Project Report submitted io
Kerala State Biodiversity Board Pallimukku, Pettah, Th i ruvan anthapu ram-695024
Title of the KSBB Project Abundance and Feeding habits of the Chaoborus larvae r A case study in Sasthamkotta Lake system, Kerala
Order No 2281 A1 12012/KSBB Date : 20-08-2013
Total Estimated Cost : 3,00,150/- Amount received ; 1,53,9731-
Date of the lmplementation of the Project : 30/1012013
By
Dr.S.Sheeba Assistant Professor Sree Narayana College Kollam
March 2015 \
J
Budget
t sl. Item Amount No. Rs.
1 Project fellow Rs.8000/PM 96,000 2 Travel and field work 50,000 3 Labour charge, boat hire charge etc 50,000 4 Consumables 40,000 5 Report preparation 25,000 Total 2,61,000 6 lnstitutional overhead 15% 39,150 Total 3,00,150 CIONTENTS
Page No
1" Introduction 1
2. Objectives 3 L'F 3. Review of Literature 3 L' 4. Study area 4 L' 5. Methodology v 6. Result and Discussion I Physicochemical parameters I
Benthic fauna 21
E 7. Descriptions of benthic fauna 3g
8. Chaoborus Poputation 46
g. Role of Chaoborus in the purification of water 46 E 't0" Gut content analysis of Ghaoborus 47 {f" Gonclusion 48
't2. Reference 49 lntroduction wetlands^ L^!-^being oneAhn among^fr the most biologiceillyrinrooiciilv oroductiveprodur water' ecosystems in the world occupy the interface between land and wellands, which Kerala blessed with the year- round greenery harbors 217 and lJ accounts for one fifth of the land area' Vembanad-kol, Ashtamudi These Samsthamkotta, are the three designated Ramsar sites of Kerala' to anthropogenic F sensitive bodies are getting more and more polluted due of F intervention. Recently most of the wetlands are facing the challenges use of L' increasing population pressure, cultural eutrophication, improper L' watersheds and substantial changes in land-use/cover development "kidneys projects. Reliable, adequate and updated information about these is no L of landscape" is meager. Despite many environmental laws, there the significant development towards sustaining these ecosystems due to lack of awareness of the values of these ecosystems among the
policymakers and implementation agencies. Development of better of the physical E monitoring methods is needed to increase the knowledge gain' from and biological characteristics of each wetland resources, and to their this knowledge, a better understanding of wetland dynamics and
controlling Processes.
Freshwater lakes are one of the dynamic ecosystems' The Freshwater biodiversity of freshwater lakes has received much attention' sustenance of lakes provide an extensive range of valuable products for the variety of life a large number of people. Ecologically they maintain a wide species' forms. The freshwater lakes are the habitat of several endemic present in the From an ecological point of view, the diversity of species freshwater lakes is an indication of the importance of the aquatic biodiversity issue as a whole. The physico-chemical factors are impodant in study of any aquatic environment apart fr'om understanding the state of water and its impact on the aquatic biota. Observation on the immediate changes on the physico-chemical parameter may also have practical implication in pollution studies.
The benthic animals inhabiting the bottom of lakes
constitute an extremely diverse assemblage, both taxonomically and
ecologically. Benthic invertebrates provide essential ecosystem services by
accelerating detrital decomposition. The species richness and functional
importance of fresh water benthic invertebrates generally go unnoticed. ln
recent times, Sasthamkotta lake is attributed to the presence of Chaoborus.
