcutting or mowing should Treating aerial stems of Madeira vine (Photo: BH) never be carried out when the weed mother of millions (Bryophyllum spp.) is present, as these practices only spread the weed. The do not re-shoot from under the plastic. herbicide AF300 is effective against mother This method is particularly effective with of millions and also cobbler’s pegs (but is zebrina (Zebrina pendula) and purple also likely to kill broad-leaved native plants succulent (Callisia fragrans) too). Brushcutting or mowing are also likely For most weeds, the best time to to encourage the development of cobbler’s undertake control is before flowering pegs (which take just a few weeks from and seeding. germination to setting a seed crop) and stoloniferous weed grasses such as carpet Chemicals other than glyphosate grass (Axonopus spp.). Some chemicals have been released that are quite selective, for example killing broad Overall spraying leaved plants but not grasses. Seek advice In some situations where weed infestations on specificity and use all chemicals with are really serious, overall spraying with a caution. Take notice of wind direction to non-specific herbicide such as roundup is prevent drift and be aware that chemicals sometimes the best alternative. Although could runoff or leach through the soil into this is the easiest way to knock out weedy the habitat and cause extensive damage. grasses and shrubs, it also kills everything Also, some chemicals have a residual effect, else, including self-sown native seedlings persisting in the soil. Never spray in creeks. and, even worse, it destroys the habitat that supports most of the insects. Birds, lizards Brushcutting or mowing and frogs rely on those insects for food so, Some local residents find that brushcutting although it may look ‘tidy’, blanket spraying (at least a couple of times a year), ideally under trees can have a very negative effect before the weeds set seed, is a good way on biodiversity and should be avoided if to manage the annual weeds and it also possible. Besides, it often simply leads to leads to the establishment of native grasses. replacement by cobbler’s pegs. There is a need to keep a good lookout for Before taking this course, be sure that any tiny self-sown seedling trees, shrubs no natives are present, and if there are, tie and native understorey plants; given the coloured tapes around their stems so they chance they’ll become a significant part can be identified when spraying. Selective of the mature patch. Brushcutting or hand herbicides can be used or glyphosate, pulling can be supplemented with the depending on the target species. It should careful, spot use of a selective herbicide be remembered that overall spraying of
{30} and deer. Placing tree guards around new plants can discourage hares. Deer are difficult to control other than by Mother of Millions propagates from tiny leaf suitable fencing. Report bulbils (Photo: BH) all deer sightings {CHAPTER 5} promptly to the Council Weeds and a badly-infested area will result in large (3403 8888), as a means Pest Animals areas of bare ground and care needs to of encouraging more be taken (mulch, planting) to avoid re- active control. infestation, potentially with an even worse Smaller forms of wildlife may cause a weed than the one you have controlled. considerable amount of damage to new So how does one manage the weeds plantings for example, the larvae of the under the trees? Hand pulling selectively Large Grass Yellow Butterfly can inflict is the best, of course, but not practicable serious damage to young plants of coffee in a larger area. Depending on the weed bush (Breynia oblongifolia). Don’t spray with species present, repeated brushcutting insecticides – mostly plants recover – and is much more likely to yield good results, we should remember that a good reason often encouraging the growth of native for planting local natives is to support grasses which inhibit the growth of weeds local wildlife. while maintaining a productive understorey. Handy Resources Biological control Brisbane City Council (2007). Green Choice Biological control agents have been Gardening in Brisbane. Third Edition. 53 pp. selected and released for the control of a Brisbane City Council website has 7 videos on number of local weed species, including various techniques of weed removal. lantana (Lantana camara), salvinia (Salvinia Hacker, Bryan, Butler, Rona, and Rekdahl, Rae molesta) and cat’s claw (Macfadyena unguis- (1994). Putting Back the Forest – A Landcare cati). These are all having some effect but guide for Brookfield, Pullenvale and Moggill. are not expected to eliminate the weed Rural Environment Planning Association. species. Local Catchment Groups are 150 pp. (available through Moggill Creek raising the tinged insect which feeds on Catchment Group). cat’s claw and, depending on availability, Leiper, Glenn, Glazebrook, Jan, Cox, Denis and will provide infested potted plants to local Rathie, Kerry. (2008). Mangroves to Mountains residents on request. – A field guide to plants of South-east Queensland. Logan River Branch, SGAP. 544 pp. How do I control Ryan, Michelle (ed.) (2005). Wild Plants of pest animals? Greater Brisbane. 2nd Printing. Queensland The main pest animals that can cause Museum. 372 pp. damage to revegetation areas are hares
{31} {CHAPTER 6} Managing Wildlife and Domestic Stock
