COASTAL COMMUNITY ADAPTATION PROJECT (C-CAP)
QUARTERLY REPORT 7 01 April through 30 June 2014
August 2014C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 1
This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by the Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP) implemented by DAI for USAID/Pacific Islands.
Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP) Quarterly Report 7 01 April through 30 June, 2014
PROGRAM TITLE: Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP)
SPONSORING USAID OFFICE: USAID/Philippines
CONTRACT NUMBER: AID-492-C-12-00010
CONTRACTOR: Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI)
DATE OF PUBLICATION: August 2014
Cover Photo: Village Councilor and local Police work with C-CAP Country Mobilizer to map coordinates for the Disaster Management Plans in Lealea Village, Papua New Guinea. Credit C-CAP.
This publication has been made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 i TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYM LIST ...... III
INTRODUCTION ...... 1 C-CAP Technical components ...... 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3
CONTRACT MONITORING PLAN UPDATE ...... 7
COMPONENT 1: COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT/WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPROVED ...... 9 TASK 1.1Identify and prioritize District and coastal communities for partcipation and actvities for implmentation ...... 9 TASK 1.2 Develop a network of Social Mobilizers from partcvipating districts/communities ...... 1212 TASK 1.3 Develop and apply criteria to identify and prioritize community-specific social and economic infrastructure activities ...... 12 TASK 1.4 Develop specifications, advertise, negotiate, award and monitor subcontracts for infrastructure rehabilitation, repair or upgrading and new construction activities ...... 15 TASK 1.5 Conduct activity management ...... 16
COMPONENT 2: DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRENGTHENED ...... 17 TASK 2.1 Risk identification – develop or update locally tailored assessments to improve understanding of current and future risks ...... 18 TASK 2.2 Options identification- identify gaps and opportunities to reduce vulnerability and risk over both short and long time scales ...... 18 TASK 2.3 Risk reduction: support for implementation of risk reducing adaptation activities at community level ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
COMPONENT 3: RESILIENCE IN COMMUNITIES STRENGTHENED—CLIMATE RESILIENT LAND-USE PLANNING AND BUILDING STANDARDS ...... 20 TASK 3.1 Develop plan of action to integrate climate adaptation into land-use planning and building standards ...... 20 TASK 3.2 From year 2, facilitate integration of climate adaptation policies and practices into communIty land-use and/or development planning ...... 20
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ...... 21 Key personnel ...... 21 Project office personnel ...... 21
FINANCIAL SUMMARY ...... 25
ANNEX 1: TECHNICAL MEETINGS HELD IN THE REPORTING PERIOD ...... 26
ANNEX 2: INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITIZATION SUMMARIES ...... 36
ANNEX 3: C-CAP ORGANIZATION CHART (AS OF 30 JUNE 2014) ...... 138
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 ii ACRONYM LIST
C-CAP Coastal Community Adaptation Project (USAID) CM Country Mobilizer (USAID/C-CAP) CMP Contract Monitoring Plan CO Contract Officer (USAID) COP Chief of Party (USAID/C-CAP) COR Contract Officer’s Representative (USAID) DAI Development Alternatives Inc. DCOP Deputy Chief of Party (USAID/C-CAP) DOC Development Outreach Coordinator (USAID/C-CAP) DQA Data Quality Audit DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EDF Environmental Documentation Form FCRA Fiji Customs and Revenue Authority (Fiji) FSM Federated Stgates of Micronesia GST Goods and Service Tax (PNG) IPI Infrastructure Prioritization Index IRC Internal Revenue Commission (PNG) MFATTEL Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Labour, Tourism, Trade and Environment and Labour (Tuvalu) MNRE Ministry of Natural resources and Environment (Samoa) NAB National Advisory Board (Vanuatu) NAPA National Adaptation Programme for Action (Tuvalu) NDC National Disaster Center (PNG) NPAC National Project Advisory Committee PACE-SD Pacifc Center of Environment – Sustanable Development (USP) PNG Papua New Guinea RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands SM Social Mobilizer (USAID/C-CAP) SMS Short Messaging System STA Samoa Tourist Authority STA Senior Technical Advisor (USAID/C-CAP) STTA Short Term Technical Assistance TAMIS Technical and Administrative Management Information System (DAI) USAID United States Agency for International Development USP University of the South Pacific V&A Vulnerability and Adaptation WO Work Order
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 iii
INTRODUCTION
The five-year (FY2013-17) Coastal Community Adaptation Project (C-CAP) is funded by USAID/Philippines and implemented by DAI in partnership with the University of the South Pacific’s (USP) Pacific Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD). The project works directly with coastal communities across the Pacific region to: rehabilitate or construct new, small-scale community infrastructure that is resilient to the impacts of climate change; build capacity for disaster prevention and preparedness; and integrate climate resilient policies and practices into long-term land-use plans and building standards.
The Pacific Island countries comprise the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. The nature-based livelihoods and diverse cultures that have risen from these island nations, some of which stand only meters above sea level, are being challenged and in some cases overwhelmed by sea level rise, changing ocean temperatures and acidity, increasing air temperatures, shifting rainfall and storm patterns, and other impacts of climate change that are projected to increase over the next 100 years. Particularly vulnerable to these challenges are areas like the low-lying areas of Fiji's Rewa Delta, coastal communities in Papua New Guinea and unplanned development areas in Tonga’s Popua. National adaptation strategies and policies are being put in place in many C-CAP countries, but implementation lags at the community level across the region as there is often a disconnection between national planning and community-level needs and support for implementation. The impetus for this program stems from the critical importance of building vulnerable coastal communities’ capacity to apply climate-smart decision-making to improve coastal zone and water resource management and strengthen disaster management. Through C-CAP, USAID will strengthen community resilience to climate change in 12 Pacific Island countries—the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI), Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. In 90 communities across nine countries, USAID: builds local knowledge through community-based training and participatory risk mapping and analysis; cultivates adaptive capacity by helping local leaders factor climate change projections into traditional decision-making processes; and strengthens resilience to disasters and climate change impacts through implementation of built and natural infrastructure, disaster prevention and preparedness training, and land-use planning. The three ‘Compact of Free Association’ countries—FSM, Palau and RMI—will also receive disaster risk management and land-use planning support, bringing the total number of beneficiary communities to 120. In the first year of operations, C- CAP focused on promoting climate resilience in 22 communities in PNG, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. In the second year of operations C-CAP has expanded into four (4) additional countries; Kiribati, Tuvalu, Nauru and the Solomon Islands and has increased site level activities to a total of 71 communities as of this report writing. From C-CAP headquarters in PNG and a sub-office in Fiji, USAID champions the primary objective to build the resilience of vulnerable coastal communities in the Pacific region to withstand more intense and frequent weather events and ecosystem degradation in the short term, and sea level rise in the long term. This C-CAP Quarterly Progress Report 7 corresponds to Year 2 third quarter (3Q) technical activities, accomplishments, administrative issues and budget.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 1
C-CAP TECHNICAL COMPONENTS
C-CAP is comprised of three major technical components—each with multiple component tasks—in addition to overarching program management. These are: Component 1: Coastal Zone Management Improved/Water Resource Management Capacity Improved Task 1.1: Identify and prioritize districts and coastal communities for participation and activities for implementation Task 1.2: Develop a network of Social Mobilizers from participating districts/communities Task 1.3: Develop and apply criteria to identify and prioritize community-specific social and economic infrastructure activities Task 1.4: Develop specifications, advertise, negotiate, and award and monitor subcontracts for infrastructure rehabilitation, repair or upgrading and new construction activities Task 1.5: Conduct activity management.
Component 2: Disaster Management Strengthened Task 2.1: Risk identification – develop or update locally tailored assessments to improve understanding of current and future risks Task 2.2: Options identification – identify gaps and opportunities to reduce vulnerability and risk over both short and long time scales Task 2.3: Risk reduction – support for implementation of risk reducing adaptation activities at community level.
Component 3: Resilience in Communities Strengthened – Climate Resilient Land-use Planning and Building Standards Task 3.1: Develop plan of action to integrate climate adaptation into land-use planning and building standards Task 3.2: From Year 2, facilitate integration of climate adaptation policies and practices into community land-use and/or development planning.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PROJECT ADMINISTRATION
The following project administration activities were accomplished during the reporting period:
Two (2) Short-term Technical Assistance (STTA) assignments were conducted in the reporting period. One STTA was developed and completed to bolster infrastructure development process; the second was a combined technical and communication STTA designed to advance risk assessment activities and maintain momentum in delivery for communication products during an extended leave of the C-CAP DOC (see Project Office Personnel – Table 7).
PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITIES
The following programmatic activities were accomplished during the reporting period: C-CAP consolidated field activities at remaining Year 2 sites – in Tuvalu, Nauru, Solomon Islands; the project is currently engaged in 71 of 74 sites slated for activities in the second contract year (see Task 1.5 Conduct Activity Management). C-CAP expects to meet Year 2 targets for site engagement over the next quarter. C-CAP Continued to make technical advances during the quarter: a. Selecting an additional four (4) sites; b. Completing nine (9) climate change risk and asset mapping exercises; c. Conducting 25 Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) selections; d. Signing five (5) Community Agreements; e. Completing three (3) and initiating eight (8) infrastructure designs; and f. Completing construction (substantial completion – retention period in effect) at the Pari sites, while continuing to make progress towards construction completion at an additional four (4) sites (See Task 1.3).
C-CAP initiated Component 2 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities in Samoa and PNG. An initial roll-out of the DRR approach was conducted in conjunction with the CM training (March 2014) in Rewa villages (Fiji); through the roll-out, C-CAP trained the CMs on implementing DRR at the village level and refined the methodology. Subsequent to the Rewa roll-out, C-CAP conducted disaster management planning in five (5) Year 1 communities in Samoa and PNG (see Task 2.1 and 2.2).
C-CAP completed construction activities in four (4) Samoan communities with the issuance to the Certificate of Substantial Completion to ADRA Samoa (subcontractor) on 13 June 2014. In all, C-CAP constructed four (4) community centers and 89 household water collection and tank facilities, delivering approximately 330,400 liters of water collection and storage capacity to assist climate change / drought affected populations in four villages.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 3 DELIVERABLES SUMMARY
Each project deliverable due through to the end of the current reporting period, along with implementation statuses and due dates can be found below in Table 1. Additional details are provided in relevant subsections of the Component chapters that follow.
TABLE 1: YR2/Q1 DELIVERABLE SUMMARY
Deliverable by Task Target Month Status
Component 1 1.1.A.1 Identify three 12 Oct 2012 Completed and approved. priority C-CAP districts in each country of operations 1.1.B.1 Rank five priority 20 Nov 2012 Completed and approved. communities in each selected district for USAID approval 1.2.A.1 Identify Social 20 Dec 2012 Completed and approved: Submitted 21 March Mobilizers in selected 2013. communities 1.2.B.1 Facilitate Group 4 Jan 2013 An initial training program was conducted on 25 Training/Action Planning January 2013 to position EU-GCCA program Seminar in each country ‘In-Country Coordinators’ to acquire requisite of operations skills for mentoring C-CAP Country Mobilizers once hired. Experiential training was provided to each of the In-Country Coordinators during risk mapping exercises conducted in their respective ‘Year 1’ country (PNG, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu). 1.3.A. Develop 1 Mar 2013 Draft submitted on 29 April 2013 and USAID Infrastructure Prioritization provided comments on 5 May 2013. Final Index for USAID approval version approved on 17 July 2013. 1.3.B. Establish formal 12 Apr 2013 See Component 1, Task 1.3 on progress with Agreements with C-CAP IPI for identifying priority infrastructure in each communities community. 1.4.A. Develop 12 Apr 2013 See Component 1, Task 1.3 on progress with infrastructure plans, IPI for identifying potential infrastructure. specifications for approved projects 1.4.B. Develop activity- 12 Apr 2013 Completed and approved: Submitted 7 August specific Quality Assurance 2013. Plans 1.4.C. Environmental 1 Apr 2013 Completed and approved: Submitted 7 August Monitoring and 2013. Implementation Plan 1.4.D. Hold pre-tender 4 May Pre-tender meeting for engineering design and subcontractor information 2013 oversight services conducted on 5 July 2013. session for small local Pre-tender subcontractor information sessions construction companies in for small local construction in PNG completed in each country YR2/Q1.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 4 Deliverable by Task Target Month Status
Component 2 2.1.A.1 Conduct gap 20 Jan 2013 Completed 21 March 2013. analysis of existing vulnerability assessments across C-CAP communities 2.1.B.1 Lead participatory 20 Jan 2013 Completed: March 2013. risk mapping exercise across C-CAP communities 2.1.C.1 Update community 20 Jan 2013 Completed 20 March 2013. hazard, risk and/or vulnerability maps 2.2 Create C-CAP 20 May Draft submitted on 29 April 2013. Final draft— Prioritization Index for 2013 with USAID comments incorporated—submitted Risk Reduction Measures 17 July 2013 and approved. Community across C-CAP implementation details for the IPI can be found communities under Component 1, Task 1.3. 2.3 Gather baseline socio- 20 Jun 2013 Completed for Year 1 Countries: PNG, Fiji, economic data in advance Samoa, Tonga in September/early October of activity implementation 2013. Component 3 3.1 Conduct preliminary 1 Jun 2013 To be completed with the assistance of Country analysis of existing Mobilizers in Year 2. policies on land-use and building codes Communications Deliverables November 2012 Project 1 Nov 2012 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Newsletter November 2012 Success 1 Nov 2012 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Story December 2012 Newsletter 1 Dec 2012 Submitted to USAID: Approved. December 2012 Success 1 Dec 2012 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Story January 2013 Newsletter 1 Jan 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. January 2013 Success 1 Jan 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Story February / March 2013 1 Mar 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Project Newsletter February / March 2013 1 Mar 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. Success Story
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 5 Deliverable by Task Target Month Status
April 2013 Newsletter 1 Apr 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. April 2013 Success Story1 1 Apr 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. May 2013 Newsletter 1 May 2013 Submitted to USAID: Approved. June 2013 Newsletter 1 Jun 2013 Completed: Submitted 27 September 2013 and approved. July 2013 Newsletter 1 Jul 2013 Completed: Submitted 29 September 2013 and approved. August 2013 Newsletter 1 Oct 2013 Completed: Submitted 29 October 2013 and approved. September 2013 Newsletter 1 Nov 2013 Completed: Submitted 20 November 2013 and approved. October 2013 Newsletter 1 Dec 2013 Completed: Submitted 04 December 2013 and approved. November 2013 Newsletter 1 Jan 2014 Completed: Submitted 09 January 2014 and approved. December 2013 Newsletter 1 Feb 2014 Completed: Submitted 16 March 2014 and approved. January 2014 Newsletter 1 Mar 2014 Completed: Submitted 31 March 2014 and approved. February 2014 Newsletter 1 April 2014 Completed: Submitted April 30 2014 and approved. March 2014 Newsletter 1 May 2014 Completed: Submitted May 05 2014 and approved. April 2014 Newsletter 1 June 2014 Completed: Submitted June 17 2014 and approved.
1 This was the final success story required per notice from the COR. C-CAP is now only required to submit annual "Transforming Lives" articles commencing in Year 2. C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 6 CONTRACT MONITORING PLAN UPDATE
The indicator data set out within the Contract Monitoring Plan (CMP) is compiled on an annual basis. Year 1 indicator targets and results were presented in the Quarterly Progress Report (YR1/Q4) and are summarized in Table 2 below. C-CAP has incorporated the changes recommended in the Data Quality Audit (DQA) of 7 November 2013 into the CMP; changes were approved by USAID on 16 April 2014.
All nine (9) C-CAP Country Mobilizers (CMs) are implementing the C-CAP monitoring plan. Updated data entry tools were also distributed in order to maximize efficiency in data entry and compilation into the C-CAP TAMIS database. A number of participant data entry sheets have been entered into digital format and the CMs continue to update their entry sheets. The present number of hours reported in this period is not fully up to date; 5,050 training hours have been entered in the automated system.
Since the previous report, a number of infrastructure projects have been completed in Samoa and PNG Guinea; the number of direct beneficiaries has been updated to reflect this. The four rainwater catchment projects completed on Savai’i in Samoa serve a total of 957 beneficiaries; there are 2,886 direct beneficiaries of completed rainwater catchment programs in PNG. This brings the total to 3,843. These numbers will be updated as the project nears completion. The number of indirect beneficiaries will also be updated as population figures for C-CAP communities are verified and finalized. Indirect beneficiaries are defined as community members who are benefiting from the adaptation strategies being learned and implemented by community leaders in the form of new infrastructure improvements, development of disaster risk reduction plans and enhanced climate-smart land use plans.
TABLE 2: CONTRACT MONTORING PLAN - YEAR 2 INDICATOR TARGETS AND RESULTS
Indicators / Targets for FY2014 Actual Number Target Number
1. Number of community members with increased capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate variability and change. To Direct: 3,843 15,000 (2013) be supported by ** Survey results below
2. Number of land-use plans taking climate change into account by local government, communities and other 0 15 (2014) concerned stakeholders
3. Number of C-CAP activities focused on coastal/water resource management and other related livelihood activities that supports community-level adaptation 0 12 (2014) strategies and infrastructure projects with increased capacity to withstand/recover from extreme weather events. 4. Number of stakeholders with access to sources of disaster 0 15,000 (2013) warnings
5. Number of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) drills and/or preparedness and response plans developed and or 0 20 (2014) improved
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 7
6. Number of person hours of training completed in climate 5,050 13,000 (2014) change as a result of USG assistance(Standard indicator 4.8.2-29)
7. Number of institutions with improved capacity to address 5 (2014) climate change issues as a result of USG assistance (Standard indicator 4.8.2-14)
** % of respondents who can name one or more impact of Baseline climate change on community resources/livelihoods. completed for 22 2% increase from Contract target is 10% change in C-CAP communities communities see baseline (2014) (assuming 5% margin of error). text below and Table 3
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 8 COMPONENT 1: COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT/WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPROVED
TASK 1.1 IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE DISTRICTS AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES FOR PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
The updated list of 72 C-CAP partner communities for Year 1 and Year 2 is reflected below in Table 3.