Larvae of Chaoborus can be found near the surface of aquatic ecosystems,
but also at considerable depths on the muddy bottom of lakes. Ample
information on this larva from Kerala is deficient and the present
surveillance is noteworthy in a biogeographically perspective on ecological
systems. As Chaoboridae are not evenly distributed over time and space,
we needed to better acquire dependable information on their occurrence,
abundance and biology. The present study is focused on the ecology,
occurrence, abundance and feeding biology of Chaoborus larvae on
Sasthamkotta lake. -t_: l_: lj TJ Objectives lj T To study on the abundanc e of Chaoborus larvae found in the lake IJ bed L a To study the feeding ecology of the chaoborus larvae IJ purification of water in the lj s To study the role of chaoborus in the IJ Sasthamkotta lake bed L- @ Secondary information regarding the lake Lu L- Review of Literature tr Sasthamkotta Lake L- & Water sediment interaction and productivity in Sasthamkotta lake studied by Prakasam and Joseph (1991)'
& Prakasam and Poul Martin (1991) studied the migratory teal Anas E querquedula at Sasthamkotta lake ffi sreejith (1998) studied the hydrogeochemistry of the sasthamkotta
lake in Kerala with special reference to sediment-water interaction H & Bhuvanendran ef al. (2004) studied the ecology and pollution of
Sasthamkotta- fresh water lake. to fish F ffi Resource potential of Sasthamkotta lake with special reference fauna and their sustainability studied by Girijakumari (2007)' I & George et al. (2008) studied the water quality studies of Sasthamkotta lake of Kerala
E STUDY AREA Kerala is endowed with diverse types of wetlands. Sasthamkotta
Lake (Map. 1), the largest fresh water lake in Kerala, one among the nineteen wetlands identified for conservation and management. The rain fed lake is surrounded by vertical hillocks except the south-eastern region where an earthern bund has been constructed separating the lake from the nearby paddy fields. The main source of water for the lake is from the underground sprouts. The inverted F shaped lake covers an area of approximately 375 hectares and forms the major source of drinking water in
Kollam district. An emphasizing factor of this lake is that it does not shrink in the summers. The lake provides suitable conditions for the growth of fresh water fishes throughout the year. Sasthamkotta Lake has been a designated wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention since
November 2002. The lake is located in Kollam district between latitude
9'00'-9'05' N and longitude 76"35'-76"40' E. At present a water supply scheme was drawn up by the Kerala Water Authority with an estimated demand of 46.35 million litres of water per day to benefit population of 3.7
lakhs by 2001. ln this status, there had been several correspondents about the ecological threats faced by lake. Map. 1. Map of the Sasthamkotta lake showing sampting stations
SASTHANKOTTA LAKE, KERALA, INOIA
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76 36'd0t 76', 3g 2$E Fhotographs of Sasthamkoth lake
H
6 F METHODOLOGY The water samples for the study were collected monthly from
ten sampling stations during the period from December 2013 to October
2A14. Stations were selected randomly. Analysis on the physicochemical F parameters was done as per the standard methods (APHA, 1992, Trivedy and Goel, 1986). The sediment samples from lake bed were collected using
Ekman dredge. The abundance of the larvae was estimated on the basis of
number of larvae obtained within m2 from each sampling station.
Quantitative estimation of the benthic organisms was done based on the
methods of Michael (1976). A detailed benthic biodiversity done as per the
observations of standard references and also from published literature.
Feeding of Chaoborus analyzed as per the method of Swift and Fedorenko
(1973). Feeding ecology of the larvae was examined by crop evaluation.
Larvae for crop evaluation were collected and fixed with 5% formalin. The
material contained in the crops of larvae was analyzed. lndividuals were
selected in the samples and put on a slide, where the fixative was replaced
by drops of water. The head of each individual was then pulled with a
needle, resulting in the extraction of part of the gut from the exoskeleton.
The gut was then cut just in front of the crop, and its content squeezed with
a gentle pressure of the needle. The material in each drop was then
analyzed with a microscope.
E RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Physico-chemical parameters
Monthly variations of physicochemical parameters are depicted in Table 1 to
11.
The atmospheric temperature varied from
25"C to 30'C during the study period. The surface water temperature ranged from 25'C to 29.5"C throughout the study period and these variations were in accordance with the atmospheric temperature. The bottom water temperature was measured between 25'C and 28 "C during the study period and similar to the findings of surface water temperature.
Transparency ranged from 75cm to 252cm and showed fluctuation between months. The depth of study area varied from
1.75m to 10.75m and maximum depth achieved in Octoberdue to rainfall.
Values for pH remained close to neutral throughout the investigated period but highest value of 7.48 was observed in the month of December at Station lll. The pH range of all stations is within the permissible limits for regular uses and which was considered to be conductive for aquatic life (Schroeder,
1e8o).