How do I attract native wildlife onto my property? Conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitat, the environment in which a species can occur, survive and reproduce, is vitally important from an ecological perspective, and benefits landowners through enhancing the attractiveness and value of their land. There are numerous benefits of wildlife conservation on private property. Perhaps foremost is that having native wildlife around contributes to the lifestyle of the owner and the pleasure of living in semi- rural areas. This may be achieved through maintenance or creation of wildlife movement corridors and linkages across
{32} potentially carry fire. Large dead native trees, especially ones with hollows, should be preserved, as hollows provide nest sites for Brown Honeyeater (Photo: GC) a range of animals, {CHAPTER 6} including lorikeets Managing the landscape. Thinking of the future, and other parrots. In Wildlife and wildlife and wildlife habitat are a part of most areas, nesting sites Domestic Stock Australia’s natural heritage and should are in short supply and be protected for future generations, and provision of fauna nest boxes can replace where there are rare or endangered plants, lost natural hollows. these should particularly be conserved. Those who keep stock should install Property owners may have access to fauna-friendly fencing and control direct incentive schemes to maintain wildlife access of stock to creeks and dams to conservation values of the property (see avoid damaging native vegetation. Snags page 44 for further details). (fallen logs) should be left in watercourses It is best to aim for a complex habitat, as habitat for aquatic fauna. Pets should one with many layers, including tree and be kept in at night and not allowed to understorey habitats, log and rock habitats, wander (see page 36) and pest animals native grasslands and creek systems should be controlled.. (or farm dams) and their associated Think twice about using pesticides vegetation. A complex habitat supports a and animal traps. Small insects, slugs and greater diversity of wildlife because most snails are food for lizards, gliders, birds animals are dependent on more than one and insectivorous bats. Poisons such as type of habitat and different species are rat bait will enter the wildlife food chain if adapted to different habitats. wildlife eat the affected rodent or die from When planning your house and its eating the bait. Any pesticides, herbicides surrounds, construct roads and tracks in and other chemicals should be disposed a manner that least impacts on remnant of with care, to prevent contamination of native vegetation. Throughout the creeks and farm dams. property, and especially near creeks and Any hazard reduction burning should farm dams, native vegetation, including be undertaken with extreme care, careful understorey trees and shrubs, should be planning and a permit. preserved, and native species planted to stabilise stream banks and improve water How do I attract native birds quality. Natural regeneration should be into my garden? encouraged and a ground cover of logs, To attract birds, a good start is to supply leaf litter and low vegetation preserved, water in a birdbath or large, glazed except close to buildings, where it might terracotta pot plant dish on a couple of
{33} Male King Parrot (Photo: GC) The Eastern Spinebill is a nectar-feeder (Photo: GC) bricks, placed near shrubbery (unless Grasses provide seed for finches. there are cats about) to provide refuge Various birds are common inhabitants of close by. Water should be changed daily lantana thickets, particularly whip birds and and the dish cleaned regularly. wrens. When getting rid of lantana, it is best For your garden, choose native plant done progressively, replanting with natives species that provide tree cover for shelter as you do so. Potential natives that have a and nesting all year round. Choose hardy somewhat comparable effect are poison plants that can be a source of food in peach (Trema aspera), Brisbane wattle the fruit, blossom, bark, sap or leaves of (Acacia fimbriata), Pittosporum viscidum, and the plant. perhaps Pultenaea and Daviesia spp. Numerous tree species attract birds. The aggressive noisy miner is no Lorikeets love the blossom of eucalypts, friend to other native birds, mobbing which flower at different times of the year, them and chasing them away. The noisy and also the wheel of fire tree flowers miner favours a woodland environment (Stenocarpus sinuatus). The red bottle brush with a mown understorey, so if you want (Melaleuca viminalis) is a good source of to attract smaller birds, mown lawns are nectar for honey-eaters, as well as for the not the way to go. Better to plant and Eastern Spinebill, and the various figs and promote a complex understorey including native tamarind (Diploglottis australis) are vines and shrubs. It is not only food trees sought by the fruit-eating birds as fruit that attract birds but also the structure of ripen. White cedar (Melia azedarach) fruits vegetation, particularly for smaller birds are enjoyed by fruit eating pigeons, fig seeking nesting sites and protection. Thus a birds, orioles and Lewin’s honeyeaters. vegetation complex of many layers is more King parrots are fruit eaters and are useful than a single tree or shrub stratum attracted to hop bushes (Dodonaea spp.). Practically all flowers bring insects which How do I attract native are important to birds – directly as food butterflies? for some adult species, and for most Many butterfly species are attracted to species as high-protein nestling food. a wide range of both native and exotic