TABLE 3: YEAR 1 AND 2 C-CAP COMMUNITIES
Country Province/District Communities 1. Gabagaba 2. Tubusereia Central Province 3. Boera 4. Lealea Papua New Guinea National Capital District 5. Pari (10) 6. Bol/Lamalawa 7. Panabeli New Ireland Province 8. Lossu 9. Ungakum (Island) 10. Nonovaul (Island) Central Division 1. Buretu – Buretu Tikina Tailevu Province 2. Daku - Bau Tikina 3. Vunisinu and Nalase Rewa Province (neighboring villages) Northern Division 4. Karoko Fiji Cakaudrove Province (Northern 5. Vunisavisavi (10) Divison) 6. Vusasivo 7. Korotasere Bua Province 8. Yaqaga Eastern Division 9. Nasegai 10. Nakasaleka community Kadavu Province (Eastern (comprising the villages of Division) Lomanikoro, Nakau, Nakoronaw, Nakaugasele)
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 9
Tongatapu Division Kolofo’ou District 1. Popua Kolomotu’a District 2. Sopu Tatakamotonga District 3. Tatakamotonga Lapaha District 4. Nukuleka Tonga Kolovai District 5. Ahau (10) Vava’u Division 6. Hunga Vahe Motu District 7. ‘Utulei 8. Makave Neiafu District 9. Okoa ‘Uta Vava’u District 10. Tefisi Savai’i Island 1. Falealupo Vaisigano District 2. Auala 3. Asau Gaga'ifomauga District 4. Manase Samoa Fa'asaleleaga District 5. Sapapalii (10) 6. Sala’ilu Palauli West District 7. Taga Upolu Island Sagaga Le Usoga District 8. Afega Vaimaugua District 9. Lauli’i Vaa o Donoti District 10. Taelefaga Pele Island 1. Pele island community (comprising the villages of Woreauru, Piliura, Worasiviu, and Laonamoa) Moso Island Shefa Province 2. Tassiriki Emao Island Vanuatu 3. Wiana - TBC (10) Nguna Island 4. Nekapa 5. Unakap Tanna Island 6. Loanialu 7. Launapikruan Tafea Province 8. Lamanaura 9. Lanamilo 10. Iru Tuvalu 1. Kavatoetoe Funafuti Atoll (2) 2. Funifati 1. South Dala 2. Lilisiana Solomon Islands Malaita Province 3. New Kaloka (5) (Malaita Island) 4. Kwai/Kaloka 5. North Dala Yaren District 1. Yaren Nauru Boe District 2. Boe (10) Denigomodu District 3. Denigomodu Denigomodu District 4. Location Suburb
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 10 Aiwo District 5. Aiwo Baitsi District 6. Baitsi Anabar Distric 7. Anabar Anatan Distric 8. Anatan Ewa District 9. Ewa Nibok District 10. Nibok Tarawa Island District 1. Buariki (North Tarawa) 2. Noto Kiribati 3. Borotaim (5) North Gilbert Islands District 4. Evena (Abaiang) 5. Taniau
Host Country Government Partner Consultations & Site Visits
C-CAP conducted technical sites visits in each of the nine (9) C-CAP countries in coordination with National Project Advisory Committees (N-PAC) and local counterparts. In Samoa, C-CAP conducted extensive discussions with the Samoa Tourist Authority (STA) and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) regarding the final development and approval of the Manase coastal shoreline protection intervention. While STA and MNRE support the use of the Elcorock systems technology, both organizations have expressed a desire to remain involved in final decision making on the contractor selection as a pre-requisite to final approval. Per agreement, STA will be the ultimate recipient of the Elcorock equipment once the project is completed. Pending a successful demonstration of the technology in Manase, STA intends to continue to use Elcorock technology for additional coastal protection projects. The introduction of Elcorock systems represents the first use of the technology in the Samoa and the region; STA’s collaboration on this activity support the overall sustainability of the project and, pending a successful demonstration in Manase, the possible expansion of and effective coastal protection scheme to other communities experiencing similar climate change issues. In preparation for implementation, C- CAP has also coordinated with the US Embassy Samoa to support a request for duty-free entry of the imported Elcorock system.
While coordination typically progresses smoothly, characterized by entry briefings with national counterparts and field coordination with local subnational governance partners, slow progress in Vanuatu has required additional attention and focus during the quarter. The National Advisor Board (NAB) and Shefa Province have expressed concerns owing to the delayed pace of implementation that has resulted in a lack of clarity on the location and timing of C-CAP support and subsequent requests to reconfirm selected C-CAP sites. In the absence of C-CAP in-country presence and activity, local communities approached Shefa Province with requests to reassign C-CAP support to their communities creating concerns at the community level that they would no longer be receiving C-CAP support as anticipated. In May, the C-CAP COP traveled to Vanuatu to complement the on-site technical team in addressing coordination issues with the Vanuatu NAB and provincial managements. C-CAP committed to accelerating the pace of operations and to continuing support of activities in Wiana village; C-CAP also stressed that the replacement CM in Vanuatu will assist in improving local visibility and communications with villages on C-CAP activities.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 11 Meetings held with national counterparts, N-PACs and other key technical and programmatic partners during this quarter are summarized in Annex 1.
Project Implementation Planning
Implementation and construction planning during the quarter required substantive revisions to address delays in processing the backlog of design scoping to final design acceptance, tendering and subcontracting. C-CAP has initiated four (4) Work Orders (WO) to that encompass design, tendering and construction monitoring support for infrastructure projects in 14 sites located in Samoa, Tonga and Fiji; an additional WO is under preparation for infrastructure projects in five (5) sites in PNG. Nevertheless, progress has been slow owing to both insufficient capacity with and the pressures on the sole C-CAP engineering staff (Infrastructure Specialist) to manage the subcontractor schedule in addition to conducting in-house design development activities and construction oversight for nine (9) active construction sites during the quarter. Owing to the back log, construction starts programmed in 3Q have slipped and no new contracts were initiated in the period. C-CAP is addressing the backlog by increasing the engineering staff with the recruitment of a “Graduate Engineer” to support the Infrastructure Specialist (see Project Office Personnel; Table 6). C-CAP has also worked with to increase dedicate staff capacity to focus on the C-CAP backlog. In combination, C-CAP has revised planning for construction in 4Q with contract awards and construction starts at an additional nine (9) sites.
TASK 1.2 DEVELOP A NETWORK OF SOCIAL MOBILIZERS FROM PARTICIPATING DISTRICTS/COMMUNITIES
C-CAP continued to address sites and identify Social Mobilizers at each site. During the quarter, fourteen (14) additional sites and each site’s Social Mobilizers (SMs) were selected with host government support in Tonga (2), Tuvalu (1), Kiribati (5), and Nauru (6). C-CAP is consolidating information on site selection and SMs for the 55 Year 2 sites to prepare a project summary deliverable (Deliverable 1.2.A2: Develop a network of Social Mobilizers from participating districts/communities). The deliverable will reflect the SMs selected for each of the 55 Year 2 sites.
TASK 1.3 DEVELOP AND APPLY CRITERIA TO IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE COMMUNITY-SPECIFIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES
Year 1 and 2 Technical Accomplishments
In the current reporting period C-CAP made significant progress implementing various technical activities across Year 1 and Year 2 sites. Accomplishments included the completion of Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping exercises; Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) implementation; and initial concept designs of, and tendering for, climate-resilient infrastructure projects. Initial sites in several Year 2 countries were also established. A summary of technical accomplishment for the quarter is presented
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 12 below. A comprehensive technical completion and planning matrix for all Year 1 and newly-identified Year 2 communities is shown in Table 4 (note: accomplishments for the current quarter are highlighted in yellow).
Technical achievements for YR2 /Q3 (April – June 2014)
Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping: Mapping exercises were competed for an additional nine (9) Year 2 communities. This brings the total number of mapping exercises completed by the end of the reporting period to 66. Over the next quarter, C-CAP will facilitate Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping in Tuvalu (3 Sites) and Nauru (Nibok).
IPI: 25 IPIs were completed across Tonga (5), Samoa (2), Vanuatu (8), Tuvalu (2), Solomon Islands (5) and Nauru (3). This accomplishment brings the total number of infrastructure prioritization exercises completed by the end of the reporting period to 46. The IPI summary reports are appended as Annex 2 to this report.
Environmental Reviews: An Environmental Documentation Form (EDF)—which details environmental baseline information as well as potential environmental concerns relating to proposed project interventions— was developed and delivered for the Manase site in Samoa. C-CAP initiated work on EDFs in preparation for activities in the Rewa district of Fiji and for Year 1 sites in Tonga. These EDFs will be developed and delivered in the next quarter.
Community Agreements: Community Agreements were completed in five (5) Year 2 sites located on Vanua Levu, Fiji. CAs document community acceptance of infrastructure selection decisions, ascribe community and C-CAP roles in implementation, and assign specific responsibilities to the community and the C-CAP implementing team. We note, however, that subsequent to the completion of the infrastructure selection (IPI completed this quarter – 16 June 2014) the community of Vunisavusavu, Vanua Levu, Fiji), has approached C-CAP regarding potentially changing the originally preferred C-CAP intervention of shoreline protection to address rebuilding infrastructure on community land located at higher elevation. Accordingly, the agreement will likely need to be revisited to address the new level of community involvement and acceptance.
Concept Design: Concept design typically follows the completion of IPIs and the community selection of priority infrastructure. Through WOs to subcontractor , C-CAP completed an additional eight (8) concept designs in PNG and Fiji; a total of 30 have been completed to date.
C-CAP initiated WO#004 and #005 to address design at three (3) Rewa, Fiji and five (5) New Ireland, PNG sites, respectively. Final design work was conducted under WO#004. completed a field visit to address design scoping for the New Ireland Sites (WO #005); final designs are pending.
Infrastructure Tendering and Construction Start: During the quarter, C-CAP successfully completed construction at the Pari site (PNG); retention and warranty period remains open. During this period C- CAP concluded that additional technical staff support was required to effectively process the back log of tenders under development and support the tendering, award and construction start and management phases. Accordingly, C-CAP acted to bolster Infrastructure staff (see Project Office Personnel) with an additional junior engineer position to support and complement the Infrastructure Specialist role.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 13 TABLE 4: TECHNICAL COMPLETION AND PLANNING MATRIX
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 14 TABLE 4: TECHNICAL COMPLETION AND PLANNING MATRIX (CONTINUED)
Year 2 Site Selection: C-CAP worked with national counterparts to identify:
One (1) Year 2 site In Tuvalu (Funafati)
Four (4) Year 2 sites in Nauru (Anabar, Anatan, Ewa, Nibok) (see also Table 4 and Task 1.2)
The accomplishment brings the total number of C-CAP communities to 72; discussions with national counterparts in Tuvalu have identified Vaitupu and Nukufetau Island for the remaining remain three (3) communities. Final selections are anticipated in the next quarter.
TASK 1.4 DEVELOP SPECIFICATIONS, ADVERTISE, NEGOTIATE, AND AWARD AND MONITOR SUBCONTRACTS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION, REPAIR OR UPGRADING AND NEW CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
This quarter, C-CAP focused on developing and managing Work Orders for Samoa (Manase), Fiji (3 Rewa District sites), Tonga (5 sites) and Kiribati (5 sites) that are expect to move to the procurement phase next quarter. C-CAP plans to tender 19 procurements in the fourth quarter.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 15 Construction Quality Assurance Plan and the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan Environment Documentation Forms (EDF)—which comprise screening, review and environmental monitoring plans—were developed for three (3) Fiji Rewa sites. The EDFs will be delivered for approval in the next quarter to accompany procurement development (see above). Environmental data collection was also completed for other sites in the procurement preparation pipeline.
TASK 1.5 CONDUCT ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT
Working with the Department of Commerce, Industry and Environment (CIE) in Nauru, C-CAP selected an additional four (4) sites; in three of those sites, C-CAP completed Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping, V&A socioeconomic data collection and IPI activities. CIE has expressed an interest to extend the climate change risk assessment process across all 14 coastal communities in Nauru; C-CAP is currently working in 10 of Nauru’s 14 total coastal communities. The Department has also requested C- CAP support to create a “national climate change baseline” for all Nauru coastal communities. While C- CAP declined the request to formally “incorporate” the additional four sites as C-CAP communities, C- CAP offered to provide limited technical assistance towards implementation of Climate Change Risk and Asset Mapping and V&A socioeconomic data collection. By so doing C-CAP will work collaboratively with CIE to ensure that its data gathering and community-level assessments of the remain four (4) coastal communities parallels the information developed for the 10 C-CAP communities to result in a consistent national baseline of all Nauru coastal communities. This support will help to institutionalize C-CAP methodologies as the national climate change risk assessment protocol.
In May, C-CAP’s Country Mobilizer for the Solomon Islands met with the Premier of Malaita Province, C-CAP updated the Premier on climate change adaptation activities in the project’s five (5) Malaita communities. Similarly, C-CAP continued to conduct site selection meetings with national counterparts in Tuvalu in June; through this consultation, C-CAP selected an additional site on Funafuti Island (Funafuti village) and completed Climate Change Asset and Risk Mapping, V&A Socioeconomic data collection and the IPIs at the two Residents of New Kaloka village in the Solomon Island watch a selected sites. climate change documentary as part of an introductory C-CAP V&A assessment on Malaita Island communities Credit: C-CAP
Through implementation of these activities, C-CAP completed 11 regional trips to C-CAP Year 1 and 2 countries. The Fiji-based technical team travelled to all nine (9) current C-CAP countries at least once during the quarter. In addition, Chief of Party (COP) travelled to Fiji in May to meet with C-CAP Deputy Chief of Party (DCOP) and Senior Technical Advisor (STA) to
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 16 address project management and planning issues. Summary of regional travel conducted in Yr2/3Q to advance C-CAP activities is provided below in Table 5.
TABLE 5: C-CAP TEAM TRAVEL Destination Dates Purpose Travelers
Solomon Islands 13 – 18 April 2014 Risk & Asset Mapping, IPI at 2 sites Nauru 27 April – 03 May Risk & Asset 2014 Mapping, IPI at 4 sites Kiribati 27 April – 04 May Concept designs for 2014 5 sites Kiribati 05 May 2014 CM mobilization Tonga 05 – 14 May 2014 DRR activities at 5 sites Fiji 11 – 14 May 2014 C-CAP management Vanuatu 11 – 17 May 2014 Risk & Asset Mapping, IPI, and concept designs Vanuatu 12 – 14 May 2014 Meetings with Shefa Province Samoa 18 – 24 May 2014 DRR at 5 sites
Tuvalu 03 – 10 June 2014 Risk & Asset Mapping at 4 sites Papua New Guinea 15 – 21 June 2014 Design scoping / USAID visit to New Ireland sites Vanuatu 24 June – 01 July Risk & Asset 2014 Mapping at 5 –Tanna sites
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 17 COMPONENT 2: DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRENGTHENED
TASK 2.1 RISK IDENTIFICATION – DEVELOP OR UPDATE LOCALLY TAILORED ASSESSMENTS TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT AND FUTURE RISKS
During this quarter , a regional expert in disaster management, conducted an internal consultancy (STTA) with USP and completed her assignment to develop an approach and implementation materials for C-CAP’s DRR component. During the quarter C-CAP completed the DRR approach to community implementation and conducted the initial roll-out in conjunction with the CM Training during the last quarter. Additionally, technical support from the USP assisted C-CAP to complete a comprehensive survey of regional disaster management organizations and their capabilities to support Component 2 linkages with national organizations in this quarter. In this quarter, the methodology was applied to develop disaster risk reduction plans and disaster response plans in four communities in Samoa (Falealupo, Asau, Auala and Sapapalii) and five communities in PNG (Pari, Gabagaba, Tubusereia, Boera and Lealea). These draft plans will be consolidated by C-CAP and shared with relevant government departments and other organizations so they can be finalized and presented back to the communities for their final input prior to implementation. As the plans are finalized, C-CAP will work with relevant authorities to organize a community “disaster management drill” day. TASK 2.2 OPTIONS IDENTIFICATION- IDENTIFY GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY AND RISK OVER BOTH SHORT AND LONG TIME SCALES
Outputs of the disaster risk reduction plans and disaster response plans completed in the four communities in Samoa (Falealupo, Asau, Auala and Sapapalii) and five communities in PNG (Pari, Gabagaba, Tubusereia, Boera and Lealea) included a report on gaps and opportunities to reduce vulnerability to and preparedness for disaster events. These outputs will be consolidated in the next quarter for presentation to USAID.
In addition, C-CAP has made initial contacts and engagements with regional digital service providers regarding the possibility to issue SMS (Short Messaging Service) disaster alerts. C-CAP has contacted both Digicel and BMobile, major regional providers headquartered in Port Moresby, and is coordinating with the National Disaster Center (NDC) to convene a joint meeting to discuss mechanisms to link NDC disaster alerts for targeted dissemination. Through initial discussions, the CEOs of both Digicel and BMobile have expressed interest in using the existing cellular network to launch targeted messages. It should be noted that the Digicel PNG-based operations cover Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa and Tonga whereas BMobile includes Solomon Islands and Vanuatu– therefore decisions and progress made in PNG may be readily replicated within the broader service area with the participation of the relevant
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 18 national disaster management and / or metrological agencies. In the coming quarter, C-CAP will expand on these discussions and meetings in PNG as a model for broader engagement and roll-out in the region. TASK 2.3 RISK REDUCTION: SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF RISK REDUCING ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES AT COMMUNITY LEVEL
The disaster risk reduction plans and disaster response plans developed in nine communities include risk reducing strategies to be managed by local leadership and local disaster committees. All plans will be shared with relevant government departments and other organizations to ensure that they are incorporated into local district, provincial and /or national plans. The next stage will be to organize disaster management drills with the relevant local authorities. A full day will be set aside for the drill to allow the community to put their disaster response plans into practice with the support of the emergency services such as the police and local government.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 19 COMPONENT 3: RESILIENCE IN COMMUNITIES STRENGTHENED—CLIMATE RESILIENT LAND-USE PLANNING AND BUILDING STANDARDS
TASK 3.1 DEVELOP PLAN OF ACTION TO INTEGRATE CLIMATE ADAPTATION INTO LAND-USE PLANNING AND BUILDING STANDARDS
DAI commenced desktop research and interviews with regional experts in March 2013 and projects to submit a draft methodology for implementation of Task 3.1 for USAID comment in the next quarter. Implementation of the methodology, Task 3.1, is targeted the initial twenty (20) Year 1 communities in YR3.
TASK 3.2 FROM YEAR 2, FACILITATE INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION POLICIES AND PRACTICES INTO COMMUNITY LAND- USE AND/OR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Task 3.2 is estimated to take place commence in Year 3.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 20 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
KEY PERSONNEL
During the period Key Personnel, Develop Outreach Coordinator (DOC) commenced an extended leave of absence with reduced off-site work hours, for personal reasons. The leave was communicated to the USAID COR and C-CAP developed a transition “bridge” plan to ensure continuity of communication products and activities during the leave period. During the quarter, indicated to C-CAP that she will resign the position effective end of July. Accordingly, C-CAP conducted an extensive national recruitment campaign for her replacement. An initial candidate declined C-CAP’s offer. In the next quarter, C-CAP will continue recruitment to identify and seek USAID Contracting Officer approval for a replacement DOS. C-CAP intends to submit a candidate for approval by mid-July and is targeting an August start date.
PROJECT OFFICE PERSONNEL
Local recruitment and hiring: During the reporting period, C-CAP continued to undergo selected staffing changes. During the Engineering STTA, C-CAP conducted an assessment of infrastructure activity management to identify issues contributing to the backlog of design orders; the assessment determined that given the expansive scope of the Infrastructure Specialist position—which includes the items listed below—C-CAP would require additional engineering support to manage the anticipated infrastructure workload:
Developing environmental compliance documentation; Managing and participating in the development of infrastructure design with (including technical reviews and consultations); Managing construction oversight for quality and environmental compliance; and Playing a technical role in the construction procurement process (including pre-bidder’s conferences, with associated travel). C-CAP identified and recruited a junior engineering professional for this positon – is anticipated to join C-CAP in July 2014 in the C- CAP Suva Office.
Based on the recommendation of STTA Engineering support, and USAID concurrence, C-CAP defined and commenced recruitment for a ‘Graduate Engineer” to support the Infrastructure Specialist.
An additional staffing change in the PNG office during the quarter was prompted by the resignation of the Subcontracts &Procurement Manager in June. Through a national recruitment effort, C-CAP identified a replacement candidate who will assume the role in early July. A C-CAP organizational chart showin the personnel/ staff of core staff (excluding SMs), is provided as Annex C. These developments are summarized in Table 6 below.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 21 TABLE 6: YR2/Q3 LONG TERM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Position Status PNG Office
Subcontracts & Procurement resigned as of 06 June 2014 Manager Recruited and extended offer to – start date planned for 07 July 2014
Development Outreach Initiated recruitment for DOC in anticipation of planned Coordinator resignation of on 25 July 2014
Continue recruitment to identify and seek USAID Contracting Officer approval for a replacement DOS with intention to submit a candidate for approval by mid-July.
Fiji Office
Graduate Engineer Created new Graduate Engineer position to support Infrastructure Specialist work load
Recruited and extended offer to – start date 14 July 2014
C-CAP undertook two (2) STTA activities during the reporting period as noted in Table 7 below. In order to expedite and advance the technical work during the period, C-CAP requested and received approval for a technical STTA for , Infrastructure Programming and Management Engineer, to assist the Infrastructure Specialist in addressing the design backlog and supporting technical travel to Vanuatu. In the course of the assistance, developed a recommendation to create a junior engineer position to support the Infrastructure Specialist based on an assessment of the C-CAP work load (see Table 6). A further STTA was developed to augment the technical team capacity. participated with the field teams from 13 May – 10 June to conduct activities in Tonga, Fiji and Tuvalu.