Dissolved oxygen varied between 6 mg/1 and
10.4 mgfi throughout the study period. These observations were similar to
George and Koshy (2008) in the waters of Sasthamkotta Lake. ln the present investigation COz concentration varied from 5.2 mg/l to 19.8 mg/l and observed a variation in COz concentration from all the stations. The fluctuation in COz concentration may be due to the decaying of organic matter. Total alkalinity ranged from 20 mg/l to 70 mg/I. These findings did not show any remarkable variation throughout the study period. The chloride concentration ranged from 16.4 mg/l to 28.95 mg/l. The lowest value of salinity 0.059ppt was observed in station lV during the month of December and highest value of salinity 0.0912ppt was in Station lX during the month of
February. ln the present study chloride concentration and salinity did not show many fluctuations during the investigation period. The total hardness ranged between lBmg/l and 38 mg/|. The calcium hardness varied between
4.008mg/l and 12.1Smgll during the month of September and December.
The magnesium hardness varied from 0.25 mg/l to 4.38 mg/l during June
and March. These findings did not show much difference between stations
during the study period.
The total solid values ranged from 0.02 mg/l to
0.21 mgtl. The total suspended solid showed a maximum value of 0.18 mg/l
and minimum value of 0.01 mg/|. The total dissolved solid varied from 0.0'1
mg/l to 0.11 mg/|. These observations confirmed there are modest variations
in total solid, total suspended solid and total dissolved solid between
stations.
The nitrite concentration ranged from 0.0016
ppm to 0.0619 ppm.The nitrate concentration varied from 0.0126 ppm to
O.BB95 ppm in the month of April and February respectively. The
phosphate concentration measured from 0.0112 ppm to 0.0885 ppm. The
silicate concentration varied between 1.4375 ppm and 9.9875 ppm during
the month of January and February respectively. The level of nitrite, nitrate,
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F () a F z F F F z z A a a \ L_* --F ]\* F--, r + o r N o r c..! q r q q a r d r N - q d .i t Y q F: Y n Ir\-- d C r N O O c C r i, x n*.- N d r o o 6l d r q q a r i''-- a d d a r o d I q C ? q ? q l-- ot O C O - C i C € q.o 6 € a C r N N vl q o N o d r Ct a a. v? cj .1 a N q q qd C -*.. N N r r N N q I q 9 q n j a d O o C O O O O o ?-_ vl N N € ..1 q r n q q q O @ r q N q ? vl : q G\: N N O C O O e N r: n 9 q r q q qd d r q N d r N ? N ? I O a d r a.l O O O a O O r R. !+ z I N r N F P .1 O q O \o N B d q N q q : q q q q H, (.l F cq r r d € N O C O C C r o a N r + € N H, r c O a. € q cl q q c N d N r r r c q d O ? ? \o n a N C C O C c : a 00 - F* N N N + (a N o n c..l cl c .1 q q d - - r € N a ? d q ! ? ? \ ? N d O r C O a a C - o ts-_ 2 q) € r € r I c N O .1 r q q d q N d r @ d ? n : c n q .i t\-. d C r C O o O O 5 - r N d o r c.! 09 o o r C {F-- _ N c..1 q q q q q - d r r N r q d =1: N ; O o O O O I d G-- a c N o d I r .l n ; C .1 € n q ? q C N fl N r N I d C c ? Y =I F- a a.l C - O O C € a r + d o o N d N a r cl a .1 r q q q q O r tL.