{34} Just a few we could mention are listed below. More people ask about attracting butterflies than moths, but there are numerous moth species, many {CHAPTER 6} very attractive. They Managing too need food plants for Wildlife and Richmond Birdwing butterfly (Photo: RS) adults and caterpillars. Domestic Stock
Should I fence my land? nectar-bearing flowers when they are in If you do not intend to keep stock on their adult form. A good native species your property, there is a lot to be said that attracts butterflies is native pavetta for not fencing. Fences potentially cut (Pavetta australiensis). wildlife corridors and prevent the free For butterflies to flourish, it is essential movement of wallabies. If the objective is that the food plants for their caterpillars be a privacy screen, then consider planting present. The local extinction of the birdwing hedges or bushy native plants rather than butterfly vine Pararistolochia( praevenosa) is constructing a fence. However, fences may responsible for the disappearance of the possibly be beneficial in discouraging feral beautiful and once-common Richmond deer, an increasing problem in our district. birdwing butterfly from our district. Over Uncontrolled grazing by stock is not recent years there has been a major effort, compatible with sound native vegetation supported by the two catchment groups, to management. Fencing-off natural or plant the vine in our district. revegetated areas, so that grazing stock Although some butterflies are very cannot enter, should assist natural specific over the food plants for their regeneration to occur and protect any caterpillars, some others have much more planted trees. catholic tastes. More than 130 species Fencing is also to be recommended of butterfly have been recorded in the where a creek passes through or alongside Moggill Creek catchment and they are grazed pasture. Grazing livestock should listed on the MCCG website, together be excluded from creekside vegetation as with the food plants for their caterpillars. they can cause considerable damage to
Butterfly A food plant for Caterpillars Blue triangle Three-veined laurel (Cryptocarya triplinervis) Bordered rustic Flintwood (Scolopia braunii) Large yellow Coffee bush (Breynia oblongifolia) Fourbar swallowtail Zigzag vine (Melodorum leichhardtii) Jezebel nymph Native mulberry (Pipturus argenteus) Yellow migrant Brush senna (Senna acclinis) {35} native plants as well as fouling the water and increasing likelihood of erosion of creek banks. Fauna friendly fencing on your property can either allow animals to pass through (inclusion fencing) or prevent or exclude them from passing through (exclusion fencing). Inclusion fencing allows animals such as koalas, kangaroos, wallabies, bandicoots, echidnas, lizards, turtles, possums and gliders through to Pardolote nest destroyed by a marauding cat find food, shelter, a mate or new territory. (Photo: BH) Exclusion fencing can prevent access to dangerous areas (e.g. roads, swimming How do I become a pools, domestic dogs and cats) or prevent responsible pet owner? domestic dogs and cats from gaining When pets roam into natural areas they access to native animal habitat areas. have a significant impact on native wildlife. Pool fencing (required by Brisbane City It is important for landowners to take Council) should be designed to exclude responsibility for their pets to protect animals. Leave a wooden plank or buoyant natural areas. object in the pool in case an animal does Property owners can do their bit to fall in. protect natural areas from the impact of There are a number of issues to uncontrolled pets by the installation of consider when constructing fauna friendly appropriate fencing or cat enclosures and fencing. Barbed wire and electric fencing keeping any gates closed. Those who should obviously be avoided as these can wish to keep a cat should have it de-sexed, cause injury or death to native wildlife. registered with a name tag or micro-chip Passage for animals can be facilitated and keep it inside or secured from dusk by leaving a 50 cm gap underneath any to dawn. Leaving uneaten food outside style of fence, leaving gaps at corners. attracts pest animals, including rats and An old car tyre, supported between two feral cats and dogs. wire strands in a fence, in the middle of Dogs should always be walked on a a panel, can make it easy for wallabies leash, particularly in natural areas and to transit without injury. Many native never allowed to chase birds or other native animals can easily climb wooden fences animals. For the sake of other walkers, it is a and chain wire and a wider top rail on the courtesy to clean up your dog’s droppings. fence can become an animal walkway. Contact the Council on 3403 8888 for Another consideration is to retain – or further information on responsible pet plant – trees and shrubs or place prop ownership, stray animals, the Animals logs against the fence on both sides to Local Law 2003, animal shelters or provide shelter and climbing opportunities questions relating to specific natural areas. for arboreal mammals.