TABLE 7: YR2/3Q SHORT TERM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Name Position Purpose Infrastructure Programming 03 - 25 May 2014: Assisted with Infrastructure and Management Engineer designing backload and assessment of work load. Recommended creation of Graduate Engineer position to support Infrastructure Specialist. Support included technical travel to Vanuatu. Communications / Climate 13 May – 10 June 2014: Provided Adaptation Specialist communications and technical support to C-CAP team including technical travel to Fiji, Tonga and Tuvalu.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 22
Other Program Management Activities
Fiji Tax Status C-CAP continued to purse resolution to the corporate and personal tax issues during the quarter. Working with tax advisors PWC, DAI submitted a formal request for tax exemption to the Government of Fiji (Office of the Prime Minister) on 07April 2014. However, after submission of the exemption request, DAI received a Demand Letter, dated 04 April, based on the outstanding tax liability. DAI initiated direct dialog with the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority (FRCA) to extend the deadline, which was granted, pending further meetings with the cognizant governmental tax entities. Supported by PWC, DAI attended a meeting with the Office of the Prime Minister (12June 2014) to elaborate on the formal request. Outcomes of the formal request remain pending, however, and the Office of the Prime Minister requested that FRCA investigate the options for exoneration and additional information from DAI to assess implications of the lost revenue. DAI has complied with all requests and remains attentive to follow-on steps. Pending final resolution, FRCA has granted an “ongoing deferral” of tax payment. In parallel, DAI has taken steps to prepare for a negative determination including extending a commercial agreement with PWC for tax support and submission of 2013 corporate and personal tax information.
Project Deliverables During this reporting period, the following reports and deliverables were submitted to USAID:
30 April
February 2014 Newsletter
05 May
Project updates – March 2014 dot points
27 May
March 2014 Newsletter
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 23 19 May
Quarterly Progress Report #6 (YR2/Q2: January – March 2014)
17 June April 2014 Newsletter
24 June Project updates – April 2014 dot points
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 24
ANNEX 1: TECHNICAL MEETINGS HELD IN THE REPORTING PERIOD
The following key technical meetings, and select administrative and coordination meetings, occurred in the reporting period. All meetings were conducted by, or included the participation of C-CAP.
Meetings – C-CAP in Kiribati, 27 April to 4 May, 2014
# Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes
1 28/04/ Kiriwatsan Introduce C-CAP 2014 Project Kiriwatsan 2 phased project first phase finishing in August 2014 First phase has concentrated on community led total sanitation (CLTS) in a number of communities including Evena Next phase to install pit latrines and rainwater catchment systems in selected communities Plans to put a rainwater catchment system in Buariki and a solar water pump in Noto – both target communities on North Tarawa Analysis / Next Steps: Ensure coordination with Kiriwatsan on any potential water projects on Abaiang or North Tarawa to avoid duplication of activities 2 28/04/ Water Unit, Water Unit works closely with Kiriwatsan, the Ministry of Kiribati Adaptation Project (KAP – World Bank and DFAT funded) Public Works The OIC updated us on the following projects: Rainwater harvesting systems planned for Buariki and Noto but none of target villages in Abaiang KAP has funding for outer islands including funding for soft and hard options for coastal protection – they have a common design for seawalls Public Utilities Board run water services on South Tarawa but not on other islands – this is the only island with a piped water system KAP planning to fund a infiltration gallery in Noto implemented by the Water Unit – this will provide 15-20 liters per person – however land issues have slowed the implementation of the project as 6 land owners covering the catchment area Rainfall data and data on water lens available for North Tarawa Kiriwatsan using hand pumps which has no impact on the water lens – the infiltration gallery draws water from the sides of the water lens instead of drawing from the bottom which will reduce salt water contamination off water lens Analysis / Next Steps: C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 26 # Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes All plans to be shared with partners to avoid duplication of effort 3 28/04/2 Kiribati Provided an update to C-CAP on KAP activities 014 Adaptation Evena not suitable for exploiting groundwater resources because of thickness of water lens Project Taniau and Noto good groundwater lens which can be exploited to improve quantity and quality of water to these communities Highlighted the need to improve the use of rainwater and rainwater catchment systems Shared rainfall data for Tarawa Analysis / Next Steps: Infrastructure plans to be shared with KAP 4 28/04/ MELAD Update on C-CAP status in Kiribati 2014 Discussed upcoming field trip to communities in North Tarawa
Analysis / Next Steps:
Keep MELAD on infrastructure plans MELAD reps to accompany C-CAP to N.T 5 29/04/2 Design Infrastructure scoping studies in 5 communities 014 to scoping in Assess community priorities 01/05/2 Abaiang Conduct Gap Analysis in areas of Priority Review technical and environmental considerations 014 (Borotiam, around identified priorities Evena and Analysis / Next Steps: Taniau) and Feasibility of C-CAP support to 5 communities North Tarawa (Buariki and Noto) 6 02/05/2 Office of the Updated Office of the President on progress of C- 014 President CAP
7 02/05/2 Structures Introduced C-CAP program 014 Unit, Ministry Discussed ‘Permitting’ procedures, timeline, costs of Works Discussed technical design environment, compliance requirements, building codes Requested support for establishing unit construction rates Analysis / Next Steps: Draft building code to be made available upon request MoW to provide standard designs for Clinic and Mwaneaba Obtain contacts for local architects and engineers 8 02/05/2 Local IS and CM Assess availability of building supplies 014 hardware travelled to Verify costs and quality of products Suppliers various Discuss logistics of delivery to Abiang and North Tarawa suppliers. Analysis / Next Steps: -Batio Basic construction supplies are available Hardware C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 27 # Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes
-TTT Hardware Unit rates are high and very few products comply -Fairprice to quality requirements Shipping freight within Kiribati is subsidized by Hardware government -Rotomould 9 02/05/2 Local IS and CM Assess availability, capability and quality of 014 Contractors travelled to contractors Discuss construction environment; challenges various Obtain basic construction unit rates contractors. Contractors confirmed that project supplies are -Taotin sourced from overseas – usually Fiji Construction Analysis / Next Steps: -King Very few builders exist on Kiribati Construction Project supply needs cannot be met locally
Meetings – C-CAP in Solomon Island, April 14 - 19, 2014
# Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes
9 14/4/20 US Consular, Reminded of the need to interface with the local 14 Solomon provincial office. Voted members of parliament need to be updated Islands of the developments in their constituency. However, C-CAP is cautious that the project is not hijacked for political gain by opposing individuals. Having 1-2 sites on Guadalcanal will be good in so far as high level visits are concerned but should not form the basis for selection. The environmental ministry needs to endorse the next 5 Year 2 sites. Need to discuss with other USAID projects like the GIZ CC Adaptation in Choiseul. In so far as Malaita is concerned there isn’t a lot of NGO or AID in the province. Analysis / Next Steps:
As the official point of contact for community affairs on Malaita, it will be important to provide regular (perhaps quarterly?) updates on progress in Malaita communities to the local provincial office. This could be done in person or via email by the Country Mobilizer. Continued co-ordination of activities between the Environment Ministry and C-CAP will be beneficial for long-term sustainability of projects. CM to look at possible networking with other NGO’s, especially USAID funded projects. 10 16/04/2 Malaita Community Mobiliser (CM) for Solomon Islands 014 Premier, Auki was introduced to the Premier. Future updates of the work of the CCAP on Malaita, Malaita will be coordinated by the CM. C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 28 Solomon The Premier stated that his contacts and that of Islands his executive can be collected from his secretary. The premier was informed that a final MOU is yet to be finalized. Premier stated that copies of the MOU signed by NGO’s like World Fish and World Vision can be collected the next day at his secretary After the last meeting, the first team had managed to complete three Risk assessments for South Dala, Lilisiana and New Kaloka communities. During this trip, up to date, 2 more risk assessments for North Dala and Ngongosila were completed up to today. As for the infrastructure prioritization activities, there are two remaining communities which are yet to complete theirs. These communities will be visited before the end of the week. If the team have enough time, a scoping activity will be done in at least one community in Malaita Province Next steps
As soon as the Risk Assessment reports are completed, a copy will be sent to the Premier and his executive Risk Assessment Report for first five community sites should be available before the next meeting. Need to obtain the MOU’s from the Premier’s Secretary.
Meetings – C-CAP in Vanuatu, 12 - 16 May, 2014
# Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes 11 12/05/ National Update on C-CAP status in Vanuatu 2014 Advisory Satisfied that C-CAP is making progress and Board (NAB) coordinating with stakeholders though NAB – although felt that NAB had not effectively coordinating with members in all cases o Absence of local counterparts is important – absence will shut down projects Discussed membership of NAB o
o Province to community links are weak –
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 29 presence of the National government is often not obvious MCCAMGH is responsible for all CC projects o Forming a Secretariat – TOR recently issued o Could help C-CAP with duty exoneration as needed – possibly facilitate an MOU o Suggested meeting with Benjamin Shing – Director PM office on Aid coordination Analysis / Next Steps: Consider need to MOU based on discussion with B. Shing 12 12/05/ Ministry of DoH has a staff of @ 15 – fully funded by WB 2014 Lands and o 3 water resources Natural o 6 water delivery Resources, o 6 management and admin Department Water standard to raise the water delivery for of Hydrology 50l/person/day to 100 liters Minimum standard is 20L/persons/day for rainwater collection only Rainwater collection is the national strategy – some shallow wells but mostly brackish DoH has standard rainwater collection design - 22,000l ferro cement systems DoH provides procurements, shipping, equipment, oversight – use local contractors do not use ICB (bids not large enough) Tanna rainwater harvesting is possible in South Island (prevailing winds remove the ash) - northern part reliant on small springs / ground water Springs do not typically have the production capacity Water projects are developed for Min. of Foreign Affairs to secure international funding NGOs (Live and Learn) have been trained to provided water systems training – possibility to engage NGOs for this component of water projects Current funders JICAL, AusAID, UNICEF UNICEF installing groundwater pumps and distribution systems : Analysis / Next Steps: Follow up to obtain the National water standards Follow-up to obtain DoH rainwater collection standard design – provide C-CAP design standards Follow-up to obtain rainfall mapping products Determine if C-CAP will required water testing (ground / surface water) - negotiate MOU for sample testing at DoH laboratory
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 30
13 12/05/ Meeting with presented the situation on Emao 2014 Department (Wiana Community) of Works, Confirming C-CAP engagement in Waina Shefa Approx 400m of shoreline at risk – sea level rise Province and (SLR) is approx. 6mm / year at Emoa Wian (Emoa) Community gravesite is key cultural infrastructure Chief. at risk Geo-thermal plant is being constructed in Takara – 5 km away on Efate – part of the Wiana cultural community. Area Councils is the link between the communities and Provincial government – recent decentralization law is putting more government and service delivery responsibility at the Areas Council level.
Analysis / Next Steps: Follow-up with Shefa to obtain the list and membership of the Areas Councils, especially with respect to overlap / participation with C-CAP communities 14 13/05/ Meeting with SG expressed strong support for C-CAP and 2014 Shefa underscored that the new Climate Change Officer Province will participate and benefit for accompanying C- CAP – encouraged C-CAP to include Area Counciles in the community engagements. Reiterated t growing role of the Area councils and provided the Shefa Development Plan and budget. 15 14/05/ Infrastructure Completed the infrastructure prioritization in two 2014 Prioritization communities by C-CAP engineers for design Index work in concept plan Pele and Next steps: Prepare a work order Tassiriki to visit and finalize the design work
16 15/05/ Infrastructure Completed the infrastructure prioritization in two 2014 Prioritization communities by C-CAP engineers for design Index work in concept plan Unakapu and Next steps: Prepare a work order Nekapa to visit and finalize the design work communities on Nguna island 17 16/05/ Climate Risk C-CAP DCOP and Vanuatu Country Mobilizer 2014 Mapping and completed a series of sessions with a core group Infrastructure of community representatives. The sessions were Prioritization comprised of Climate Risk Mapping and work in new Infrastructure Prioritization work. The data community of collected from this work is already located on the Wiana on C-CAP Google Map for Wiana. Emao island Next steps: Work with C-CAP Infrastructure Specialist to prepare a design brief visit to Wiana.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 31 Meetings – C-CAP in Samoa, 18- 24 May, 2014
# Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes 18 19/05/ Disaster Update on C-CAP status in Samoa 2014 Management Discussed C-CAP DRR/Disaster Response Office planning methodology and schedule to undertake planning in 4 Savaii communities Analysis / Next Steps: Plans should be shared with DMO, Red Cross and Internal Affairs when completed 19 20/05/2 Disaster Risk Disaster risk reduction and disaster response 014 Reduction planning in 4 communities in Savaii to and Disaster Disability Advocacy Organization attended the 22/05/1 Response Falealupo workshop 4 Planning in Internal Affairs attended all workshops Falealupo, Analysis / Next Steps: Auala, Asau All plans to be shared with partners and Sapapalii
20 23/05/2 Samoa Provided an update to STA on Manase project and 014 Tourism possible start dates Authority STA provided an update on the consultancy for the Manase Bay study funded by GEF Analysis / Next Steps: C-CAP to provide a copy of the Manase design to STA 21 23/05/ US Embassy Update on C-CAP status in Samoa 2014 Discussed C-CAP DRR/Disaster Response planning methodology and schedule to undertake planning in 4 Savaii communities Discussed duty free import of Elcocrock technology into Samoa and need to provide a letter from the Embassy to the Ministry of Finance Discussed possible event at the upcoming SIDs meeting in September and whether the event should be a parallel or side event (details in separate email to COP) Analysis / Next Steps: C-CAP to draft letter for the Embassy to send to the MOF Aid Coordination Unit for duty free entry of Elcocrock COP to follow up with Charge d’Affaires on possible event at SIDs
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 32
22 23/05/2 Aid Provided an update to MOF on our application for 014 Coordination duty free import of Elcorock technology Unit, Ministry Analysis / Next Steps: of Finance MOF expecting letter from US Embassy requesting the duty free entry of Elcorock materials MOF will determine the status of request receive the letter
Meetings – C-CAP in Tuvalu, 3 - 9 June, 2014
# Date Organization Participants Purpose / Outcomes 23 3JUN1 Ministry of Discussion revolved around adding a second 4 Environment community on Funafuti while the transportation issue for the outer islands was being explored in order not to lose momentum on the C-CAP technical assistance. Second community proposed was the Funafuti Community which is governed by the Funafuti Kau Pule or indigenous land owners. had no objections with this addition adding that C-CAP has full support from the Ministry and included assurance that members of his team would join C-CAP for the workshops planned on Funafuti. Next Steps: Once approved by USAID we will provide copies of the Risk Mapping and IPI reports to the Ministry for their database.
24 4JUN1 Kavatoetoe Community Reviewed the Risk Mapping exercise and introduced 4 Community members and the C-CAP program to a larger audience Kau Pule Conducted the IPI which resulted in three priority representatives assets to consider o Increased household water storage o NEW community hall and cyclone evacuation center o NEW cyclone proof pre-school with water harvesting equipment 25 4JUN1 Ministry of Discussions revolved around the sustainable 4 Fisheries management of the near shore (within 12 miles) fisheries for the communities on Vaitupu and Nukufetau. The climate change impacts of sea temperature rise and acidification are compounding the stress caused by overfishing of certain key species. The Ministry of Fisheries is interested in assistance from C-CAP to advanced improved coastal/marine management through: o conservation education, o alternative gear to maximize catch per unit effort (fish aggregating devices [FADs]), and o preservation techniques to add value to the C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 33 catch for markets on Funafuti In exchange for C-CAP’s collaboration, the Ministry is willing to waive the charter fee for use of their vessel when programming joint trips to the outer islands Tuvalu is also interested in institutional strengthening to establish Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) and join others in the regional LMMA network. Next Steps: Discuss internally the benefits of including support to marine area management for Vaitupu and Nukufetao which are much more dependent on fisheries resources for their livelihoods than communities on Funafuti. Introduce the idea of focusing on 6 communities in Tuvalu instead of 10 as originally planned – and programming the additional resources to work with the communities and Ministy of Fisheries to ensure improved management of their fisheries resources. 26 5JUN1 Ministry of updated C-CAP on the status of the 4 Public ‘borrow pit’ reclamation project to be funded by NZ Utilities & Aid; she confirmed that NZ Aid is committed to Infrastructure moving forward ‘no matter the cost.’ Her understanding was that NZ Aid were committed only to reclaiming the borrow pit land – and were viewing the rainwater catchment tanks as ‘optional.’ But, she added that the GoT viewed rainwater catchment construction as a priority. o One of NZ Aid’s core outcomes is ‘improved access to clean water,’ however, so it seems clear that cisterns will be a part of it. Major issue is land tenure. Internal migrants from outer islands are living with informal rights, on the land surrounding the borrow pits. NZ Aid expressed to the GoT that they need to ensure that this doesn’t produce negative social impact and that this was the GoT’s responsibility. GoT stance calls for: o Landowners and current ‘tenants’ must reach their own agreements on leasing / land rights; o During construction, GoT WILL have to relocate households in TBD resettlement area. o Following reclamation, if landowners take back their borrow pit land—and former tenants voluntarily leave—GoT will convert the temporary resettlement area to a permanent ‘new’ settlement. o If the landowners and borrow pit tenants are not able to negotiate a tenable solution, GoT will intervene to prevent social conflict / unrest. Survey of Funafuti landowners (kaitasi) produced four main conditions for agreeing to allow the reclamation project:
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 34 1. They be a part of ongoing consultation and will be fully involved in the design process, with them having final decisions with respect to how their land will be used; 2. They must retain full ownership of their borrow pit land; 3. The government needs to enter into written, binding agreements for all leased land; 4. Rehabilitated land is used for community development purposes such as housing, gardens and water supply – things that provide social benefits to all of Funafuti. The overwhelming majority of Kaupule want GoT to lease the land for housing, water, food security, parks and other things for the public good; they also do not want the vulnerable ‘informal residents’ to be negatively impacted. Further consultations will be held this month between NZ Aid and the survey implementers, the government and the Kaupule/landowners to develop a plan of action to address the social impact of the project. Next Steps: Report meeting outputs to USAID and liaise with NZ High Commission – Fiji contacts to gain further insight on progress and opportunities for collaboration.
27 10JUN Funafuti Community Implemented Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping 14 Community members and activity. Kau Pule Report to be submitted with risk mapping deliverable representatives in July. s
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 35 ANNEX 2: INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITIZATION SUMMARIES TONGA (5) Hunga Makave Okoa ‘Utulei Tedisi TUVALU (2) Kavatoetoe Funafati (Report to be developed) SOLOMON ISLANDS (5) Ngongosila Dala North Dala South Lilisiana New Kaloka VANUATU (8) Iru Lamenaura Launapikruan Lonialu Nekapa Unakapu Lonamilo Wiana NAURU (3) Anabar Anetan Ewa SAMOA (2) Lauli’i Leusolalii
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 36 TONGA Hunga – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in Hunga on 16 May 2014. In execution of a Communications / Climate Adaptation Specialist STTA, DAI Project Manager Joey Manfredo facilitated the activity for a subset of the Hunga C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) which included female and youth representatives—11 participants in total. The session was conducted in Tongan language.
In the introductory session, C-CAP completed a review of the project and core climate science information that was introduced during C-CAP’s Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity, which was completed earlier in 2014. Following a review of the core components of the project and USAID’s climate change adaptation support to the region, C-CAP facilitated a presentation and accompanying activities on the following subjects: the enhanced greenhouse effect and the impacts of global climate change; the differences between climate variability and climate change; and projections of climate change trends, based on Pacific Climate Change Science Program reporting.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants broke into two groups to review the infrastructure and identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: structural vulnerability to the climate change trend projections; infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
After reaching consensus on priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Hunga identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 22 January 2014.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 37 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Air temperature warming trend 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is Increased incidence / intensity of drought Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods. Increased intensity of rainstorms Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Income-generating project for 2. Youth Coconut Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones youth group members. Source Oil Factory Air temperature warming trend (productivity) of livelihoods and training. Erosion and resulting sedimentation Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 3. Coastal Fisheries Increased sea surface temperature (not reported by significant source of livelihoods. community)
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Government School for village youth in Primary School Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones (GPS) grades 1-6. Used for community events, village meetings and to host 2. Town Hall Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones fundraisers.