- N r a O i C O q c 1 li a d C a O r () q) CB N o N F- O ..) .1 .1 .1 N N N 0) € \ C r € q q + a d € r r r N d r Y N "1 I a q - N N N O O C i O a H F. o oi 6 o o .l c.l 09 € d .1 q q c o r N r o € q q q ..] q .1 ca G*- o d N O C c O c o I - I o ts o d N r ca H, € r c..l C a N I*, !? N @ r: C r .t q d q q ? q al r di r n .i O c n a.l - € - c o c F, x t.l d a d € d a n C .1 € € .1 q q q € ; a € d a r C cl q .1 q q F*, d N N O c O O C O I + 5 N d o o @ c a? r € q q O d F= N r o + q ? q cl q m a.l - r C c C C C O a L X v? F] v? o o a C N I N q € r I N 6 N d r: 9 ? ? q .i ? a C \ I -; c..l C O h_ N N N I - O c r; at o t.l c.l a N C N N o <- .1 C F\: n \ - N \q q Y co d S r N =j- q O O q =t: : d c O c r F- @ d I I d r : € N .I C qr O N cl q q qC qN C a d o \ r r N N C O c: ? L- d d CI C + O O o ci N N N d G N @. C r d q d d N r S ? N ? a ? q { c0 O r O C C O r o N r q r N C C G H. I o C q N q r: q a q q d C C a N N \ € -i N O O O - N C - - C H, a o q c.l O .1 r r d a @. q O I q q q N I o N d 9 ; h N 3 € N C O C i C c a o d r € r .1 I r € a c.1 r q c.] .1 q q ? q q a N N O N N I**. z c N C a O C O c O r - o t N o 5 F € I dl s € q qd .1 C d r a q (\ q q R_- ca n N C a O 9 cr aF O s C c o 6 d G € R, € i q 9 n q r I a a o d n € N q d q r: q tr- a N N N O S C C C ,;' o0 R, N $ * + r o N n .1 a N vl O al d d r € d () vl d I o o N o d c .1 € C N a N @ d n o c C q ? q v] q lL-.. a N d c r d d N N C C at ,1 + C c O O o N r N o r: O N N @ o ? O q € or Y q q q q ts, 4 N r r C c o n N O C O € o r t\_ v? u? fl C,) o ol € B v? N € d O ca H, B € \c \q C a s vl q O N c 0) c..t O \ € x N n c e q V? a N d € 6 N € N o O C 9 O O O O ti I I () H, I CB <) Q I o a a Y I F b{ F----- F il h tr o a a o o E o & tr .6 c !r.l B B E h p o E H F { o E o E e E tr H, I! a c o 0 o o 6 c F ! o o ) a E o E = o (n 0.) ts c \ € E 6 o o s c o 5 E 6 ( I a C o t! C F=.= & E o-- d a a c o a: c d o o a H s F -c F L H F (, c, F O z F F F z z A a, h'= Fr a f, -- F. J F - -\ t( -. - N € v1 o r d O o d O '* € r o O q O cl .1 q q C q q q ol d N O a ll N C N O C N N o € o. fl R= r N r I .1 q q q C .! o a o d o : c.t € \ € n q q : l^l N N O d c - O C € d R= V? 6 € N 3 .l @. a a: r q q q c € C € r r € q c.] n ? q q q tl c0 N N C - r O c O c C R, Lul ra). r d r € d .1 6 r c N - r F: I C C q Y q O q V, d d o r r N a d n C C \ R. tl N @ O C O C r c tl q d € € q q r r q q q C d R= c! O d q co € d q I O O O ? q ? q d O C O O :-l=l F- l'l c o N € r c F: a c 9 C 6 v1 q q O q o - a N d I s + I ? ? q q F.- N C r N - C C O O C o N tl u? r o d C c d C q N .1 q q 6 v d q ...1 q d c -i r O a O ? ? { l=l N r c C C v? \o r ct N o r 6 I O o 1- r € O u- q O q q vl R= al d r € O d I : q ? 1 a N O N ; C C O a 3 R-- o o N d N I N C € q q C - ! N r 6 a d a ? Y q c..i c0 C O c R= = N - s C € I, h q a N o d o 6 r r c: N q r q q q - cl a N cl r G q CI q \ $ _] CI C r O O O O - R= oT--z 6l N N a -l € @ \c O c'l ?l B r o q d cl o q q C q R= a Fq o + OO o -i'FI N a r O C C b0 N r N C N R= r s : € \q q q q C CC; @. r a N @ a N N d \ € n O o O + d 5 c - C bo l-- r R= o q .