{36} Caring for injured wildlife protect the soil Sometimes injured animals are found surface from heavy on your own land or more often along rain, and to maintain roadsides. Across the western suburbs of vegetation for bank Brisbane a growing number of volunteers stability and for wildlife are becoming experienced and dedicated and in-stream habitat. In wildlife carers. Wildlife care volunteers general, timing, intensity provide a free service to the public and and duration of grazing {CHAPTER 6} to our wildlife by rescuing, caring for and on your property all Managing rehabilitating injured, sick and orphaned need to be considered. Wildlife and native wildlife. Wildlife carers need help to As a general rule, Domestic Stock support the good work that they do and grazing should be also for release sites for animals that have restricted or prevented altogether when recovered from injuries. plants are starting their annual growth For more information or if you cycle or when land is subject to flooding wish to provide a donation to Pullen such as during summer when maximum Pullen Catchments Group Wildlife rainfall is expected. By monitoring the Care Assistance Program contact impact of grazing throughout the year, the Program Coordinator on you will be able to assess whether grazing [email protected]. intensity is too high or too low, and to move stock or reduce stock numbers I want to keep some before vegetation degradation occurs. livestock; how should I do it? Probably the best-adapted pasture Keeping ponies or horses in our district is grass in our area is Rhodes grass (Chloris popular, and there are also small herds of gayana), although some owners have cattle and alpacas. Brookfield and Pullenvale sown signal grass (Urochloa decumbens). would not be the same without horses! The latter species, although palatable to On small properties there is always cattle, is locally reputed to be unpalatable a temptation to keep too many animals. to horses. Where artificial fertilizers are Overgrazing is a widespread problem, used, care should be taken to avoid over- leading to areas of bare soil and increasing fertilizing, with consequent adverse effects amounts of unpalatable plants such as giant on any adjoining creek. rat’s tail grass. In our extremely variable Controlling stock access and grazing climate, almost any month can be the to stream banks and riparian vegetation is driest month in the year and it is difficult to an important step in sustainable property overcome the adverse effects of overgrazing. management. Horses, cattle and other Sparse ground cover increases the erosion domestic stock can damage waterways risk from the large episodic rainfall events and creek side vegetation if they have that are not uncommon during extended uncontrolled access to stream banks. dry periods. Management of grazing Stock tracks, over grazing, trampling and pressure aims to maintain continuous compacting of soil along stream banks groundcover, with enough vegetation to can cause bank erosion, weed invasion,
{37} loss of wildlife habitat and damage to listed in the Brisbane Invasive Species in-stream ecosystems. Animal dung Management Plan July 2007 – June can wash into waterways when it rains, 2011 as Pest Animals of Significance causing an increase in nutrient levels and to Brisbane. The European honey bee sediment in creeks, resulting in reduced is listed as a fauna species “requiring water quality. For further information about special investigation”. management of horses on small properties, see publications by J. Myers, below. Wild Deer Fencing and setting up off-stream There are three species of wild deer which watering points for horses and other are becoming increasingly common domestic stock will reduce their adverse throughout western Brisbane – rusa deer effects on waterways. The type and (Cervus timorensis), fallow deer (Dama location of fencing, the type of stock, the dama), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). size and shape of the stream channel, As well as competing with native the frequency of flooding, and size of wildlife for resources, deer kill native trees the flood peak are important factors in by stripping off bark and ringbarking them, planning riparian fencing. Pumping water associated with antler maintenance, and from a creek for off-stream watering damage vegetation by trampling and points requires a permit, and landholders grazing. They also damage home gardens should be aware of restrictions included in and crops. the Queensland Water Act 2000. On roads, deer can be a traffic hazard. Management of grazing pressure aims Stags can be aggressive during the to maintain continuous groundcover, with breeding season and deer also carry enough vegetation to protect the soil various diseases and parasites. surface from heavy rain, and to maintain The Queensland State Government has vegetation for bank stability and for wildlife recently (May 2009) declared feral deer to and in-stream habitat. In general, timing, be pest animals. Rusa (and chittal deer, not intensity and duration of grazing on your in our district) are now classed as Class 2 property all need to be considered. Pests and fallow and red deer, Class 3 Pest Animals. What are the common pest Landowners sighting deer on their animals in our area? properties are encouraged to phone Pest animals are generally any exotic or Council on 3403 8888 to report and introduced animals that have an adverse express their concern. economic, environmental or social effect. Many of Australia’s pest animals, such Wild Dogs and Feral Cats as feral cats, wild dogs, european foxes, A wild dog is a free ranging dog without deer and rabbits are declared under the an owner. This includes domestic dogs Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route that have become feral, dingoes and dingo Management) Act 2002. Other animals hybrids. A feral cat is the common house that impact negatively on natural areas cat that, if abandoned, will readily revert to are cane toads, and all these species are a feral state.