Government nurse provides 3. Government weekend service to the Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Health Clinic community.
Village cemetery. 4. Cemetery Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall
Village recently paved a road from the wharf, up a steep 5. Town Road to incline to the village site. Wharf Road—and one village Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall vehicle—is used to transport goods and equipment.
Garage for village-owned truck, Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 6. Town Garage tractor and agriculture Increased Intensity of Rain Storms equipment. In 2009, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provided one solar panel, stand and building connections at each 7. Solar Panels home, and two panels, stands Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones and connections at the Hunga Town Hall, Health Clinic, GPS, and all community churches.
8. Free Wesleyan Church Hunga congregation. Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 9. Free Church of Hunga congregation. Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 38 Tonga 10. Church of Latter Hunga congregation. Day Saints (LDS) Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 11. Church of Hunga congregation. Tonga—Ho’eiki Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 12. Church of Hunga congregation. Tonga— Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Constitutional Village general purpose sports Increased intensity of rainstorms 13. Sports Field field. Increased Incidence / Intensity of Droughts Air temperature Warming trend
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Source of drinking water for community events; 1. Town Hall Incidence and increased intensity of for use by families during emergency; and for Rainwater Tanks cyclones use by families without household water tanks. (2) Increased incidence / intensity of drought
Source of drinking water for school children; for Incidence and increased intensity of 2. GPS Rainwater use by families during emergency; and for use by cyclones Tank families without household water tanks. Increased incidence / intensity of drought
Source of drinking water during church events Incidence and increased intensity of 3. Free Church of and for Pastor and family; for use by families cyclones Tonga Water Tank during emergency; and for use by families Increased incidence / intensity of drought without household water tanks.
Source of drinking water during church events Incidence and increased intensity of 4. Free Wesleyan and for Pastor and family; for use by families cyclones Church Water during emergency; and for use by families Increased incidence / intensity of drought Tank without household water tanks.
Wharf provides anchorage for village boats and Increased Intensity of Rain Storms 5. Wharf is site for on/off loading goods and equipment. (erosion) Sea level rise / extreme sea level events Increased Intensity of Rain Storms 6. Reef Semi-subsistence fisherfolk depend on reef fish (erosion, sedimentation) for their livelihoods. Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend Mangroves provide important ecosystem Increased Intensity of Rain Storms 7. Coastline / services such as serving as fish habitats, (erosion, sedimentation) Mangroves stabilizing the coastline and absorbing wave Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend energy during storm surges and extreme tides.
Three most important infrastructure Both CCC subgroups highlighted 1) Town Hall Cyclone-Proofing; 2) Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity; and 3) Extension of the Paved Road through the Village (for ease of evacuation during emergency events) as priority infrastructure adaptation projects during the Infrastructure Shortlisting exercise. Each infrastructure priority, its type (social, economic, water, coastal), significance to the community and the climate variability and climate change impacts to which it can increase resilience are cited in the table below. C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 39
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to:
Used for community events, village meetings and to host fundraisers. Village wants to retrofit to serve as 1. Town Hall evacuation center during natural disasters. Cyclone- Social Community cited PCCSP projections and Cyclone Increased incidence and Proofing Ian—a category five storm which devastated the intensity of cyclones. Ha’apai group in January 2014—in ranking Town Hall retrofit as their top priority.
Increased incidence and Community has eight working rainwater catchment intensity of cyclones (damage tanks/systems that serve as a source of drinking water to roof, gutters) for community events; for use by families during Increased incidence / intensity emergency; and for use by families without household 2. Enhanced of drought (lack of water, water tanks. Community seeks to enhance catchment Rainwater produces dust that Water capacity, citing the following PCCSP projections: dry Catchment contaminates water supply season rainfall is projected to decrease (moderate Capacity during first rain) confidence); and intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high Increased incidence of days confidence); and increased intensity of cyclones. with extreme rainfall (lack catchment capacity to capture all rainfall) Village recently paved a road from the wharf, up a steep incline to the village site. Road—and one Increased incidence and village vehicle—is used to transport goods and intensity of cyclones (requires equipment. Paved road only extends half way quick evacuation to town hall / through village; CCC seeks extension to allow for 3. Extension of evacuation center) Social ease of evacuation—to the community hall—of the Paved Road Increased incidence of days elderly, disabled and infirmed. CCC cited PCCSP with extreme rainfall (flooded projections for increased intensity of cyclones and / muddy road inhibits quick increased intensity and frequency of days of extreme evacuation, village travel) rainfall (high confidence).
Via the selection process and prior to the IPI, the CCC indicated that cyclone-proofing the town hall was their top priority, while enhancing rainwater catchment capacity and extending the paved road were of equal value to the community.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 40
SCORING MATRIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) (A) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 4 5 5 19
Town Hall Infrastructure Option 2 5 4 5 5 19 Rainwater Catchment Infrastructure Option 3 5 4 5 5 19 Town Road Extension
Each infrastructure priority received an equal aggregate score, with the following rationale Each infrastructure adaptation project would benefit the entire community. The town hall retrofit would position the community to designate it as their official evacuation facility. Expansion of rainwater catchment capacity at community centers and the household level would also benefit the entire community while the town road extension would be a ‘no regrets’ project that would ease evacuation during disasters, heavy rain, and improve everyday transportation.
Regarding ‘inputs,’ materials and skills for implementation of each project could be locally sourced and/or procured from Neiafu, Vava’u. For governance and management of the infrastructure priorities, Hunga has a Town Committee comprised of sub-committees for water resource management, town hall management and maintenance, and road maintenance. Each completes regular surveys of infrastructure and reports to the town committee; when maintenance is required the Town Committee either designates existing funds from the community bank account to the project, or plans a fundraiser / requests donor support to meet the need. Finally, the CCC indicated that regardless of the option selected, the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 41 The Hunga Town Hall A damaged rainwater catchment system in Hunga
ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE Village swimming pool Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides) bleaching / death factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 2 1 2 1 5 11 Town Hall Infrastructure Option 2 2 1 5 1 4 13 Rainwater Catchment Infrastructure Option 3 5 1 1 1 5 13 Town Road Extension
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 42 The Hunga CCC has prioritized extending the paved town road for ease of disaster response / consolidation in the Town Hall.
While Rainwater Catchment and Town Road extension earned higher aggregate scores, the community indicated that they still felt that the Town Hall Retrofit was their most significant need in order to adapt to the impacts of climate variability and projected climate change. As was emphasized in the Infrastructure Shortlisting exercise, the CCC rankings highlighted that cyclones are seen as the most significant climate- related threat to the community and the prioritized infrastructure. Each infrastructure point is highly vulnerable to cyclones. The CCC indicated that the Town Hall is not structurally fit to serve as an evacuation center during disaster and will be prone to heavy damage. The catchment area (roof) and guttering that feeds into Rainwater Tanks are vulnerable to cyclones and gale force winds which could damage or destroy these integral components to Catchment Systems. The unpaved Town Road is difficult to navigate during heavy rains and cyclones, inhibiting the community’s capacity to evacuation the elderly, disabled and infirmed.
Regarding other impacts of climate variability and climate change, the Hunga CCC noted that flooding is a low risk to the community—which sits at high elevation—presenting limited vulnerability to the Town Hall (low potential for flooded interior) and Rainwater Catchment Systems (inability to capture all available rainfall, cement tank erosion). Flooding / extreme rainfall was of more significant risk to the Town Road, however. Currently unpaved, the road is difficult to pass during heavy rain and cyclones.
Sea level rise and extreme sea level events and climactic coastal degradation were not of concern to the community, as the prioritized infrastructure points each sit at high elevation. Rainwater Catchment Systems and Capacity is extremely vulnerable to drought (leads to potable water shortage and produces dust that contaminates water supply during next rain event). The Town Hall faces limited vulnerability with drought (dusty / damaged roof) while the unpaved Town Road is not vulnerable to drought. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community and will advance environmental impact assessments, and engineering design.
TONGA Makave – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in Makave on 15 May 2014. Country Mobilizer-Tonga and DAI Project Manager —in execution of a Communications / Climate Adaptation Specialist STTA—facilitated the activity for the Makave C-CAP Community Committee (CCC); the CCC included female and youth representatives—18 participants in total.
In the introductory session, C-CAP completed a review of the project and core climate science information that was introduced during C-CAP’s Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity, which was completed prior to the IPI. C-CAP facilitated a presentation and accompanying activities on the
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 43 following subjects: the enhanced greenhouse effect and the impacts of global climate change; the differences between climate variability and climate change; and projections of climate change trends, based on Pacific Climate Change Science Program reporting.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants reviewed the infrastructure and participated in discussion to identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: structural vulnerability to the climate change trend projections; infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
Following identification of priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Makave identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 15 May 2014.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 44 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Increased incidence / intensity of drought 1. Community Semi-subsistance farming is a Increased intensity of rainstorms (flooded roads) Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods. Incidence and intensity of cyclones
According to oral tradition, site was established 400 years ago; families across Tonga brought a stone to the wall to record the Increased intensity of rainstorms (flooded roads) 2. Kilikilitefua birth of its first son—served as a Tourist Site de facto census. Wall is fenced Incidence and intensity of cyclones (damage to fence, wall). in, and has served as a tourist site in the past during cruise tours.
Village project to produce 3. Vegetable vegetable seedlings for village Incidence and intensity of cyclones (damage shadehouse). Seedling consumption is housed in a Increased incidence / intensity of drought Greenhouse shadehouse. There is also a large demonstration plot.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Government School for village youth in Primary School Incidence and intensity of cyclones (GPS) grades 1-6. Community town hall is the center for regularly held village meetings, development program 2. Town Hall / meetings, fundraising, Computer Lab community events and informal Incidence and intensity of cyclones social gatherings. Room within Hall houses a computer lab/internet cafe for school-aged village youth. 3. Cemetery (3) Village cemetery. Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (erosion) 4. Free Wesleyan Increased intensity of cyclones Makave congregation. Church 5. Church of Tonga Makave congregation. Increased intensity of cyclones Increased intensity of cyclones 6. Pentecost Church Makave congregation.
7. Church of New Makave congregation. Increased intensity of cyclones Light 8. Catholic Church Hall Makave congregation. Increased intensity of cyclones
9. Sports Field Village general purpose sports Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion) field.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 45 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Increased Incidence / Intensity of Droughts Rainwater catchment system includes two (lack of rainwater; dust/contaminated (plastic) tanks and one cement tank that is no water) 1. Town Hall longer functional and is disconnected from the Incidence and intensity of cyclones Rainwater gutter system. Provides rainwater for (damages to catchment area, guttering) Catchment System community events and for families without Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (limited rainwater tanks. rainwater storage capacity limits ability to capture all rainfall during heavy rains)
Increased Incidence / Intensity of Droughts 2. Free Wesleyan Rainwater tank is broken; large catchment area is (lack of rainwater; dust/contaminated Church Rainwater not currently being put to use for rainwater water) Catchment System collection/storage. Incidence and intensity of cyclones (damages to catchment area, guttering)
Sea level rise / Extreme sea level events Informally built foreshore put in place to limit 3. Foreshore Increased intensity of rainy days (flooding, erosion. erosion)
Three most important infrastructure The Makave CCC highlighted 1) Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity; 2) Town Hall Cyclone-Proofing; and 3) Climate-Smart Agriculture (Makave plantation pictured to the right) as priority infrastructure adaptation projects during the Infrastructure Shortlisting exercise. Each infrastructure priority, its type (social, economic, water, coastal), significance to the community and the climate variability and climate change impacts to which it can increase resilience are cited in the table below.
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to:
Community has two working rainwater catchment tanks/systems that serve as a source of drinking water Increased incidence and for community events; for use by families during intensity of cyclones (damage emergency; and for use by families without to roof, gutters) household water tanks. Of the village’s 88 Increased incidence / intensity 1. Enhanced households, 31—35-percent—do not have of drought (lack of water, Rainwater functioning water tanks. Community seeks to produces dust that Water Catchment enhance catchment capacity, citing the following contaminates water supply Capacity PCCSP projections: dry season rainfall is projected during first rain) to decrease (moderate confidence); and intensity and Increased incidence of days frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to with extreme rainfall (lack increase (high confidence); and increased intensity of catchment capacity to capture cyclones. all rainfall)
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 46 Used for community events, village meetings and to Community sited increased host fundraisers. Village wants to retrofit to serve as 2. Town Hall Social intensity of cyclones. evacuation center during natural disasters. Cyclone- PCCSP projects fewer, but Proofing Community cited PCCSP projections in ranking Town Hall retrofit as a priority. more intense cyclones between present and 2090.
Semi-subsistence agriculture is a significant source of livelihoods and is vulnerable to the impacts of Increased intensity of climate variability and climate change, including cyclones (damage to all root increased incidence of drought and cyclone intensity. crops and tubers) Community cited the following PCCSP projections: Increased incidence and dry season rainfall is projected to decrease (moderate 3. Climate-Smart intensity of drought (reduces Economic confidence); intensity and frequency of days of Agriculture yields, quality of all crops extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high except taro) confidence); and increased intensity of cyclones. Potential adaptation activities include training on Increased incidence of days agriculture methods; improved plantation roads; with extreme rainfall (flooded introduction of drought resistant varieties; irrigation roads) schemes.
A damaged rainwater catchment tank The Makave Town Hall at the Makave Town Hall.
Via the selection process and prior to the IPI, the CCC indicated that enhancing rainwater catchment capacity was a top priority. In concert with the Tongan Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources (MLECCNR) and Joint National Action Plan (J-NAP) committee for donor coordination, Social Mobilizer provided a survey which indicated that of the village’s 88 households, 31—35-percent—do not have functioning water tanks.
A subgroup of the Makave CCC links climate change risks / impacts to vulnerable infrastructure
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 47
SCORING MATRIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) (A) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 2 5 15 Rainwater Catchment Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 5 5 18 Town Hall Infrastructure Option 3 4 3 3 5 15 Climate Smart Agriculture
The town hall retrofit would position the community to designate it as their official evacuation facility, while expansion of rainwater catchment capacity at community centers and the household level would also benefit the entire community. Climate smart agriculture projects would only benefit those households which rely on semi-subsistence farming. Inputs across all priority projects could all be locally sourced and/or procured from Neiafu, Vava’u.
Regarding the community’s assessment of its governance and management capacity for each priority, water and agriculture services lack governance systems, while the Town Hall is managed by the Town Committee; based on current practices and an existing committee, the town hall is better positioned to be managed successfully. Regardless of the option selected, however, the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 48 ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides) bleaching / death factor inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 3 1 3 1 5 13 Rainwater Catchment Infrastructure Option 2 3 1 1 1 3 9 Town Hall Infrastructure Option 3 3 1 4 1 4 13 Climate Smart Agriculture
The Makave CCC rated the impact of flooding equally across all options, citing: limited rainwater storage capacity and inability to capture all available rainwater during heavy rains; town hall flooding; and erosion of agricultural land and unpassable plantation roads.
The prioritized infrastructure points each sit at high elevation and are not vulnerable to sea level rise, extreme sea level events or climactic coastal degradation.
Rainwater Catchment Systems and agriculture, according to the CCC, are most at-risk to drought. Rainwater catchment systems are impacted by a lack of rainfall and dust that collects on catchments during drought and contaminates water supply during rains. The only traditional Tongan crop that is resistant to drought is taro.
Finally, each infrastructure point is highly vulnerable to cyclones. Rainwater catchment systems are most at risk, as cyclone winds often damage roofs and gutter systems. All crops are also at risk to cyclones and gale force winds. The town hall is not sufficiently structured to withstand cyclones of increased intensity. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community and will advance environmental impact assessments, and engineering design.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 49 TONGA Okoa – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in Okoa on 15 May 2014. Community Liaison Officer , Country Mobilizer-Tonga and DAI Project Manager —in execution of a Communications / Climate Adaptation Specialist STTA—facilitated the activity for the Okoa C-CAP Community Committee (CCC); the CCC included female and youth representatives—36 participants in total.
In the introductory session, C-CAP completed a review of the project and core climate science information that was introduced during C-CAP’s Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity, which was completed prior to the IPI. C-CAP facilitated a presentation and accompanying activities on the following subjects:the enhanced greenhouse effect and the impacts of global climate change; the differences between climate variability and climate change; and projections of climate change trends, based on Pacific Climate Change Science Program reporting.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants reviewed the infrastructure and participated in discussion to identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: structural vulnerability to the climate change trend projections; infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
Following identification of priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. Pictured to the right, Country Mobilizer-Tonga facilitates the IPI in Okoa.
Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Okoa identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 14 May 2014.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 50 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Air temperature warming trend 1. Community Semi-subsistance farming is a Increased incidence / intensity of drought Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods. Increased intensity of rainstorms Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Income-generating project for Okoa community – renting 2. Event Catering tables, chairs and supplies for Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones Rentals meetings, conferences, funerals and other events.
Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion, sedimentation) Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 3. Coastal Fisheries Sea surface temperature (not reported by community) significant source of livelihoods.
Fenced in piggeries prevent pigs from roaming and destroying 4. Piggery Fence crops; pigs prone to escape Increased intensity of rainstorms during rain when soil is Increased intensity of cyclones malleable and they can burrow under fences.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Government School for village youth in Primary School grades 1-6. Serves youth from Increased intensity of cyclones (GPS) Okoa, Makave and Utui villages. Community town hall is the center for regularly held village meetings, development program 2. Town Hall Increased intensity of cyclones meetings, fundraising, community events and informal social gatherings. Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (erosion) 3. Cemetery Village cemetery. Sea level rise / extreme sea level events (erosion, inundation)
4. Free Wesleyan Increased intensity of cyclones Okoa congregation. Church 5. Church of Tonga Increased intensity of cyclones Okoa congregation. – Ho’eiki Increased intensity of cyclones 6. LDS Church Okoa congregation.
A causeway (with culvert) 7. Causeway / connects two segments of Okoa Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion) Culvert village, one on Vava’u Island Sea level rise / extreme sea level events and the other on Okoa Island. 8. Kalaka Waste Dump site for Vava’u Island Increased intensity of rainstorms (runoff) Disposal Site refuse. Sits close to lagoon.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 51 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Increased Incidence / Intensity of Droughts (lack of rainwater; dust/contaminated Rainwater catchment system includes two water; prolonged drought leads to cracks in (cement) tanks connected via guttering to the cement tanks) catchment area (roof). Two additional tanks are 1. Town Hall Incidence and intensity of cyclones no longer in use. Provides rainwater for Rainwater (damages to catchment area, guttering) Catchment System community events and for families without rainwater tanks (36% of families do not have Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (limited tanks). rainwater storage capacity limits ability to capture all rainfall during heavy rains; rusted roof contaminates water supply)
Groundwater pump station is located on Vava’u 2. Groundwater Island outside of the Hakoka GPS grounds (Okoa Pump Station, Island groundwater too brackish for use). Pump Reservoir & is housed in a small building; pumps to reservoir Increased incidence / intensity of drought Distribution located between Hakoka and Okoa. Village Increased intensity of cyclones System household connections are metered. Payments managed by village Water Committee.
Mangroves provide important ecosystem services such as serving as fish habitats, Increased Intensity of Rain Storms stabilizing the coastline and absorbing wave 3. Coastline / (erosion, sedimentation) energy during storm surges and extreme tides. Mangroves Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend Human activity also contributes to loss of (not reported by community) mangroves.