+ N d i € C q C d tr- r N q d- I ...1 q 1 R= N O r o C O C l= o N N N o C r o N r I v1 r r o O a r N O q ? q qC qN q tal a N N N al r i q d c c O C O C R= I r- v] o d N q =r. r r q C a N I q I n q c..l R= I € lj O a C : i= N C c C c C N a o d N R= q. N d r t* q d € i @ ca \c q ? d N a N d € I c.l ri q C : q c..l q - d € - O C |h--_ a C a t c d N I v? 6 i d N c =t o @. r C d N r I C r N q q fr.-- o N r q O c q c..l q q J a N C O C a d 0) l= vi .? d d N d N R= 0) r I d O € € c ...! r I q C q .1 N I d d N N q a.l ? I a r N C C O C: O C N R, t o N o o O O =t C C C O; o I r r q q oi N q d q N q co r d c O ? H= c C I () I N 6 G d N O ca s € c.] n O c r J c\l + d a r o r C € .1 q q q € r d r f, € ? N q q Y q S- c0 N € c! C C O C € O I N N o o f.\-- V? N I r o c C r @ O r: o + o q Y C F: a r N € N ? N I c q a N d N O @ i O C O tr.\r* J N N d r al € -t C c1 o C d z ? @. n ? q q o q o N r q d C O O q q ? Ct\.-- N C C C c o t " € r c f-- r ? 'l c.l C .1 r I c € r al r r: Y n N q ? q a a d o d r d a.t a O a : : F. d N C r C c o r - N 09 N d n r q d q q q ? q q q q- c0 N d 3 c O 1 ts N O r o O I J v. N N N N o fl o =l o 5 cQ a: O a: d C @ N f r d \ d q q q ? <; v? q q !!, a d a r N : C O c O F- - C C r r r a r ...1 O al r N c r N q ? q q m r al N 9 6i a CO ? Y ts--, N C r c O € a = v1 .1 o r: r I € r O N r o .1 O q q C Y c..l ts_ a d N O q at c.] a d O c o C \ O z d O r - !+ o t_ F al r o -J r al =t O n € q O F N r 3 e N q n Y q 9 a at a a c N i c O a oi F---- q) @ € N € o + ol - r N O r @ 1 € O r q q * 1F_ a N a q s N O q al =l: q q q o? o i N C € O o r J (,) 6l o r € o ts_ a r cl cl o R + € d O a o 7 N d I N q q .! q q r € ? n C = O ? tF_ bo O O C c a C I ! d € o a € N r r .'l ol n .1 € O q C q O € a ai N r d d N q q q q I H: N a.l C C O C C 7 a.l a € I r r ? € r q qd O fl l\*_ cl d q 9 q ? =I r: c0 s s ,> a C C CC C c : r o d ItF\-- r € - 9 f! I C O q q q C NN n r r a d Y \.I q I N i I C c ? q lF- N - N O + C i C r i: a o d N r N tt\-- a r 9 o -1 O .1 € .l I I q q ti d € o q N =I O O O 3 c..l q O f\ C O C r D-- a tr J c) d N € o al q q C s o q q q C O Cg a d ol I d a: d j n q n q q o O a O O C C O O € J d r N k- @ € o d d d I 6 o o r q q q C I c N € i (! q a n q q c..1 .l - d € C O C ? R= C C C O r m I I v] r * 6 .+ d N V? r N x € O O r ? r .1 s 9 s o? q e C d R- (,) a d 6 6 C N .i O O q cl q m d d o O O O € - o ilL- I ()tr () d - a { rF_ U Q U = { -& Y E o !: h h -& o - a o o E z = o E o H G-- I! B =d o o li F F o F a E .d o o - q) t! o j o vo a o b{ o E o E h a E o I H_ o a U .E E O ^ € 'tr c! a o o o 6 C d a a o o o o o o ox a H Fr F I = (t. a t-- t: o o o t! F U F Q F F F Z z a - e-:, G- { N d I -I d q q q C C € N r q € v1 c r: c0 r I € € C N C C C q : 1 \ N o i O C X H, vl .?N N o € r i F- n r N o q I 3 q c d a N d N a r € + q N q C O C Y q o H, d N r O C € al N o € I q I O q r N q q q O c o d € d I r q N q vl q c..l O 6 O O C O o O H. x q. I c d d c N r q I c.l I a .1 3 d @ C At ri d I N q al v? q ? q vl q c.l H, d N C € d C C O : a O d N d H, I ...] .l r N C o N N r r q q O r C * q c.l O C C q q F N O od C o s > N N r r € I r + u? r o c..1 @ n. q q C € € q d N o r N q d q : ? : q q F_ N C O C O O C .1€ o N N d € r I al C r d .1 O d c0 N q q ? a e q q Y *i N O d O O C C C r V). v? d .1 r r r O o d cl N d r € N c c: q ! q q O q q a N s N N O N N q h N r O a O O : O H-- € 6 a I N I € q qd N o d r r q N n I q n o O r C C : O : o H= .