{38} Both wild dogs and feral cats are Handy declared Class 2 pest animals under the Resources provisions of the Land Protection (Pest Brisbane City Council and Stock Route Management) Act 2002. (2007). Brisbane They pose a serious threat to native Invasive Species wildlife and domestic animals. It is the Management Plan July responsibility of the landowner to take all 2007 – June 2011. reasonable steps to keep their property 155 pp. {CHAPTER 6} free of declared pests. Brisbane City Council Managing Fencing to exclude pest animals – (2007). Green Choice Wildlife and particularly cats – is difficult. Cats and Gardening in Brisbane. Domestic Stock dogs can be trapped humanely using soft Third Edition. 53 pp. catch rubber-jawed foot-hold traps and Brisbane City Council (various). Pest Animal cage traps, used humanely, and the RSPCA Management Fact Sheets contacted. Potential food sources for feral www.brisbane.qld.gov.au animals should be avoided, for instance, Dept Environment and Resource Management food scraps should not be left in the open, (various). Pest Animal Management Fact but disposed of in a compost heap or bin. Sheets www.derm.qld.gov.au If you wish to create a wildlife feeding Lindenmayer, D., Claridge, A., Hazell, D., Michael, station, it is important that it can not be D., Crane, M., MacGregor, C. and Cunningham, ambushed by a feral cat. (Most wildlife R. (2003). Wildlife on Farms. How to Conserve experts discourage feeding stations, Native Animals. CSIRO.Publishing. 117 pp. particularly for carnivorous birds, as Low, Tim. (c. 1993). Dinkum Gardening. Greening encouraging carnivorous birds puts smaller Australia, Queensland. 60 pp. birds – particularly nestlings, at risk.) Myers, J. (2005). Managing Horses on Small The Brisbane City Council Pest Properties. Landlinks Press. 224 pp. Management Program can assist Myers, J. (2005). Horse Safe: A Complete Guide landowners with pest animal inquiries, to Equine Safety. Landlinks Press. 184pp. pest management advice and assistance. Myers, J. (2007). Managing Horses on Small For further information, phone 3403 8888. Properties in the Moggill Creek Catchment. Moggill Creek Catchment Group. 39 pp. Cane toads (free booklet} Cane toads are a ubiquitous pest around Ryan, Michelle (ed.) (1995). Wildlife of Greater Brisbane, responsible for the death of Brisbane. Queensland Museum. 340 pp. animals that eat them and competing RSPCA www.rspca.org.au for food, shelter and breeding sites with Sands, D.P.A. (2004). Butterfly Checklist for the native animals. While cane toads are Moggill Creek Catchment. MCCG. 13 pp. (see regarded as a pest species throughout the also www.moggillcreek.org.au) region, wanton cruelty is to be deplored Walraven, E. (2004). Care of Australian Wildlife. and they should be destroyed humanely. For Gardeners, Landholders and Wildlife One recommended method is by freezing. Carers (Revised Edition). New Holland Publishers. 140 pp.