Three most important infrastructure The Okoa CCC subgroups highlighted 1) Piggery Fence; 2) Enhanced Rainwater Catchment & Groundwater Distribution Capacity; and 3) Climate-Proofed Village Causeway / Culvert as priority infrastructure adaptation projects during the Infrastructure Shortlisting exercise. Each infrastructure priority, its type (social, economic, water, coastal), significance to the community and the climate variability and climate change impacts to which it can increase resilience are cited in the table below.
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to
Pigs are important, culturally and economically, in Tonga—with a large percentage of families raising pigs for consumption during celebrations, and for sales at local market. Fenced-in piggeries prevent pigs from roaming and destroying crops; pigs are Increased intensity of prone to escape during rain when soil is malleable rainstorms 1. Piggery Fence and they can burrow under fences. Community seeks Increased intensity of Economic Construction to structurally improve and expand fencing around cyclones the plantation plots, citing the following PCCSP projections: intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence); and increased intensity of cyclones.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 52 Community has two working (cement) rainwater catchment tanks/systems (two non-functioning) that serve as a source of drinking water for community events; for use by families during emergency; and for use by families without household water tanks. 36- percent of village households do not have a working rainwater tank. Town Officer noted that the roof is beginning to rust; and unless replaced, the water Increased incidence and collected will not be safe for consumption. intensity of cyclones (damage Community seeks to enhance catchment capacity, to roof, gutters, reservoir, 2. Enhanced citing the following PCCSP projections: dry season water pump building) Rainwater rainfall is projected to decrease (moderate Increased incidence / intensity Catchment & confidence); and intensity and frequency of days of of drought (lack of water, Water Groundwater extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high produces dust that Distribution confidence); and increased intensity of cyclones. contaminates water supply Capacity during first rain) Non-potable water (for cleaning, hygiene) is Increased incidence of days distributed to Okoa from a groundwater pump station with extreme rainfall (lack and reservoir on Vava’u Island outside of the Hakoka catchment capacity to capture GPS grounds. Pump is housed in a small building; all rainfall) pumps to village household connections (metered). Payments managed by village Water Committee. Community seeks to improve and cyclone-proof, citing the following PCCSP projections: dry season rainfall is projected to decrease (moderate confidence); increased intensity of cyclones.
A causeway (with culvert) connects two segments of Okoa village, one on Vava’u Island and the other on 3. Climate- Okoa Island. Community seeks to improve and Increased intensity of Proofed Village cyclone-proof, citing the following PCCSP rainstorms (erosion) Social Causeway / projections: mean sea-level rise is projected to Sea level rise / extreme sea Culvert continue (very high confidence); and intensity and level events frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 53
SCORING MATRIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to (A) of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 1 2 5 13 Piggery Fence Construction Infrastructure Option 2 Enhanced Rainwater 5 2 5 5 17 Catchment & Groundwater Distribution Capacity Infrastructure Option 3 Climate-Proofed 5 1 2 5 13 Village Causeway / Culvert
Each infrastructure adaptation project would benefit the entire community; according to the Okoa CCC: all families’ food security would be impacted by improved containment of pigs; improved/secured access to/from Okoa Island via the causeway; and enhanced water security. Across each priority project, the CCC reported that few resources and technical capacity for implementation was present in Okoa, and would need to be sourced from Neiafu or Nuku’alofa. The CCC was slightly more confident in their capacity to implement the water projects over the other two options, given access to stones and sand for tank construction.
The community is best positioned for management of the water projects; Okoa has a water committee, water system bank account and each home has a meter to measure usage. The causeway would require significant technical and managerial input from the government, while management of piggeries is a micro issue at the household level and difficult for the community to enforce. Across all options, the CCC indicated that the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 54 ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides bleaching / death factor inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 5 1 1 1 2 10 Piggery Fence Construction Infrastructure Option 2 Enhanced Rainwater 2 1 5 1 5 14 Catchment & Groundwater Distribution Capacity Infrastructure Option 3 Climate- Proofed 3 5 1 1 2 12 Village Causeway / Culvert
The Okoa CCC rated the impact of flooding highest on the piggery fence, as flooding and malleable soil enables pigs to dig under fencing and have access to plantation sites where they damage crops. More limited impacts of flooding are experienced by the water catchment systems—rainwater loss due to lack of catchment capacity—and the causeway, as floodwater and runoff often carries pollution to the coast and blocks the causeway culvert. Impact of drought, on the other hand, is wholly concentrated on the village’s rainwater catchment and groundwater distribution capacity. Both the rainwater catchment systems and groundwater pumping and distribution system are impacted by a lack of rainfall, while the rainwater catchment systems are also vulnerable to dust that collects on catchments during drought and contaminates water supply during rains.
Vulnerability to cyclones is also most highly concentrated on rainwater catchment systems and the water distribution system. Cyclone winds can damage roofs and gutter systems of catchment systems, as well as the distribution system’s water pump station and raised reservoir tank. The CCC noted that the causeway and piggery fencing are vulnerable to a lesser degree than the water systems. During past cyclones and gale force wind events, strong winds have contributed to causeway erosion and damaged piggery fences.
The CCC advised that sea level rise only impacts the causeway/culvert. Impacts of extreme sea level events such as king tides and storm surge are significant, inundating the causeway and causing erosion. PCCSP projections for increasing mean sea level rise over the next century (very high confidence) deepen the vulnerability of the causeway.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 55 Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 56 TONGA ‘Utulei – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in ‘Utulei on 13 May 2014 carried out by the Community Liaison Officer and the Country Mobilizer for Tonga.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants broke into two groups to review the infrastructure and identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: structural vulnerability to the climate change trend projections; infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
After reaching consensus on priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change.
Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in ‘Utulei identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 21 January 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Air temperature warming trend 1. Community Semi-subsistence farming is Increased incidence / intensity of drought Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods. Increased intensity of rainstorms Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones 2. Coastal Fisheries Semi- subsistence fisheries are a Erosion and the resulting sedimentation significant source of livelihood . Increased sea surface temperature .
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 57 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Government School for village youth in Primary School Extreme weather events- roof and structural damage (GPS) grades 1-6.
Center for community events , Extreme weather events- roof and structural damage 2. Town Hall meetings and fundraising Storm surge & king tides Rising sea level Community burial place for 3. Cemetery deceased. Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones
Center of religious activities for 4. Free Wesleyan Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall church members Church Building Extreme weather events causing roof and structural damage
Center of village play and 5. Sport field sporting event Erosion during periods of heavy rainfall
Used as a safe house in times of disasters. Where church meeting 6. Free Wesleyan Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones is held and other related church Church hall Increased Intensity of Rain Storms activities
7. Catholic Church Center of religious activity for Building church members Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones
8. Catholic Church Hall Utulei congregation. Incidence and increased intensity of cyclones
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Pumped water to the reservoir which then feed Increased incidence/intensity of drought 1. Water Pump the whole community Extreme weather events
Incidence and increased intensity of 2. Community Supplied water to all households in ‘Utulei cyclones Reservoir Increased incidence / intensity of drought Source of drinking water during church events Incidence and increased intensity of 3. Free Wesleyan and for Pastor and family; for use by families cyclones Church Water during emergency; and for use by families Increased incidence / intensity of drought Tank without household water tanks.
Source of drinking water during church events Incidence and increased intensity of 4. Catholic Church and for Pastor and family; for use by families cyclones Rain Water Tank during emergency; and for use by families Increased incidence / intensity of drought without household water tanks.
Source of drinking water for students , teachers 5. Primary School Increased incidence of cyclones and for use by families without water tanks. Rain Water Tank Increased incidence/intensity of drought
6. Reservoir Supply tap water to all households in ‘Utulei Increased Intensity /incidence of drought 7. Coastline / Mangroves provide important ecosystem Increased Intensity of Rain Storms C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 58 Mangroves services such as serving as fish habitats, (erosion, sedimentation) stabilizing the coastline and absorbing wave Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend energy during storm surges and extreme tides.
Three most important infrastructure Both CCC subgroups highlighted 1) Village Water System ( solar power pump as well as the improvement of the entire water reticulation system); 2) Coastal protection – sea wall; and 3) the community hall be upgrade to be a multi-purpose hall were priority infrastructure adaptation projects identify during the Infrastructure shortlisting exercise.
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to:
Village water system supplied tap water to all 1. Village Water households in ‘Utulei do to household core. They currently used an electric pump to fetch water from Increased intensity and System( solar power Water& pump and upgrade the well to the reservoir and then distribute to incidence of cyclones of the entire water Coastal households. Water usage by the community will have Increase incidence and system) bearing on their electricity bill at the end of the intensity of drought. month.
‘Utulei is located along the coast of the Port of Refuge harbor . Makes it highly vulnerable to effects Increased incidence and of sea level rising . Evidences of the erosion of its 3. Coastal intensity of cyclones (damage coastal area can be seen. According to the community Protection- Sea Water to roof, gutters) members having a sea wall along its coast will help Wall Sea level rising / coastal protect its coastal area from sea level rising and coastal erosion. erosion
Increased incidence and ‘Utulei currently have a community hall and they intensity of cyclones (requires 4. Town Hall – wanted to upgrade the hall to be a multi- purpose hall quick evacuation to town hall / Multi purpose and be cyclone proofing.. Which will be useful for all evacuation center) Social hall( Cyclone community meeting and gathering and can be a safe Increased incidence of days proofing) house for the community during cyclones with extreme rainfall (flooded / muddy road inhibits quick evacuation, village travel)
Via the selection process and prior to the IPI, the CCC indicated that cyclone-proofing the town hall was their top priority, while enhancing rainwater catchment capacity and extending the paved road were of equal value to the community.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 59
SCORING MATRIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) (A) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 1 4 5 15 Water System Infrastructure Option 2 Coastal 5 3 5 5 18 Protection-Sea Wall Infrastructure Option 3 5 2 5 5 17 Town Hall-Multi Purpose Hall
Based on the socio-economic scoring matrix. The community prioritize coastal protection –sea wall as their top priority infrastructure. As a of low lying coastal community such as ‘Utulei has been affected by the rising sea level , storm surges and king tides and so as .
Upgrading of the current community hall to be a multi-purpose hall and ensuring that it is cyclone proofing was also prioritize by the community. The community hall is significant as an evacuation center in times of disasters, ability to host community activities and the place where all community members can freely go to. These were all part of the reasons why the community members prioritized the community hall.
Upgrading the village water system was the third priority identified by the community. They identify that they need a solar water pump which will help cut electricity cost .As well as upgrading the whole water system.
All options will benefit the whole community. Few inputs could be locally available and other inputs can be procured from Neiafu. For governance and management of the prioritized infrastructure, ‘Utulei has a village council which governed all community activities . They currently have a water committee which administered the village water system and management of the community hall is under the village council.
Regarding ‘inputs,’ materials and skills for implementation of each project could be locally sourced and/or procured from Neiafu, Vava’u. For governance and management of the infrastructure priorities, Hunga has a Town Committee comprised of sub-committees for water resource management, town hall management and maintenance, and road maintenance. Each completes regular surveys of infrastructure
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 60 and reports to the town committee; when maintenance is required the Town Committee either designates existing funds from the community bank account to the project, or plans a fundraiser / requests donor support to meet the need. Finally, the CCC indicated that regardless of the option selected, the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides) bleaching / death factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 5 1 3 11 Water System Infrastructure Option 2 Coastal 5 4 1 1 5 16 Protection- Sea Wall Infrastructure Option 3 Town Hall – 3 5 1 1 5 15 Multi purpose hall
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 61
The environmental resilience scoring matrix highlighted that the village water system is the infrastructure which is least vulnerable to climate change related events. Village water system is highly vulnerable to prolong period of drought.
Coastal protection according to community members will lessen the impact of sea level rise , king tides and storm surges during cyclones which eroded the community coastal area. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community and will advance environmental impact assessments, and engineering design.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 62 TONGA Tefisi – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in Tefisi on 13 May 2014. Country Mobilizer-Tonga and Community Liaison Officer — in execution of a Communications / Climate Adaptation Specialist STTA—facilitated the activity for the Makave C-CAP Community Committee (CCC); the CCC included female and youth representatives—18 participants in total.
In the introductory session, C-CAP completed a review of the project and core climate science information that was introduced during C-CAP’s Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity, which was completed prior to the IPI. C-CAP facilitated a presentation and accompanying activities on the following subjects: the enhanced greenhouse effect and the impacts of global climate change; the differences between climate variability and climate change; and projections of climate change trends, based on Pacific Climate Change Science Program reporting.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants reviewed the infrastructure and participated in discussion to identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: structural vulnerability to the climate change trend projections; infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
Following identification of priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change.
Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Tefisi identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 15 May 2014.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 63
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Increased incidence / intensity of drought 1. Community Semi-subsistance farming is a Increased intensity of rainstorms (flooded roads) Plantation Site primary source of livelihoods. Incidence and intensity of cyclones
Income generation project for Free Wesleyan Church group-
2. Events catering renting tables , chairs and rental supplies for meetings , conferences , funerals and other Incidence and intensity of cyclones events.
3. Coastal Fisheries Semi – subsistence fisheries are Erosion and resulting sedimentation . a source of livelihoods Increased sea surface temperature
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Government School for village youth in Primary School Incidence and intensity of cyclones (GPS) grades 1-6. Community town hall was Incidence and intensity of cyclones 2. Town Hall condemned due to poor design Increased incidence of Rain storms ( erosion) & construction Nurse provides weekend service 3. Government Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (erosion) to the community. Health Clinic Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones
Increased intensity of rain storms( erosion) 4. Cemetery Village cemetery
Youth Library and computer Increased intensity and incidence of cyclones 5. Library / café primarily used by school Increased incidence of rain storms ( erosion) computer café aged children for tutoring and general computer use. Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 6. Community Patrol around the community Increased incidence of rain storms( erosion) Police Station particular at night times
Provide protection for school Increased intensity and incidence of cyclones 7. School Bus bus which transport school Increased incidence of rain storms( erosion) Garage children’s to and from school every day . 8. Free Wesleyan Church Tefisi congregation. Increased intensity of cyclones Free Wesleyan Church hall has Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion) 9. Free Wesleyan been frequently used to host Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Church Hall community events due to the
condition of the community hall. Increased intensity of rainstorms( erosion) 10. Free Church of Tefisi Congregation Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 64 Tonga
11. Free Church of Cater for church meetings and Increased intensity of rainstorms(erosion) Tonga Hall related events Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones. 12. Church of Latter Tefisi Congregation and also Day Saints used as a safe house in times of Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones disasters 13. Church of Tonga Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Tefisi Congregation Hou’eiki Increased intensity of rainstorms( erosion) 14. Church of Tonga Hold church meetings and Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Hou’eiki Hall related events 15. Catholic Church Tefisi Congregation Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 16. Assembly of God Tefisi Congregation Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 17. Sports field Held communal sports events Increased intensity of rainstorms (erosion)
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Channel intercepts water flowing on/across 1. Road Drainage village road and diverts for return to natural flow Increased intensity of rainstorms Channel process.
Increased Incidence / Intensity of Droughts (lack of rainwater; dust/contaminated 2. Free Wesleyan Provide drinking water for church events and water) Church Rainwater used by families without water tanks Incidence and intensity of cyclones tank (damages to catchment area, guttering)
Increased incidence/ intensity of drought ( 3. Free Wesleyan lack of rainwater , dust /contaminated Source of drinking water for church events and Hall Rainwater water) activities. Used by families without water tanks. tank Increased intensity and incidence of cyclones Increased incidence /intensity of 4. Assembly of God Source of drinking water for church events and drought(lack of water , dust /contaminated Church Rainwater activities. Used by close by households without water. Tank water tank Increased intensity and incidence of cyclones Increased incidence/intensity of drought ( 5. Free Church of Source of drinking water for church events and lack of water , dust / contaminated water) Tonga Hall activities . Used by close by households without Increased intensity and incidence of Rainwater Tank water tank. cyclones Increased incidence / intensity of drought ( 6. Church of Tonga Source of drinking water for church events and lack of water , dust / contaminated water) Hou’eiki Hall activities . Used by close by households without Increased intensity and incidence of Rainwater tank water tank cyclones Increased incidence / intensity of drought ( 7. GPS Rainwater Source of drinking water for school children , lack of water , dust / contaminated water ) tank used by families during emergency Increased intensity and incidence of cyclones 8. Ground Water Pump water to the reservoir which supplied Increased incidence and intensity of Pump Station water to all households drought Increased incidence and intensity of 9. Ground Water 3 , 10,000 liters cisterns drought. C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 65 Reservoir Site for off/on loading of goods and equipment. Increased intensity of rainstorms ( 10. Wharf Also function as breakwater altering current and sedimentation and erosion) sediment flow. Increased intensity of rainstorms ( Semi –subsistence fisherfolk depend on reef fish 11. Reef sedimentation and erosion) for subsistence Sea surface temperature warming trend
Three most important infrastructure The Makave CCC highlighted 1) Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity; 2) Town Hall Cyclone- Proofing; and 3) Climate-Smart Agriculture (Makave plantation pictured to the right) as priority infrastructure adaptation projects during the Infrastructure Shortlisting exercise. Each infrastructure priority, its type (social, economic, water, coastal), significance to the community and the climate variability and climate change impacts to which it can increase resilience are cited in the table below.
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to:
Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones (damage The community current water system has a electricity to electricity power supply) water pump and three reservoirs. Which supplied all Increased incidence / intensity 1. Upgrade of the households in Tefisi. What they need is a solar power of drought (lack of water, pump as well the improvement of the entire water produces dust that village water Water system reticulation system. Having another pump will ensure contaminates water supply that there will be non-stop water supply for the during first rain) community need. Even tough electricity will be off Increased incidence of days with extreme rainfall (lack catchment capacity to capture all rainfall) Used for community events, village meetings and to Community sited increased host fundraisers. Village wants to retrofit to serve as 2. Town Hall Social intensity of cyclones. evacuation center during natural disasters. Cyclone- PCCSP projects fewer, but Community cited PCCSP projections in ranking Proofing more intense cyclones Town Hall retrofit as a priority. between present and 2090.
Sea level rise is a common threat for all low lying 3. Coastal coastal community and Tefisi is no exception. Protection & Community . Sea level rise according to the Rising sea level community will eroded their coastal area and affect Increased incidence of days upgrade of the Water drainage living organisms living in these areas. Further to that with extreme rainfall (flooded system they also wanted to upgrade the current drainage roads) system they have so that it help minimize soil erosion during times of heavy rain.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 66 Scoring Matrix
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) (A) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 upgrade of the 5 2 2 5 14 village water system Infrastructure Option 2 Town Hall- 5 2 3 5 15 Cyclone Proofing Infrastructure Option 3 Coastal 4 3 3 5 15 Protection & upgrade of the drainage system
The town hall retrofit would position the community to designate it as their official evacuation facility, while upgrading of the entire water system would also benefit the entire community. Coastal protection according to community members would not benefit all households. Inputs across all priority projects could all be locally sourced and/or procured from Neiafu, Vava’u.
Regarding the community’s assessment of its governance and management capacity for each priority, water system lack governance systems, while the, the town hall & Coastal protection are in better positioned to be managed successfully. Regardless of the option selected, however, the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 67
ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides) bleaching / death factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 Upgrade of 3 1 5 1 4 14 the village water system Infrastructure Option 2 Town Hall- 5 1 1 1 5 13 Cyclone Proofing Infrastructure Option 3 Coastal Protection & 5 3 1 1 5 15 upgrade of the drainage system
Tropical Cyclone and flooding are the two natural disasters which was highly rated by Tefisi CCC . That can potentially affected all of three nominated infrastructure. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community and will advance environmental impact assessments, and engineering design.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 68 TUVALU Kavatoetoe – Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) Assessment
Overview C-CAP completed an IPI assessment in Kavatoetoe on 11 June 2014. Deputy Chief of Party , Country Mobilizer-Tuvalu and DAI Project Manager —in execution of a Communications / Climate Adaptation Specialist STTA—facilitated the activity for a subset of the Kavatoetoe C-CAP Community Committee (CCC) which included female and youth representatives—17 participants in total.
