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The View of Freud's Pleasure Principle and the Simple THE VIEW OF FREUD'S PLEASURE PRINCIPLE AND THE SIMPLE HEDONISM OF HUMAN BEING Titik Muti'ah Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas SarjanawiyataTamansiswa, Jalan Kusumanegara 157, Yogyakarta ABSTRAK Artikel ini mengetengahkan tentang prinsip kesenangan dari Freud dan apa adanya (makna sehari-hari) hedonisme pada manusia dari perspektif psikoanalisa dan filsafat. Kesenangan diasumsikan sebagai sebuah peran dalam pertimbangan filsafat manusia. Hal ini tidak sebanding perannya dalam perspektif keseharian (masyarakat) yang tidak meragukan karena kepentingan filsafat dalam psikologi dan hedonism yang beretika dan dalam psikoanalisa Freud. Tujuan dari pemaparan ini adalah untuk memahami secara lebih rinci makna sebenar dari prinsip kesenangan Freud, juga mempelajari perbedaannya dengan hedonism apa adanya yang mana keduanya pada dasarnya pencari kesenangan. Kesimpulannya, sesungguhnya apa yang kita pahami tentang `kesenangan' dalam hedonism yang merujuk pada etika filsafat sering dibingungkan karena cara beroperasinya di level-level yang berbeda, yang satunya pada bawah-sadar dan yang lainnya pada level kesadaran manusia. Kata Kunci : Prinsip kesenangan, hedonisme ABSTRACT This paper presents the view of Freuds pleasure principle and simple-hedonism of human being from psychoanalytic and philosophical perspective. Pleasure is assumed as a role in philosophical consideration of human beings. It is disproportionate to its role in everyday perception which no doubt due to philosophical interest in psychology and ethical hedonism, and also in Freud's psychoanalysis. The purpose of this work is to elaborate more understanding the actual meaning of Freud's Pleasure Principle, also, to study its difference with simple hedonism where they are fundamentally pleasure seeking. The conclusion is what1.we understand about pleasure' in hedonism refers to the ethical philosophy is often confused due to their operating on different levels, on the unconscious and the other on conscious level of human mind. Keywords: Pleasure Principle, Hedonism INTRODUCTION Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis and well-known as physician, psychiatrist, psychologist and scientist. In the other hand, Freud's interest in philosophy is not at of the professional or academic philosopher. His philosophy was a social and a humanitarian or the form of building a philosophy of life. His philosophy of life is based on science rather than on metaphysics or religion. He felt that a philosophy of life is one of base upon a true knowledge of man's nature and knowledge that could only be gained by scientific inquiry and research. Otherwise, Philosophy itself has aimed to clarity of understanding and the demarcation of knowledge. These linked in the philosophical consideration of theories used in explanation. The relation of Freud's explanations to those in physical and experimental science has long been matter of dispute. Freud considered himself as an experimentalist who sought the characteristics and Jurnal Spirits Vol 1 No 1 Desember 2010 Page 1 causes of mental disorder. But this did not exhaust Freud's psychological concerns. He was also interested in philosophy by producing an overall theory of the mind, in part, the two concerns were linked. Freud's concern with theory derives as much as his clinical work, from the tradition of scientific though. However, this concern can be seen in his earliest desires for the most comprehensive form of understanding open to men and to identify his passion for theory. Freud young expressed his longing of philosophical knowledge and he examined from medicine to psychology (Wolheim, 1991). Freud exploration was throughout the year 1895 when His thought seemed turning increasingly to the theory of mind and particularly to the relations between the physiological and the psychological levels. This was known as a `project of scientific psychology'. On one level, the `project' is a neurological account of the brain and its functioning, as such it was correspondence to the facts of anatomy. On another level, it was theoretical model of mind and mental processes, both normal and pathological. In general these two levels on which the project is conceived fit together. This was not only for Freud's conviction, grounded in materialism that he never abandoned, but psychology should have a physical base. Freud also believed that psychological phenomena exhibit many of same characteristics and characteristic patterns on which they were causally dependent. Hence the neurophysiological concept in psychological theory could be expected to have a corrective or regulative effect and would ensure the proper shape of the theory. On the other way, Freud had long observed that every neurosis has as its result, and its purpose, a forcing of