{39} {Appendix 1} Wildlife and Conservation Organizations
Pullen Pullen Catchment Group Inc. (PPCG) Pullen Pullen Catchments Group (PPCG) is a non-profit, community based, volunteer organisation formed as a Landcare Group in 1999. The Group’s vision is to help people to enjoy, value and connect to the environment and community through education, active bushcare and community events. PPCG currently (2009) has three active Bushcare Groups, supported by Brisbane City Council’s Habitat Brisbane Program. These are the Anstead Bushland Reserve (Hawkesbury Rd, Anstead), Pullenvale Forest Park (Pullenvale) and John Wilson Reserve (Glenhurst St, Pinjarra Hills). PPCG’s Vision is to Recover Environments through Active Bush Care (ABC) and Teaching (the) Local Community (TLC). PPCG also supports a Wildlife Care Assistance Program – for more information or if you wish to provide a donation, contact the Program Coordinator on [email protected] Pullen Pullen Catchments Group Inc. Post PO Box 1390, Kenmore Qld 4069 Web www.pullenpullencatchment.org.au Email [email protected]
(Photo: AM) {40} {APPENDICES}
Moggill Creek Catchment The MCCG vision for the Moggill Management Group Inc. Creek catchment and neighbouring (MCCG) catchments is to conserve and enhance The Moggill Creek Catchment the environmental values in the region, Management Group Inc. (MCCG) is a recognising that these catchments volunteer community action group interlink to provide a “range to river aiming to conserve and improve the corridor”, vital not only to the fauna and local environment of the Moggill Creek flora within the catchments, but also to catchment on both private and public the rivers and Moreton Bay. land. Projects include revegetation and the planting of locally native flora MCCG’s priorities: species on public and private land as • Rehabilitating Habitat Corridors well as promoting good environmental • Managing Exotic Weeds management throughout the local • Improving Water Quality community. MCCG runs a plant nursery • Managing Fire Risks (with support from PPCG members), • Planning for the future from which it provides free locally-native plants to members of both groups for MCCG is registered as a charitable revegetation projects. organization and donations are There are currently (2009) nine active tax deductible. Bushcare Groups working in the area. To contact the group: Whilst the work that these volunteers Moggill Creek Catchment undertake on public land is important, Management Group Inc. private landholders have contributed Post PO Box 657, Kenmore QLD 4069 significantly to MCCG’s catchment- Web www.moggillcreek.org.au wide objectives. Their input has seen Email [email protected] 14 Voluntary Conservation Agreements negotiated for Moggill Creek catchment. Landholders also involve themselves in extensive replanting of native species, particularly on acreage properties.
{41} {Appendix 2} Wildlife Conservation Partnerships
Wildlife Conservation fencing, nest boxes, plant propagation, Partnerships Program fire management, erosion and sediment To help encourage and assist landholders control, and tree planting. to protect and restore the wildlife habitat The WCPP offers four on their land, Brisbane City Council types of agreements. Each developed the Wildlife Conservation agreement offers different levels of Partnerships Program (WCPP). The protection and assistance according to the WCPP enables private landholders to landowner’s needs. These agreements are: enter into agreements with Council to gain assistance to protect or restore the • Land for Wildlife habitat on their properties. Participation • General Voluntary in the program is entirely voluntary Conservation Agreement and has no effect on the landholder’s • Higher Voluntary ownership rights. Conservation Agreement The WCPP offers practical advice and • Voluntary Conservation Covenant assistance to landholders as to how they can protect and/or restore and manage If you are interested in receiving the wildlife habitat on their property. assistance with protecting and enhancing Under the program, Council’s the habitat values of your property extension officers visit properties and please contact: provide advice on weed identification Brisbane City Council’s Wildlife and control, native plant identification Conservation Partnerships Program and restoration, general rehabilitation Phone 07 3403 8888 techniques, pest animal species and Email [email protected] how to control them, fauna-friendly
{42} Other Wildlife & Conservation Organisations & Networks: {APPENDICES} Wildlife and Native Plants: Wildlife Preservation Society of Qld THECA (The Hut Environmental and Web www.wildlife.org.au Community Association Inc.) Qld Frog Society Inc. Web www.theca.asn.au Web www.qldfrogs.asn.au Society for Growing Australian Plants, Qld Region, Inc. Birds Queensland – Queensland Ornithological Society Inc Web www.sgapqld.org.au Web www.birdsqueensland.org.au Brisbane Rainforest Action and Information Network Bats Rescue Inc. Web www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au Web www.batrescue.org.au Greening Australia Qld Nest boxes for wildlife Web www.qld.greeningaustralia.org.au Web www.hollowloghomes.com.au Rural Environment Planning Richmond Birdwing Recovery Association Inc. (REPA) Network Inc. Web www.repa.org.au Web www.richmondbirdwing.org.au
Injured Tawny Frogmouths in Care (Photo: IR)
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