In the introductory session, C-CAP completed a review of the project and core climate science information that was introduced during C-CAP’s Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity, which was completed earlier in 2014. Following a review of the core components of the project and USAID’s climate change adaptation support to the region, C-CAP facilitated a presentation and accompanying activities on the following subjects: the enhanced greenhouse effect and the impacts of global climate change; the differences between climate variability and climate change; and projections of climate change trends, based on Pacific Climate Change Science Program reporting.
Each infrastructure—along with the vulnerability profile that the CCC assigned to it—identified during the Climate Change Risk & Asset Mapping activity was presented and reviewed by the community. C- CAP introduced the review by leading a discussion on how the climate change trend projections may impact the identified infrastructure. Following discussion, participants broke into three groups (two mens groups, one women) to review the infrastructure and identify three priority infrastructure items that the community would like to consider for climate adaptation support. The community prioritized the infrastructure based on the following criteria: infrastructure’s capacity to increase resilience—of the community, of the environment and of biodiversity—to the impacts of climate change; percentage of the community that benefits from the infrastructure / its enhancement; health and livelihood benefits to be incurred; cost feasibility (under US$50,000) and community’s capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure / ensure its sustainability.
After reaching consensus on priority infrastructure, C-CAP facilitated the IPI, comparing the relative potential of each priority infrastructure to produce socio-economic benefits, and each infrastructure’s structural and/or functional vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and climate change.
Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following categorized infrastructure points (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Kavatoetoe identified during the climate change risk and asset mapping activity that was carried out on 14 February 2014.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 69
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
Increased incidence / intensity of drought Community pig farms / pens are Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (flooding) 1. Pig Farms located along the borrow pit— Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones for access to water. Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events
Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (erosion and resulting Semi-subsistence fisheries are a 2. Coastal Fisheries sedimentation of coral reefs) significant source of livelihoods. Sea Surface Temperature Warming Trend
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Vulnerability Point Community
1. Assembly of God Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (flooding) Church Pre- Church-run preschool. School Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events
2. Government Health clinic meets community’s Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (flooding, erosion) Health Clinic primary care needs. Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events
Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (erosion) Village cemetery. 3. Cemetery Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events
Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones 4. Assembly of God Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (flooding) Local congregation. Church Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events
Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events 5. Sports Field Village general purpose sports field. Increased Intensity of Rain Storms (flooding, erosion)
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Church foundation—which is a dual purposed building foundation / rainwater collection cistern—is in place while the community is currently raising funds to build their church and 1. EKT Church community hall building. When built, the Increased incidence / intensity of drought Foundation / community will develop a catchment system to Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events Reservoir divert rainwater into the reservoir. The EKT – (church is located on coastline) Kavatoetoe church catchment reservoir is 18 x 8 x 2 meters and is slated to serve the parish community—14 households—as well as the larger Kavatoetoe area. C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 70 Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events Boat ramp is used to transport boats to/from land 2. Boat Ramp Increased Intensity of Rain Storms to the lagoon. (erosion) 3. Sea Wall (Borrow Privately built sea wall on the ocean side of the Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events Pit) village protect village infrastructure. 4. Sea Wall (Lagoon Privately built sea wall on the lagoon side of the Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events Side) village protect village infrastructure. Coastal vegetation such as mangroves, Lakau, Gasu and Fetau trees, and sea grass provide 7. Coastal environmental services including: stabilize coastal Sea Level Rise / Extreme Sea Level Events Vegetation soil; protect the community from storm surge; Increased Intensity of Rain Storms serve as habitat for fisheries; and are used to make (erosion) cultural items such as headbands, necklaces and other ornamental items.
Three most important infrastructure During the infrastructure shortlisting exercise, all three CCC subgroups highlighted Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity; and Community Hall / Evacuation Center (new building) as the top two priority infrastructure points. For the final priority infrastructure point, two groups prioritized construction of a New Pre-School, while the third group prioritized Rehabilitation of Community Piggeries. C-CAP facilitated a consensus-building discussion to select the third priority infrastructure point; in a CCC vote, the New Pre-School received nine votes while the Community Piggery Rehabilitation received eight votes.
The final three priority infrastructure points were 1) Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity; 2) Community Hall / Evacuation Center (new building); and 3) New Pre-School. Each infrastructure priority, its type (social, economic, water, coastal), significance to the community and the climate variability and climate change impacts to which it can increase resilience are cited in the table below.
Infrastructure Infra. Significance to Community Infrastructure Adaptation Point Type will Increase Resilience to:
Community relies exclusively on household rainwater catchment tanks/systems for all water uses. Community seeks to enhance catchment capacity, Incidence of drought 4. Enhanced citing the historic 2011 drought and uncertainty Increased intensity of cyclones Rainwater surrounding climate projections on precipitation in (damage to roof, gutters) Catchment Water Tuvalu. CCC notes that this project would also meet Increased incidence of days Capacity socio-economic objectives in benefiting the entire with extreme rainfall (lack community; health objectives in improving access to catchment capacity to capture clean drinking water; and is within their capacity to all rainfall) maintain.
Community seeks construction of a town hall / evacuation center for cyclones, storm surge and 5. Community tsunami events. Community cited PCCSP projections Hall / for increasing sea level rise (very high confidence) Increased intensity of Evacuation Social and cyclone intensity in ranking Town Hall as their cyclones. Center (New top priority. CCC notes that this project would also Sea level rise / extreme sea Construction) meet socio-economic objectives in benefiting the level events entire community; and is within their capacity to maintain.
6. Pre-School Community cited need for village pre-school to Increased intensity of (New Social provide place of education in which children will be cyclones. Construction) secure from disaster events. CCC notes that this Sea level rise / extreme sea C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 71 project would support socio-economic objectives in level events benefiting community members with children; livelihood objectives (education); and is within their capacity to maintain.
SCORING MATRIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score in terms of Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution benefit (qualitative) (Labor, supplies) (A) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally significant of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1
Enanced 5 5 1 5 16 Rainwater Catchment Capacity Infrastructure Option 2 Community Hall 5 4 3 4 16 / Evacuation Center (New Construction) Infrastructure Option 3 5 3 3 3 14 Pre-School (New Construction)
The Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity and Community Hall/Evacuation Center options received higher ‘socio-economic’ benefit scores than the Pre-School, with the following rationale. According to the CCC, each infrastructure adaptation project would benefit the entire community. All three are ‘no regrets’ options in that they will provide benefits to the community regardless of climate impacts.
Regarding ‘inputs,’ materials and skills for implementation of the Enhanced Rainwater Catchment Capacity project could be locally sourced and/or procured from Tuvalu while construction of new buildings (Town Hall and Pre-School) would require importing materials and engineering expertise from Fiji. The Pre-School received a lower score because the community has not secured land rights for the building.
For governance and management of the infrastructure priorities, Kavatoetoe has a Town Committee that is fundraising for construction of a town hall; this committee could similarly manage a Pre-School. The community does not, however, have capacity or experience managing a community water source; currently, rainwater catchment systems are managed at the household level.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 72 Finally, the CCC indicated that regardless of the option selected, the community would provide labor and supplies for implementation of the adaptation project.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in terms Investment of cost (qualitative) Options 1 = No impact 5= Very significant impact (B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme rainfall (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones (wind events king tides) bleaching / death factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant 5= very significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 Enhanced 1 5 5 1 5 17 Rainwater Catchment Capacity Infrastructure Option 2 Community Hall / 1 3 2 1 5 12 Evacuation Center (New Construction) Infrastructure Option 3 Pre-School 1 3 4 1 5 14 (New Construction)
The Kavatoetoe CCC noted that flooding is a low risk to the community, presenting limited vulnerability to each infrastructure point. Sea level rise / extreme sea level (SLR) events were a major community concern. Rainwater Catchment Systems are most vulnerable to SLR given their sensitivity to salt spray and erosion; the community hall and pre-school are also vulnerable to these impacts. Drought would most significantly impact Rainwater Catchment Systems, with some impact on the Pre-School (children’s hygiene) and limited impact on a Town Hall. Finally, each infrastructure point is equally vulnerable to cyclones. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community and will advance environmental impact assessments, and engineering design.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 73 SOLOMON ISLANDS Ngongosila community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) Assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Priority Index (IPI) assessment for Ngongosila was held on the 15th of April 2014 and was attended by a good number of members from the community including men, women, youth and a disabled representative. The assessment was facilitated by the Community Liaison Specialist and the Country Mobilizer with assistance from the USP EU GCCA Research Assistant for the Solomon Islands. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Country Report for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted earlier. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Ngongosila identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out on the 15th of April 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Fishing ground Boat Coconut plantation
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community kindy Sanitation School
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Water
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 74 Transportation Fishing ground Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for water, boat transportation and multi-purpose center/pre-school as their most needed. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Water Boat transportation, and Multi-purpose center/pre-school.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative) Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non- 1=Not able to of the available existent contribute population 5= Locally 5=Can make (A) 5=More than available 5= Good significant 80% of the contribution population (impact) (Pre-condition) Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 2 1 3 11 Water Infrastructure Option 2 Transport 3 1 1 2 7
Infrastructure Option 3 Multipurpose 5 1 2 3 8 Center/Pre- school
Improvement on water was scored the highest. During the assessment the Ngongosila people raised their concern on water as it is one of the areas that they are lacking and need to be addressed. 100% of the community rely and will benefit from the improvement of water in Ngongosila. They also raised their concern on the fact that only one 8,500 liter tank for the community is available.
In addition to that a fast boat for transportation is their second concern as this is the only means of them accessing school, clinic and evacuation during disaster. Few households in Ngongosila own boats. During the recent tsunami warning on 13th April 2014 those with boats were able to evacuate to higher ground on the mainland while a good majority without motor boats were left back in the village. This is a major concern and one that will assist with any disaster risk plans.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 75 A cyclone proof multi-purpose center which will also host the kindergarten was the third area of priority. Currently the community has no facility and classroom for the early childhood education except for Kwai and do not have access to any cyclone proof evacuation.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment 1 = No impact terms of cost Options 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (B) (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones rainfall king tides) degradation (wind factor) events (coral inundation) bleaching/ death Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 5 1 5 13
Water Infrastructure Option 2 1 1 1 1 5 9 Transport
Infrastructure Option 3 Multipurpose 1 5 3 1 5 15 Center/Pre- school
Water improvement will have high benefit to the Ngongosila people as they rely on one water tank and a well for their daily use. The water infrastructure is highly vulnerable to drought and tropical cyclone. Over the recent 6 weeks of drought there was a shortage in water supply for the Ngongosila community; these was seen as a great concern to them given the climate projections. Transport is really a vital means of accessibility for the Ngongosila people accessing other facilities such as school, clinic, gardening, fishing and evacuation during disaster times. The multi-purpose/Pre-school will benefit the community future leaders of Ngongosila as it is where the foundation of their formal education starts. Given its environmental associating risks, it is highly affected by sea level rise, extreme storm surge, king tides and tropical cyclones. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 76 SOLOMON ISLANDS Dala North community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Dala North was held on the 16th of April 2014 and was attended by a good number of members from the community including men, women, youth and a disabled representative. The assessment was facilitated by the Community Liaison Specialist and the Country Mobilizer with assistance from the USP EU GCCA Research Assistant for the Solomon Islands. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Country Report for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted earlier. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Dala North identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out on the 16th of April 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Fishing ground Farming area
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Church Clinic School
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 77 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Water School Clinic Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for water, boat transportation and multi-purpose center/pre-school as their most needed. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Water (dam) School, and Church.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of beneficiaries Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute 5=More than 80% of 5= Locally available 5= Good 5=Can make the population significant contribution (A) (impact) (Pre-condition) Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 4 3 5 17 Water (Dam) Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 5 5 18 School Infrastructure Option 3 Church 5 3 5 5 18
Improvement of the Dala North school and church got the highest score given its importance to the community during the discussion. The school is very important for the formal education of the Dala North young children, where 80% of the community will benefit from it. The church is another important infrastructure to the community. Spiritual engagement is a vital component to encourage stability. Water dam is also another area that was prioritized. It will benefit over 80% of the community. During the discussion they highlighted the need to have improved water system for the community. The community gave its full support in terms of providing labor and security and to strengthen their existing committees and governance in order to ensure the project benefits them.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 78
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment 1 = No impact terms of cost Options 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
(B)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones rainfall events king tides) degradation (wind factor) inundation) (coral bleaching/ death Infrastructure Option 1 5 1 5 1 5 17 Water (Dam) Infrastructure Option 2 3 1 5 1 5 15 School Infrastructure Option 3 3 1 1 1 5 11 Church
The community cited the risks that were mainly affecting their water source such as flooding, drought and tropical cyclones. During flooding the water source is very dirty as recently experienced during the cyclone season which is bad for their health, and also during drought there is shortage in water supply to the whole community.
The school is mostly vulnerable to drought and tropical cyclones. The community mentioned that during cyclone the school ground and the building were not safe. The same applies to the church building. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 79 SOLOMON ISLANDS Dala South community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Dala South was held on the 16th of April 2014 and was attended by a good number of members from the community including men, women, youth and a disabled representative. The assessment was facilitated by the Community Mobilizer with assistance from the USP EU GCCA Research Assistant for the Solomon Islands. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Country Report for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted earlier. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Dala South identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in February 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Coconut plantation Copra storage shed Coastal fisheries Plantations
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Catholic church Catholic school Cemetery plot Sports field
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 80 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Reservoir/dam Water standpipes Dala river Sanitation area Reef/coastal fisheries Mangroves/coastal vegetation
Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for water, boat transportation and multi-purpose center/pre-school as their most needed. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Water (dam) School, and Church.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute (A) 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% available significant of the population contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 5 5 18 Sanitation Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 5 5 18 Church Infrastructure Option 3 5 3 5 3 16 School
Improvement of the community sanitation and church scored the highest. In Dala South the community has no access to proper toilets as they all have a communal toilet area beside the river and along the coastal area. Only a few houses have water flush toilet system. Sanitation for Dala South will benefit more than 80% of the population.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 81 Dala South is a Catholic predominant community. They have a church that serves over 80% of the community but is still under construction. The church committee is very effective in organizing church and community related matters. School is also another area prioritized by the Dala South community given its benefit to the young. During the assessment the community agreed to put their full support towards this project.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment 1 = No impact terms of cost Options 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
(B) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme (storm surge, degradation cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) (coral factor) inundation bleaching/death Infrastructure Option 1 4 4 5 5 5 23 Sanitation
Infrastructure Option 2 3 4 1 2 5 15 Church
Infrastructure Option 3 3 4 5 2 5 19 School
Sanitation will help improve the standard of living for the Dala South community as cited by the community. There is no proper toilet system for the community so during cyclones and adverse weather the communal toilet area is less favorable to use. During drought season water shortage is also another problem that causes the poor sanitation. Religion is another area of concern for the community as the church is the main foundation that builds and strengthens their religious aspects. In addition, the school is just as important for formal learning of the young and will help in shaping their future to improve the standard of living in the community. Next Steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 82 SOLOMON ISLANDS Lilisiana community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Lilisiana was held on the 16th of April 2014 and was attended by a good number of members from the community including men, women, youth and a disabled representative. The assessment was facilitated by the Community Mobilizer with assistance from the USP EU GCCA Research Assistant for the Solomon Islands. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Country Report for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted earlier. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Lilisiana identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in February 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Community plantation site Coastal Fisheries
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Kindergarten Table house Government health clinic Cemetery Bridge Catholic church South Sea Evangelical Church Sports field
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 83 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Catholic Church Rainwater tank South Seas Evangelical Church rainwater tank Kindergarten Rainwater Tank Village water tanks Stream Solomon Islands Water Authority (SIWA) standpipe Reef Communal Toilet Area Coastal Freshwater Pool Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for sanitation, cemetery coastal protection and coastal fisheries rejuvenation as their most needed. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Sanitation Cemetery coastal protection, and Coastal fisheries rejuvenation.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 84
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative) Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make (A) 5=More than 80% available significant of the population contribution (impact) Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 1 4 13 Sanitation
Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 1 4 13 Cemetery
Infrastructure Option 3 5 3 1 3 12 Coastal Fisheries
Improvement of sanitation is one of the most important concerns to the Lilisiana community and it was scored the highest given its impact to more than 80% of the community’s population. The community has access to one communal toilet and it is an open defecation toilet system, which is not healthy for the community. Lilisiana cemetery is currently affected by sea-level rise whereby during high tides its very fragile coastal front is eroded by the waves and tides. The community has requested a seawall or some form of coastal protection to protect the cemetery from being washed given that the whole community relies on it.
Coastal fisheries are their number one income earner. The vast majority of the community benefit from the available resources, but as highlighted during the consultation, the depletion of mangroves on their shoreline has affected the abundance of food sources with some species on their reefs totally disappearing. The Lilisiana community is in full support of this project and they will contribute to this in terms of providing labor, security and other resources within their disposal.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 85
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment 1 = No impact terms of cost Options 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
(B) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones rainfall king tides) degradation (wind factor) events (coral inundation) bleaching/ death Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 4 4 5 23 Sanitation
Infrastructure Option 2 5 5 1 5 5 21 Cemetery
Infrastructure Option 3 5 5 3 5 5 23 Coastal Fisheries
Improvement of sanitation will improve the health and living standard of the community. It is highly vulnerable to flooding, sea-level rise and tropical cyclones. The cemetery is also vulnerable to the effects of sea-level rise and these are already being faced. Freshwater runoff, sea-level rise and the associated temperature increase coupled with coastal degradation has really affected their coastal fisheries. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 86 SOLOMON ISLANDS New Kaloka community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment for New Kaloka was held on the 18th of April 2014 and was attended by a good number of members from the community including men, women, youth and a disabled representative. The assessment was facilitated by the Community Mobilizer with assistance from the USP EU GCCA Research Assistant for the Solomon Islands. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) Country Report for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for the Solomon Islands. The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted earlier. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in New Kaloka identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in February 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Community Plantation site Coastal fisheries
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Catholic Church (new) Catholic Church (old) Table House Primary and Secondary Schools Cemetery Plots (3) Palm Plantation Sports Field
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 87 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Reservoir/Dam Catholic Church Rainwater Tank (1) Community Rainwater Tank (3) Community Standpipes (4) Community Groundwater Reservoir Stream School Standpipe Drainage Channels Reef Mangroves/Communal Toilet Area Sea Walls/Boat Anchorage (private) Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for church, community hall and sanitation as their most needed. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Church, Community Hall, and Sanitation.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative) Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make (A) of the population available significant contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 3 3 14 Church
Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 3 3 14 Community Hall
Infrastructure Option 3 5 3 2 2 12 Sanitation
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 88
Improvement of church and the community hall both scored the highest. Both infrastructures are very important as it is where the community would gather for important discussions and for religious programs. New Kaloka community’s open defecation area combined with an increasing population and sea-level rise is now very unhygienic. It is of concern to the majority of the population. The community is very willing to work together in support of this project
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment 1 = No impact terms of cost Options 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
(B) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme (storm surge, degradation cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) (coral factor) inundation bleaching/death Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 1 2 5 18 Church
Infrastructure Option 2 5 5 1 2 5 18 Community Hall
Infrastructure Option 3 5 5 1 4 5 20 Sanitation
The church and the Community hall buildings are highly vulnerable to flooding, sea-level rise and tropical cyclones. Sanitation however supersedes the above two in terms of its vulnerabilities to the effects of climate change. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 89 VANUATU Iru community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Iru was held on the 25th of June 2014. The assessment involved most of the community leaders, men, women, youth and children. This was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer, and supported by the Community Liaison Specialist, The assistance of the In-Country Coordinator for the USP EUGCCA Project and , Agriculture Officer for Tafea Province was instrumental. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The community of Iru is located in the Western part of Tanna and closer to the commercial zone where most of the development is occurring, such as tourist bungalows, main port, banks, main markets and hosts the provincial headquarters of the Tafea Province. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Iru identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in March 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Market
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community hall Church
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Tank
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 90 Water Pump Coastal Fresh Water Source
Three most important infrastructures The community had agreed upon only one most pressing priority which is seen as that most needed to improve their climate change resilience. The building will be their main evacuation center during climate change related disasters among others as well as provide the men and women an area for economic wellbeing by way of a market place. Their priority is therefore: Multipurpose Building
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Governance/ Community Total Score in Infrastructure # of Availability of Management Contribution terms of benefit Options Beneficiaries Inputs (Labor, (qualitative) Supplies)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make of the population available significant contribution (A) (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 2 3 13 Multipurpose Building
The building will assist the community both socially and economically. They reported that since their community at the center where people gather for commercial activities this building would serve the greater Tafea Province population.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 91
Environmental Resilience
Environmental Resilience 1 = No impact Total Score 5= Very significant impact in terms of cost Infrastructure Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (qualitative) Investment (extreme (storm surge, degradation (coral cyclones Options rainfall events king tides) bleach/death) (wind factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very 5= very (B) 5= very 5= very significant Significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 Multipurpose Building.