the patient out of real life, alienating him from reality. Freud (1991) introduced the process of repression into the genesis of the neuroses. Neurotics turn away from reality because they find it unbearable – either the whole or part of it. But in fact every neurotic does the same with some fragment of reality. Psychoanalysis confronted with the task of investigating the development of the relation of neurotics and of mankind in general to reality and the way of bringing the psychological significance of the real external world into the structure of psychoanalytic theories. In the theory of mind, psychoanalysis emphasises the importance of unconscious mental life and importance of conflict between conscious and unconscious. The psychoanalytic viewpoint takes into account the interaction of the biological sources of human motivation with cultural forces and development, and experiential factors that influence the continuity of development from birth to adulthood. The crucial role of early development, the evolution of the structures of the mind, and object relations are among the important factors embraced by this conception of the mind. Dynamic elements can also be observed in the formation of character, in the structural aspects of the mental apparatus, and in the success or failure of adaptive functioning. Therefore, as the purpose of this review, it is important to have more understand the essence of Freud's Pleasure Principle. Whether Freud's Pleasure Principle can also being understand as a simple hedonism. THE UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESS AND THE ID TO THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE The Unconscious is also a characteristic that distinguishes psychoanalysis from other psychological theories. It also has become accustomed in psychoanalysis to taking as our starting point of unconscious mental process, with the peculiarities of which we have become acquainted through analysis. Freud used the term `unconscious' in a number of different senses. It is used in a purely descriptive sense to suggest all those contents, Jurnal Spirits Vol 1 No 1 Desember 2010 Page 2 which are not present to consciousness. The first Freud technical use ofthe term is the notion of the unconscious in the dynamic sense. This does not refer to any particular quality of a mental state, but to its function. The unconscious is the site of repressed forces struggling to break into consciousness, but which are held in check by a repressing agency. This dynamic view led to a systematic or structural view (topographic point of view) in which the psychical apparatus is seen as consisting of a number of different regions or agencies each responsible for different functions. Then the economic point of view which endeavours to follow out the vicissitudes of amounts of excitation and arrive at some relative estimate of their magnitude'. Freud (1914) in the `meta-psychological paper' presented in detail what was known as the `first topography'. According to this view, the mind consists of three systems: the unconscious proper (Ucs), contains those contents which have been repressed either by process of primal repression or after-repression. The preconscious (Pcs), contains those contents which, while not being conscious, are capable of becoming conscious, i.e., are nor repressed. And the consciousness-perception system (Cs), contains all those contents that are conscious in descriptive sense (Osborne, 1993). Freud during 1920 through 1923 made revision of his topography. The Id in the second topography looked upon as roughly equivalent to the unconscious system (Ucs.), in the first one always provided a number of differences which were born in the mind. The unconscious is indistinguishable from the repressed. In the Ego and the id, Freud stressed the fact that the repressing agency - the ego- and its defensive operations were also for the most part unconscious. The development of Ego and revision of the instinct theory bring about a further change, since the new agency of the id includes the two types of instincts (life and death instincts) from the outset. This means -that the id is depicted as the `great reservoir' of the libido, and more generally of the instinctual energy (Laplanche & Pontalis, 1988). The boundary with the ego is less rigorous than the former frontier, constituted by the censorship, between Ucs. and Pcs.-Cs. The ego is not sharply separated from the id. The same also with the super-ego, which is not a completely autonomous agency, it merges into the id. Lastly, the distinction between the id and a biological substratum of the source of the instinct, the id is `open at its end to somatic influences. The fact is that Freud transfers to the id most of the properties which in the first topography had defined the system Ucs., and which constitute a positive
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