The allocated area for this community hall was ranked very climate resilient friendly by the Iru community. There were no foreseen impacts for all except a small one in the case of a cyclone. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 92 VANUATU Lamenaura community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Lamenaura was held on the 24th of June 2014. The assessment involved most of the community leaders, men, women, youth and children. This was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer, and supported by the Community Liaison Specialist, The assistance of the In-Country Coordinator for the USP EUGCCA Project and , Agriculture Officer for Tafea Province was instrumental.
The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The tribe comprises of seven communities with more females than men. There are a few developments within their community such as school, access to communication and other means of development as they are blessed with access to sell their crops at the markets.
The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Lamenaura identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in March 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Not identified
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
School Church
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Water
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 93 Three most important infrastructures The community had agreed upon three most pressing priorities which are seen as that most needed to improve their climate change resilience and provide long term livelihood security. Hence, the three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important and would assist them in being more resilient and adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Water Aid Post Kindergarten
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Community Governance/ # of Availability of Contribution Management Total Score in Beneficiaries Inputs (Labor, terms of Supplies) benefit Infrastructure 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to (qualitative) Options the population available contribute
5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make
of the population available significant (A) contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Priory 1 5 2 1 2 10 Water
Infrastructure Priority 2 5 2 1 2 10 Aid Post
Infrastructure Priority 3 5 2 5 3 15 Kindergarten
The Lamenaura tribe with its large number of participants without hesitation prioritized water as their biggest area of concern. While there are other big needs for the community, water has to be their most pressing. Aid Post is the second priority need for the community. This could be used for minor incidents since transport is very expensive to the main hospital. A kindergarten house is the third priority for the community, they reported, as they would really want to make people aware of the climate change issue and other hindrance of natural impacts in
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 94 the community, aside from providing education for their young. This will assist the community understand the issues. Environmental Resilience
Environmental Resilience
1 = No impact Total Score 5= Very significant impact in terms of
Infrastructure Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical cost Investment (extreme (storm surge, 5= very coastal cyclones (qualitative) Options rainfall events king tides) significant degradation (wind factor) inundation) 5= very 1= no impact (coral 5= very 5= very significant bleach/death) significant (B) significant 5= very significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1. 2 1 3 1 3 10 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 1 1 1 1 3 7 Aid Post
Infrastructure Option 3 1 1 1 1 3 7 Kindergarten
The community stated that if water is implemented it will benefit the whole community. They also reported that it will help too in improving on their sanitation and health. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 95 VANUATU Launapikruan community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Launapikruan was held on the 23rd of June 2014. The assessment involved most of the community leaders, men, women, youth and children. This was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer, and supported by the Community Liaison Specialist, The assistance of the In-Country Coordinator for the USP EUGCCA Project and , Agriculture Officer for Tafea Province was instrumental. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The tribe is comprised of four communities with a population of over 300. Most of the people in the community are farmers and only a number of them hold government position and reside in Port Vila. The mountainous landscape is a real challenge for the community. It is very difficult in terms of for development, for example, hillside farming is affected by soil erosion and landslides during heavy rainfall and even in drought. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Launapikruan identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in March 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Market Place
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 96 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
School Aid Post Church Kindergarten
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Tank Water Tap Three most important infrastructures The community had agreed upon two most pressing priorities which are seen as that most needed to improve their climate change resilience and provide long term livelihood security. Hence, the two infrastructures that the community selected as the most important and would assist them in being more resilient and adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Water Aid Post
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution
(impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 1 4 13 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 5 2 4 4 15 Aid Post
The Launapikruan tribe raised water as their main priority. Through their own initiative they have created an upland reservoir but lack the resources to provide for the necessary piping to distribute.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 97 Aid Post was also mentioned as one of their priorities given the distance to the remoteness of the tribe. However, water supersedes this importance and what would be ideal in the moment is providing basic first aid supplies and training for school administrators and church pastors. Environmental Resilience
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 2 1 3 1 2 9 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 1 1 3 1 3 9 Aid Post
Water will have high benefit to the community of Launapikruan. As expected their water source will be highly vulnerable to drought although extreme flooding and tropical cyclones do raise some concerns too.
Aid Post is really a vital means of accessibility for the community health issues are concerned. Drought and tropical cyclones will be a threat to this infrastructure. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 98 VANUATU Lonialu community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Lonialu was held on the 24th of June 2014. The assessment involved most of the community leaders, men, women, youth and children. This was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer, and supported by the Community Liaison Specialist, . The assistance of the In-Country Coordinator for the USP EUGCCA Project and , Agriculture Officer for Tafea Province was instrumental. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The Lonialu tribe is comprised of four communities with a population of 250 people. There are a number of farmers who were present during the assessment and few government workers who taught at the school. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Lonialu identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in March 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Community Garden Village Store
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Church Roads Nakamal Aid Post Football field C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 99 Community Building.
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Tank Underground spring River Three most important infrastructures The community had agreed upon three most pressing priorities which are seen as that most needed to improve their climate change resilience and provide long term livelihood security. Hence, the three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important and would assist them in being more resilient and adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Water Multipurpose Building Aid Post
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Community Governance/ Infrastructure # of Availability of Contribution Management Options Beneficiaries Inputs (Labor, Total Score in
Supplies) terms of Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to benefit the population available contribute (qualitative) 5=More than 80% of 5= Locally available 5= Good 5=Can make the population significant (A) contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 2 1 3 11 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 3.5 2 1 3 9.5 Multipurpose Building Infrastructure Option 3 5 2 4 3 14 Aid Post
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 100 The Lonialu community highlighted that their most pressing issue would be water, especially given that the volcanic ash acidifies their rain and stream sources. Changing wind patterns and more frequent wind storms are exacerbating the problem.
Multipurpose building is the second priority given that the community is affected by cyclones, mostly. Aid post is another concern raised from the community. This can be used for cases of minor injusry, but very serious are taken to the main hospital.
Environmental Resilience
Environmental Resilience
1 = No impact Total Score 5= Very significant impact in terms of
Infrastructure Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical cost Investment (extreme rainfall (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind (qualitative) Options events king tides) degradation factor) inundation) 5= very 5= very (coral 5= very significant significant bleach/death) 5= very (B) significant 5= very significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 3 2 3.5 3 4 15.5 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 3 1 2 1 4 11 Multipurpose Building
Infrastructure Option 3 2 1 2 1 4 10 Aid Post
Water was rated as the most vulnerable in the Lonialu community, with many factors affecting their water sources. The multipurpose building ranked second and aid post third. What is evident is the high impact that cyclones will have on all three priorities. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 101 VANUATU NEKAPA COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITIZATION INDEX (IPI) ASSESSMENT
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Nekapa was held on the 13th of May 2014 and was attended by 32 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including their leaders, women, youth and men. The assessment was facilitated by the Deputy Chief of Party and the Country Mobilizer in the company of the Shefa Province Climate Change Officer. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Nekapa identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out on 12 May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Agriculture Fishing Road market Kava bar Boat landing Forestry Marine protected area Bakery Poultry
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community hall Playground Church building
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 102 Public road Women’s club building Kindergarten house Boat landing
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Community water tank Marine protected area (MPA) Sand beach Aquifer Household water tank Three most important infrastructures The three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important to them and would assist them in being more resilient and able to adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Water Community hall, and Aid-post.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution
(impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 4 4 16 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 2 3 4 5 14 Community hall
Infrastructure Option 3 5 2 4 3 14 Aid-post
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 103 The Nekapa community raised water as the top priority need in the community and raised the issue of the impacts of drought to them. This scored highly also on the number of beneficiaries and the level of governance and contribution in the form of labor, etc.
Community hall was their second priority. Because most of Nekapa’s community development needs are addressed through community cooperation, the community hall faired high on their priorities. The hall is also necessary as an evacuation option when it comes to disasters. Aid-post is the third priority raised by the community. The issue of costs when travelling to and from the main land when catering for their sick is a huge issue, let alone the frequent wind and wave intensities. Surprisingly, only two of the priorities were seen as benefiting the majority of the community, whereas the community hall had a benefit margin of only up to 40%. Inputs and governance levels were good while there were only medium inputs available for all three priorities.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 2 3 5 1 3 14 Water
Infrastructure Option 2 4 5 1 2 4 16 Community hall
Infrastructure Option 3 3 4 1 1 4 13 Aid-post
The water infrastructure is highly vulnerable to drought although tropical cyclone and sea-level rise do raise some concerns too. Community hall is affected by sea-level rise and flooding and tropical cyclones. While it is a vital means for community cohesion and evacuation during disasters it ranks lowly on the socio-economic matrix. The Aid-post will benefit the community as a whole but is vulnerable to sea level rise and tropical cyclones with flooding also having some impact.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 104 Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 105 VANUATU UNAKAPU COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE PRIORITIZATION INDEX (IPI) ASSESSMENT
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Unakapu was held on the 13th of May 2014 and was attended by 34 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including their leaders, women, youth and men. The assessment was facilitated by the Deputy Chief of Party and the Country Mobilizer in the company of the Shefa Province Climate Change Officer. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Unakapu identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out on 13 May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Small scale agriculture Nguna/Pele MPA Marine resources Community women’s club
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community hall Early childhood building Church building Graveyard Volleyball court School building Women’s club building
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 106 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Community hall rainwater catchment Church building rainwater catchment Marine protected area (MPA) Open zone marine area Periodic zone marine area Underground water pump Three 11,000 liter water tanks and one 1,800 liter water tank Three most important infrastructures The community commented on the sudden changes in water pattern, including longer droughts and more stronger and frequent occurrence of heavy rains. Hence, the three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below: Water tank and pump Boat landing, and Community hall.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution
(impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 3 4 15 Water tank and pump
Infrastructure Option 2 5 1 1 3 10 Boat landing
Infrastructure Option 3 4 4 5 5 18 Community hall
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 107 The Unakapu community raised water a top priority need in the community, simply because water is their main source of livelihood. A dream of the community is to improve their sanitation so their quest for water has this added strain.
Boat landing is the second priority raised by the community. The issue of proper and safe boarding and landing facilities were highlighted as important to transport people, crops and the sick and elderly to and from the main island. Community hall was their third priority. Because most of Unakapu’s community development needs are addressed through community cooperation, the community hall faired high on their priorities. While they currently have a community hall, it is very vulnerable to the fast encroaching sea and salt water spray. The priorities were all seen as benefiting the majority of the community, although inputs and governance levels were low. The community has pledged their support towards all priorities.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 2 3 5 1 3 14 Water tank and pump
Infrastructure Option 2 4 5 1 2 4 16 Boat landing
Infrastructure Option 3 3 4 1 1 4 13 Community hall
Water improvement will have high benefit to the community of Unakapu. The water infrastructure is highly vulnerable to drought although tropical cyclone and sea-level rise do raise some concerns too. Boat transportation is really a vital means of accessibility for the community in accessing other facilities such as markets, school, work, health and visiting family. Extreme rainfall events with associated flooding, sea-level rise and tropical cyclones are a threat to this infrastructure.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 108 The community hall will benefit the community as a whole as it is where they gather for important communal decisions and developments. It is highly affected by sea level rise, extreme storm surge, king tides and tropical cyclones with flooding also having some impact. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 109 VANUATU Lonamilo community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization index (IPI) assessment for Lonamilo was held on the 25th of June 2014. The assessment involved most of the community leaders, men, women, youth and children. This was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer, and supported by the Community Liaison Specialist, . The assistance of the In-Country Coordinator for the USP EUGCCA Project and , Agriculture Officer for Tafea Province was instrumental. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu. The Lonamilo tribe consists of four communities and very diverse to each other with a population of 266 people. The majority of the people within the community are non-government workers, thus their main activities are agriculture farming as cash cropping and group or community work to assist in their livelihood. The USP EUGCCA Project assists the community in food security, namely agriculture and fish ponds. The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Lonamilo identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in March 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Village Store Community Garden
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Church School Community house
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 110 Road Aid Post
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Three most important infrastructures The community had agreed upon two most pressing priorities which are seen as that most needed to improve their climate change resilience and provide long term livelihood security. Hence, the two infrastructures that the community selected as the most important and would assist them in being more resilient and adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Aid Post School
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Governance/ Community Infrastructure # of Availability of Management Contribution Total Score in Options Beneficiaries Inputs (Labor, terms of benefit
Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute
5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make of the population available significant (A) contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 2 3 13 Aid Post
Infrastructure Option 2 5 3 3 3 14 School
The community leaders reported that the community has been supported by a number of projects like the USP EUGCCA (food security) and ADRA (water and sanitation). After discussions with them they mentioned the need for an Aid Post and School as priorities.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 111 It is really costly for a vehicle to transport sick people with minor health issues to the main hospital whereas an Aid Post will help cater for this category of illnesses. A woman in the group voiced out her concern that the school really needs additional buildings as the population is dramatically increasing. A teacher in the group, who works with youth in joinery and engineering, also raised his concern that the school needed renovation/extension to provide a good school environment as well as provide space for community meetings and shelter for vulnerable people during disaster.
Environmental Resilience.
Environmental Resilience
1 = No impact Total Score in terms of Infrastructure 5= Very significant impact cost Investment (qualitative) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical Options (extreme (storm surge, degradation cyclones rainfall events king tides) (coral (wind factor) (B) inundation) bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 1 1 4 S Aid Post
Infrastructure Option 2 1 1 1 1 4 8 School
Located in the central part of Tanna Island, the community does not have the usual coastal issues that other communities have. As such they scored negative impacts for flooding, sea-level rise, drought and coastal degradation, however rated very high on tropical cyclones. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 112 VANUATU Wiana community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Wiana was held on the 15th of May 2014 and was attended by 4 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including their leaders, women, youth and men. The assessment was facilitated by the Deputy Chief of Party and the Country Mobilizer in the company of the Shefa Province Climate Change Officer. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Vanuatu. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense cyclones and storm surges expected for Vanuatu.
The C-CAP team had previously guided the community in a Risk Assessment and these results were presented back to them. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Wiana identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out on 16 May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Marine resources Farming Domesticated animals grazing areas Community fundraising
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community hall Chief’s Nakamal Graveyard Chruch Household structures Coastal shelter
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 113 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Coastal area Water tank Three most important infrastructures The three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important to them and would assist them in being more resilient and able to adapt to the impacts of climate change are stated below: Anchorage/shorefront Water tanks, and Community hall/evacuation center.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 3 3 5 16 Anchorage/ shorefront
Infrastructure Option 2 4 4 3 4 15 Water tanks
Infrastructure Option 3 Community hall/ 3 4 3 3 13 evacuation center
The Wiana community raised anchorage and their shorefront as their top priority with benefits to a high percentage of beneficiaries and high contribution in the form of labor, etc. There was medium resource inputs as well as governance. Water tanks are their second priority with benefit extending to a maximum of 80% of the community. Local resources and labor also scored highly with an average water management regime.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 114 Community hall/evacuation center was the third priority raised by the community although only around 60% will benefit from it. The scores remain average for governance and labor contribution but noted is the high amount of local resource available.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 2 5 5 22 Anchorage/ shorefront
Infrastructure Option 2 1 1 5 1 3 11 Water tanks
Infrastructure Option 3 4 4 1 1 5 15 Community hall/ evacuation center
The anchorage/shorefront infrastructure is highly vulnerable to flooding, sea-level rise, coastal degradation and tropical cyclones with little impact from drought. The shorefront has extreme erosion happening which supersedes most other priorities. Water tanks are affected by drought (major) and averagely by tropical cyclones.
The community hall/evacuation center is vulnerable to flooding, sea level rise and tropical cyclones with no impact from drought and coastal degradation. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasibility studies and costing’s will then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 115 NAURU Anabar community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Anabar was held on the 1st of May 2014 and was attended by 11 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including women and youth. The assessment was facilitated by the Senior Technical Adviser, supported by the community Liaison Specialist and the Community Mobilizer. The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Nauru. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense low pressure resultant wind and storm surges expected for Nauru.
The C-CAP team then guided the community in the Risk Assessment and afterwards asked to assess their own community. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Anabar identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in 1st May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Community fish market Aquaculture Taiwan piggery
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Grog bar Church Atti Casino Volley ball court
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 116 COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Coastline front Reef Land extension Fresh water tanks Local beach grown plants; ERIN & REKOGO Three most important infrastructures From the previous listed infrastructures the community has identified the three most valuable infrastructures that are at the greatest risk from climate change impact.
Coastline Front/Coastal protection Fresh water tanks, and Aqua culture
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution
(impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 1 5 16 Coastal protection
Infrastructure Option 2 5 5 2 5 17 Community Fresh water tank
Infrastructure Option 3 5 2 4 5 16 Aqua culture
Based on the socio-economic table, fresh water tank ranked the highest. All water supply in the community are reliant on the Government reverse osmosis/desalination plant. Part of the problem highlighted by the community is the need for a consistent community water supply and storage so water is
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 117 available regularly, especially in periods of drought. Some water assistance has been provided however, there is a poor management and lack of technical capacity within the communities to ensure sustenance.
The aqua culture and coastal protection infrastructures were ranked equally. Although both infrastructures were viewed to benefit more than 80% of the community and they can make a significant contribution in terms of labor and supplies, coastal protection lack proper governance while the aqua culture infrastructure lack availability of local inputs. The community commented that the aqua culture project use to import juvenile milk fish from Kiribati however due to new Airline regulations this had restricted the imports of milk fish. Also, mitigating the coastal erosion issues for the community is complex and may require an in-depth understanding of the altered state of nearby currents, among other things.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 4 5 1 5 5 20 Coastal Protection
Infrastructure Option 2 2 5 5 1 5 18 Community Fresh Water tanks
Infrastructure Option 3 5 4 4 2 4 19 Aqua Culture
In terms of environmental resilience the coastal protection ranked the most vulnerable in terms of its reliance to future climate related events. These were primarily sea level rise, coastal degradation and strong winds and to a lesser extent damage from droughts. The community has commented that over the years sand erosion has increase and occurrence of storm surges had occurred more often. Also, after a recent storm surge, one household tank was contaminated by intrusion of sea water.
The Aqua culture ranked second but the community fresh water tank only score 1 point down which indicated that both were vulnerable to future impacts of climate change, with little to no impact from climate coastal degradation. However, recurring concerns surrounding climate change related issues included longer droughts, stronger and more regular flooding events, increased low pressure system with
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 118 associated wind intensity, accelerated coastal erosion, stronger king tides events and sea level rise. The need for potable water was expressed in all communities where for several months in the year the population is dependent on water trucked in from the main reverse osmosis/desalination plant at a very high cost to the government. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option of options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasible studies and costing’s with then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 119 NAURU Anetan community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Anetan was held on the 1st May 2014 and was attended by 4 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including women and majority men. The assessment was facilitated by the Senior Technical Adviser and the Country Mobilizer.
The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Nauru. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense low pressure resultant wind and storm surges expected for Nauru.
The C-CAP team then guided the community in the Risk Assessment and afterwards asked to assess their own community. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Anetan identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in 1st May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
None
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Anetan infant school Local playing field/oval Main road
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Coastal vegetation Inland ponds Underground water lens Community water tanks; brackish and fresh water C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 120 Marine resources
Three most important infrastructures The community commented on the sudden changes in water pattern, including longer droughts and more stronger and frequent occurrence of heavy rains. Hence, the three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below:
Coastal Protection Storm water drainage, and Marine Protection.
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 4 4 18 Coastal Protection
Infrastructure Option 2 5 5 4 4 18 Storm water drainage
Infrastructure Option 3 5 4 1 2 12 Marine Protection
The coastal protection and storm water drainage ranked equally highest. Recurring concerns surrounding climate change related issues included longer droughts, stronger and more regular flooding events, increased low pressure system with associated wind intensity, accelerated coastal erosion, stronger king tides events and sea level rise. Anetan is situated along the coastline with the main road only less than 20meters from the sea. Apart from the distance, Anetan is almost leveled with the sea. Therefore without
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 121 a proper drainage system and a coastal protection, impact of climate change will soon be a significant future hindrance.
Marine resource was ranked third within the socio-economic issue table. The community has commented that most members depend on the marine resource and this option will benefit more than 80% of the population, yet the community lacks the governance to sustain and manage with very limited community contribution.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral 5= very 5= very 5= very bleach/death) 5= very significant significant significant 5= very significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 5 5 4 5 5 24 Coastal Protection
Infrastructure Option 2 5 1 1 5 1 13 Storm water drainage
Infrastructure Option 3 5 5 1 4 1 16 Marine Protection
In terms of environmental resilience the coastal protection ranked the most vulnerable in terms of its reliance to future climate related events. Scoring was significant in almost all the climate change impacts with drought scoring less slightly significant as compared to the impacts. Also, the community has observed more regular flooding events, accelerated coastal erosion; stronger kind tides events and sea level rise. The community has experienced a recent king tide event which has a devastating effect on the sand erosion.
Marine protection was scored second highest in the above table. These were primarily flooding and sea level rise and to a lesser extent with drought, coastal degradation and tropical cyclones. Improving the community’s marine resources the members commented that this may potentially revive the community’s aqua culture infrastructure.
Although the storm water drainage will have a significant community intervention, it was ranked third; indicating its’ less vulnerability to environmental impacts. However, the community mentioned that
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 122 recent flooding has affected the main road restricting movement to and fro especially within the community. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option of options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasible studies and costing’s with then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 123 NAURU Ewa community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Ewa was held on the 1st May 2014 and was attended by 3 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including women and aged males. The assessment was facilitated by the Senior Technical Adviser and the Country Mobilizer.
The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Nauru. C-CAP staff discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperature continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more intense low pressure resultant wind and storm surges expected for Nauru. The C-CAP team then guided the community in the Risk Assessment and afterwards asked to assess their own community. The assessment captured the community’s perception of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Ewa identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out in 1st May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Community Kitchen garden
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Community Church: Catholic Church School: Kayser College
COASTAL AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Beach Profile Houses near the coastline
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 124 Three most important infrastructures The community highlighted the need a coastal protection, continuous fresh water supply that will aid the community during drought season and disaster proofing the community school and church. Hence, the three infrastructures that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below:
Beach Profile Community fresh water tank, and Community church (Catholic church) and school (Kasyer college).
SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 1 5 5 16 Coastal Protection
Infrastructure Option 2 5 1 5 5 16 Fresh water tanks
Infrastructure Option 3 Catholic Church 5 1 3 5 14 & Kayser College
Based on the socio-economic scoring there is a slight difference between the priority ratings. Out of the three option “Coastal protection” and “Fresh water tanks” ranked the highest compared to the Community church and school which has the least capacity of community intervention.
Over the years the Ewa community has seen a drastic change in the beach profile and sand erosion has become an issue. Due to the fact that most houses are located along the coastline this is a serious concern for these individuals and their families. Moreover, beside the impact of climate change, man-made land extension has increase the community vulnerability. Thus, the seriousness and urgency of the issue has reflected the communities ranking preference. Also, mitigating the coastal erosion issues for the
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 125 community is complex and may require an in-depth understanding of the altered state of nearby currents, among other things. The community potable water harvesting system is unreliable and many households reliant upon government desalination or reverse osmosis plant for supply. Part of the problem highlighted by the community is the need for a consistent community water supply and storage so water is available regularly, especially in periods of drought. Some water assistance has been provided however there is a poor management and lack of technical capacity within the communities to ensure sustenance. All priorities were seen as a profit to all the communities. No inputs were available locally for all potential projects however a significant community contribution in local expertise and resources is readily available. This however may change with more engagement of the community by the Community Mobilizer.
Environmental Resilience Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant
1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 2 5 1 5 5 18 Coastal Protection
Infrastructure Option 2 1 5 5 3 2 19 Fresh water tanks
Infrastructure Option 3 5 4 2 5 5 21 Catholic Church & Kayser College
In terms of environmental resilience the Catholic Church and Kayser College ranked the most vulnerable in terms of its reliance to future climate related events. These were primarily flooding, soil erosion, strong winds and to lesser extent damage from drought. Fresh water tanks scored second highest which indicated it is also vulnerable to the future impacts of climate change. These climate change impact included sea level rise, drought and less extent damage from flooding and strong winds. The community has commented that they have observed a significant rise of the salinity in brackish water, coupled with possibility of sewage contamination, brackish water is made undrinkable without proper treatment affecting the whole community; humans, plants and animals. C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 126 Though the community has ranked coastline protection third in its vulnerability to climate related events and was seen as the most resilience option, the community have voiced a great concern to the impact of sea level rise and coastal degradation has on their coastline. During the risk mapping exercise in the community, the team has observed the significant impact of sand erosion. This poses a problem with most houses located less than 15meters from the sea. After a recent kind tide event a part of the beach front has completely collapsed 1 meter in depth. Community reps have stated that they do have the man-power however lack the necessary materials. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option of options for the community. Environmental impact assessments, engineering feasible studies and costing’s with then be done to determine the best option for C-CAP to support.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 127 SAMOA Laulii community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview The Infrastructure Prioritization Index (IPI) assessment for Laulii was held on the 16 May 2014 and was attended by 25 people from the community representing the leadership of the community including men, women and youth. The assessment was facilitated by the Country Mobilizer with the support of five (5) staff from the Division of Internal Affairs.
The community was introduced to the Pacific Climate Change Science Program Country Report for Samoa. This information was presented to the participants in a facilitated community discussion. The C- CAP discussed the trends and projections from the report with the community. These included temperatures continuing to increase with more very hot days expected in the future; changing rainfall patterns with more extreme rainfall days and less frequent but more intense tropical cyclones expected for Samoa.
The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment conducted in May 2013. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. The top three were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment The following were the three categories of infrastructure (economic, social and coastal and water infrastructure) that the community in Laulii identified during the community risk assessment that was carried out earlier in the day on 16 May 2014.
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Point Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Community
Easy access to basic imported 4. Retail store increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged rainy season goods -vulnerable to flooding Income-generating small-scale 5. food stalls warmer temperatures and prolonged rainy season - projects for village development vulnerable to flooding and cyclone Income-generating small-scale 6. local handicrafts projects for village development prolonged dry/rainy season - affect plant growth
Income-generating small-scale 7. roadside markets prolonged dry/rainy season - affect plant growth and projects for village development produce C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 128 Income-generating small-scale 8. bus and taxi services vulnerable to flooding, transport routes are interrupted by projects for village development landslides at the western part of Laulii Income-generating small-scale 9. mechanical services projects for village development vulnerable to flooding and extreme weather
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Point Significance to Vulnerability Community
Children's education and 14. Laulii Primary learning. Also used as an Increased intensity of cyclones and strong winds - School evacuation center during vulnerable to roof and structural damage cyclones and extreme events
Used for community events, 15. School hall village meetings and to host Increased intensity of cyclones - vulnerable to roof and fundraisers. structural damage
16. churches (7) SDA (2) Primarily used for church LMS services and functions. Also used as evacuation centers. Increased intensity of cyclones - vulnerable to roof and Catholic structural damage
LDS (2) AOG For school sporting events, inter- 17. School sports field village sports competitions and vulnerable to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall family functions
18. Telecommunication To enable telecommunication microwave station services in the area storm-generated waves
19. access roads to For easier access to land and plantations properties away from the coast. vulnerable to flooding
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Point Significance to Vulnerability Community
Source of drinking water for community members living further inland without access to 3. natural spring increased incidence of rainfall periods resulting in soil government water pipe system. erosion and fallen trees causing contamination
Alternative source of drinking Increased incidence and intensity of cyclones causing water, water used in food 4. river flooding preparation and bathing during heavy rain causing erosion emergencies such as when the
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 129 pipe water fails.
Primarily used for church 2 churches currently located in the CFHZ are vulnerable 8. church services and functions. Also used to coastal flooding as evacuation centers.
Easy access to basic imported increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged rainy season 9. retail shops goods -vulnerable to flooding
Provides protection for coastal 10. sea wall areas storm-generated waves and coastal flooding
11. Independent water Provides free water supply for Scheme the whole village no problems so far
Three most important infrastructure The community highlighted the need for a multi-purpose hall/evacuation center, access roads to land and properties further inland and the village natural spring which is an alternative water source during prolonged droughts. Hence, the three infrastructure that the community selected as the most important to them that would assist them to be more resilient and adapt to impacts of climate change are stated below:
Multi-purpose hall/evacuation center Access roads, and Natural spring
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 130 SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues Infrastructure # of Availability Governance/ Community Total Score Options Beneficiaries of Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit Supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to of the population available contribute 5=Can make 5=More than 80% 5= Locally 5= Good significant (A) of the population available contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 Multipurpose 5 3 5 5 18 hall/ evacuation center
Infrastructure Option 2 5 2 5 5 17 Access roads
Infrastructure Option 3 5 2 5 5 17 Natural spring
The multi-purpose building/evacuation center ranked highest. The multi-purpose building would be used for school curricular and extra-curricular activities and also a community hall when not in use for disasters. The existing school hall is not big enough to shelter the whole village and is not equipped with indoor bathrooms and kitchen space for use in times of disasters as well as catering for people with special needs.
The access road and natural spring were ranked equally. The existing access roads had been damaged by flooding in the past years. According to the village, as efforts are directed at relocation away from the coast, good access roads must be in place in order to support transportation to and from areas further inland and away from the main road.
Although the rest of the village is now under the Independent Water Supply Scheme (IWSS), the natural spring is used on a daily basis by families that live near the area. While the village reported the water supply never dried up, it needs to be properly cemented to ensure that the origin and immediate surroundings of the spring is kept clean and free from debris.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 131 Environmental Resilience
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score Investment in terms of Options 1 = No impact cost 5= Very significant impact (qualitative)
Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic Tropical (extreme (storm surge, coastal cyclones (wind rainfall events king tides) degradation factor) (B) inundation) (coral bleach/death) 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very 5= very significant significant significant significant significant 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact 1= no impact Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 1 1 4 8 Multipurpose hall/ evacuation center
Infrastructure Option 2 5 1 1 1 3 11 Access roads
Infrastructure Option 3 3 1 3 1 3 11 Natural spring
In terms of environmental resilience the access roads and natural spring are equally ranked the most vulnerable in terms of its resilience to future climate related events. These were primarily flooding, cyclones and to a lesser extent drought. The community commented that the location of all these assets away from the coastline has made them less vulnerable to sea level rise and climatic coastal degradation.
The community hall/evacuation center scored the next highest in its vulnerability to climate related events and was seen as the most resilient option in that its location and construction would reduce any future impacts. The hall is located on elevated rocky ground and away from the coast which makes it vulnerable significantly only to cyclones and strong winds. The PCCSP report forecasts that tropical cyclones will be more intense in the coming future. The village has already started fundraising for the construction of the community hall/evacuation center but may not collect the required amount before another disaster hits.
During discussions, the multi-purpose building/evacuation center was seen as the top priority by the community. Next steps C-CAP will discuss the options with national experts to determine the best option or options for the community including a site visit and inspection by C-CAP's Infrastructure Specialist.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 132 SAMOA Leusoalii community infrastructure prioritization index (IPI) assessment
Overview About a week after the Risk Assessment and Asset Mapping exercise, C-CAP Infrastructure Specialist, and county mobilizer went back to Leusoalii to carry out the IPI assessment. The assessment was conducted on the 01st of July and attended by 20 village representatives including men, women and youth. The session was facilitated by C-CAP IS, and assisted by the CM.
In a very brief session, the community leadership was first reminded about the 3 main components of the USAID/C-CAP project. The recap was followed by a brief explanation on global warming and its causes and the global impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, change in rainfall patterns, change in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones and so on. The focus of discussions was directed to the findings from the Risk assessment and Asset mapping that was done a week earlier.
The C-CAP team then presented the community with the information from the Community Risk Assessment. The assessment included the community perceptions of climate change and how it was impacting their community and mapping of community infrastructure assets and how they are vulnerable to climate change. Based on the information provided in the community risk assessment all infrastructure assets were listed and confirmed by the community. The C-CAP team then facilitated a discussion to determine the three main infrastructure issues that affect the community based on the climate change information. However, the community was only able to prioritize two infrastructures which were determined by consensus and would then be used for the detailed scoring based on the IPI methodology. Infrastructure priorities identified from the risk assessment
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Climate Change Impact / Risk Point Community
1. plantations (taro, Staple food crops mainly for increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged drought season banana, taamu household consumption. Excess - vulnerable to excess rain and heat causing crop wilt and (giant taro)) can be sold for money. introduce multitude of plant diseases such as the taro blight disease etc. 2, local shops Easy access to basic imported increased intensity of cyclones, storm surge & sea level rise (privately owned - goods. - vulnerable to coastal inundation, structural damage. Shops 4) too close to the coast No CC impact mentioned 3. local handicrafts Income generating small-scale Practice is only performed by elders as young people have (made from turtle businesses no interest in such. Also government has banned the use of shell) turtle shell in any kind of local practice whether for consumption or handicrafts 4. taxi service Income-generating business No CC impact mentioned
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 133 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Point Significance to Vulnerability Community
Increased intensity of cyclones and heavy rain - vulnerable to roof and structural damage from cyclonic winds, flooding from heavy rain or cyclones A place of learning for the 1. Primary School is a major threat to the school as it is sitting on the village children edge of the riverbank. Usually floods during extreme events. This is partly due to the blockage of the river channel near the school but large remnants of the old bridge causing erosion of the river bank. Used for community events such as village Increased intensity of cyclones - vulnerable to roof 2. Church hall meetings, youth and structural damage sometimes flood as it is situated gatherings, bingo games near the river but on higher grounds compared to the and polling station school
3. churches (2) Primarily used for church Increased intensity of cyclones - vulnerable to roof LMS services, meetings and and structural damage church functions. Methodist Storm surge casing coastal flooding Provides easier access to plantations in highlands, an access route to 4. access road (newly built by highlands during natural government and inaugurated disasters and generally vulnerable to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall in May 2014) used for running and exercising during good days
To protect the coastal areas and slow down the 5. Rock wall impacts of natural coastal vulnerable to sea level rise, storm-generated waves processes such as wave and other coastal processes action causing erosion
The nursery was installed through the ICCRIFS project and implemented by MNRE. It cultivates different varieties of native trees and plants 6. Community Nursery primarily for reforestation (implemented under the and coastal protection vulnerable to coastal flooding and cyclones ICCRIFS project by UNDP, purposes. Workshops GEF, MNRE and Leusoalii) provided as part of the ICCRIFS project had also contributed in the awareness building of the community on different plants.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 134
WATER AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Significance to Community Vulnerability Point
Source of drinking water for all community Prolonged drought and increased incidence 1. natural spring members before the Independent water source of rainfall - water flow diminishes during was established. drought and gets dirty/contaminated during heavy rainfall. No known use as surface flow is highly 2. beach spring contaminated by sea therefore saline and unfit Sea level rise - rising sea level erases any for consumption. opportunity of containing the beach spring
3. Leusoalii Provides free water supply for the whole Increased incidence of rainfall - vulnerable Independent Water community. Newly established in October 2013. to contamination from dirt and fallen trees Scheme during heavy rain. Prolonged drought - flow diminishes Used for bathing, washing, fishing for prawns, Increased incidence and intensity of heavy 4. rivers (2) tilapia etc and for drinking rain - cause damage to families living on the floodplain, the school and bridges. Also cause trees to fall and soil erosion Located within church compounds, the tanks belong to the pastors. Although these are not 5. water tanks (2) warm temperatures - vulnerable to community assets, the water tanks are open to structural damage the public when water is scarce in the village
For church service, only seldom used as an 6. Church buildings cyclones - vulnerable to structural and roof evacuation shelter damage Increased incidence and intensity of rain and cyclones - vulnerable to collapse when 7. Bridges (2) For transportation debris and offload consisting of tree trunks, rubbish and rocks block the culvert underneath the bridge causing it to collapse Provides fish, sea shells and other marine species 8. reef vulnerable to cyclones, destructive waves for food and pollution from rubbish
Three most important infrastructure Unlike other sites, Leusoalii community members highlighted only two priorities of urgent assistance. One is to build a larger reservoir to capture all the springs at the site and to replace the existing main steel pipe with PVC together with clearance of access road to the spring site. The second priority is to build an evacuation shelter on the hill.
These priorities were then scored by the community through a facilitated discussion.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 135 SCORING MATRIX
Socio-economic issues
Infrastructure # of Availability of Governance/ Community Total Score Options beneficiaries Inputs Management Contribution in terms of (Labor, benefit supplies) (qualitative)
Scoring 1 = 20% or less of 1= Not locally 1 = Non-existent 1=Not able to the population available contribute (A) 5= Locally 5= Good 5=Can make 5=More than 80% available significant of the population contribution (impact) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) (Pre-condition) Infrastructure Option 1 5 2 1 5 13 Evacuation shelter Infrastructure 17 Option 2 5 2 5 5 Natural spring Infrastructure Option 3 - - - - - N/A
Based on the socio-economic scoring the water was given priority. After the establishment of the Independent Water Scheme (IWS) in 2013, the water supply was still intermittent with very low pressure, hence most families have reconnected their pipes to the steel pipe outlet from the old reservoir which supplied them in the first place. The IWS is now only used by a small number of families near the area while most of the households are depending on the natural spring (reservoir) for their daily water supply. As a primary source of water for the whole village, the natural spring has supplied this community for as long as they can remember, thus upgrading the water reservoir capturing the spring flow was ranked first to ensure that all families has access to a reliable source of water.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 7 136 Environmental Resilience
Infrastructure Environmental Resilience Total Score in Investment terms of cost Options 1 = No impact (qualitative) 5= Very significant impact (B) Flooding Sea level rise Drought Climatic coastal Tropical (extreme (storm surge, degradation cyclones rainfall events king tides) (coral (wind factor) inundation bleaching/death Infrastructure Option 1 1 1 1 1 5 9 Evacuation shelter Infrastructure 16 Option 2 5 1 4 1 5
Natural spring Infrastructure Option 3 ------N/A
The scoring for the environmental resilience highlights the natural spring as the most vulnerable to flooding, drought and cyclones. With projected more heavy rain periods, severe cyclones and prolonged drought periods in the future, the water source/supply of this village will be impacted on significantly, hence the reason why they have prioritized their water source.
Next steps Upon completion of the IPI exercise, the community was reminded of the process that would follow. One that C-CAP engineer will travel to do site inspection and report on the most practical design for a proposed project. And that the local line ministries along with national experts are involved and aware of the proposed infrastructure. Then the final plan will be discussed with the community for their approval and finally the signing of the community agreement between the community and C-CAP before the work begins.
C-CAP Quarterly Report 6 137