+ u1 € € d r a a € cl r € N r d \ N q I q q .1 q a N r o ? N a H= (\rl d N C r O C O c C L e) 1 € O r I O r N o N r r .1 € € q q q C q O H= N oc q O C : c 9 aF N i @ c r () ,. 9 C d € d € H= r a: r r € .1 s N n q C C r a a C] N C € + o C R o C : q q R= b0 N O C C -i C r N =t o N o r o > € r r € a d a.l q o N i r q n q i O o q C q N O a N c O o \_ o r C <. r o @ d a cl a r d q € € N q N r o N al r ! o9 .t a N a N a C OO : \ : 09 H- O C O - a I € O r N d r o I @ N q r H-- d € a. ? ? q r o Y 1 C c I q C C - O C C : H: 9 r r € o N tr-i 9 d 09 o N n q o q N r d q N NI + \ r € O c O d C a -d q @ - Vl q .2 l- N C ? a C O c !q I o + c N + L r € N r q q q € * o r U) d r o q q C O C C o q C q I q =t +i o O O C O r o L-- q) -'t I N o I N N o N N r r € N q O O a cl d C \ r ..1 q : q .1 q cq N N 6i S i O C \ l-- r C O a H J o? N r q ..1 N + o r r @ o r \q q r C o d o € R C O O a..1 F .1 C! @ @ O N q ca F -f o c 6 I O i I r a g o $ N q) ! vl I o € l.- r v1 o q I € d N d ca + ot c.i € I t O O C € a J a N € N q q 09 q I ol O n I C C o r ()lr t-= I ah U Q 'd I o d -e Fl.., a q o u tr o Fr o E d o d -o E o El > B h p o w F F tr o .d t! o 6 o E o a o lr f o -d ! o t I 0) ts d d t o E h 6 : o E o o o a a _>. 6 p t-= & a o o o 6 d a a o I a t! bI o G L .o a o o o o a o l.-"= Fr A F ! o H F O U) F U z a F F z z o. a a 5 -.-J F J H, far"- J L.- J Benthic Fauna la*- J L- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of benthic fauna is depicted in the J \ Tables 12lo 23. J R, Benthic fauna in Sasthamkotta Lake comprised of orders Trichoptera, \ Diptera and class Oligocheate R, J h Trichoptera is diverse in number of Ten families J 1. Phryganopsychidae 2. Limnocentropodidae E f ts. 3. Limnephilidae 4. Goeridae J E.\ J 5. Leptoceridae 6. Polycentropodidae I{. tJ 7. Unenoidae B. Apantaniidae FtrJ 9. Sericostomatidae 10. Lepidostomatidae r{ J h J K, Diptera or true flies were represented by four families Y. n J 1. Chaoboridae 2. Pelecorhynchidae J L 3. Thaumalidae 4. Chironomidae. J R= Y. -.l Ghironomidae comprised of 4 genera B f 1. Cryptotendipes 2. Metriocnemus \ f 3. Denopelopia 4. Polypedilum tritum h. J *'= h Oligocheate consist of 4 genera f \ 1. Stylaria sp. 2. Pristina, R= 3. Nais 4. Chaetogaster F{*=, \ h= - J J L J -- - Benthic Fauna - - J quantitative analysis of benthic fauna is depicted in the \_ Qualitative and -' Tables 12 to 23. - _ *- Benthic fauna in Sasthamkotta Lake comprised of orders Trichoptera, J Diptera and class Oligocheate L--* , Trichoptera is diverse in nurnber of Ten families -_ \= 1. Phryganopsychidae 2. Limnocentropodidae L= 3. Limnephilidae 4. Goeridae \. 5. Leptoceridae 6. Polycentropodidae L, 7. Unenoidae B. Apantaniidae b. '-! L. 9. Sericostomatidae 10. Lepidostomatidae !.-...- L._- Diptera or true flies were represented by four families L, 1. Chaoboridae 2. Pelecorhynchidae \ 3. Thaumalidae 4. Chironomidae. \ la |L_ Chi ronomidae comprised of 4 genera n--: 1. Cryptotendipes 2. Metriocnemus \ L, 3. Denopelopia 4. Polypedilum tritum L, L, Oligocheate consist of 4 genera \ 1. Stylaria sp. 2. Pristina, \ 3. Nais 4. Chaetogaster \ \ \ --' tdF HJl-, F.h R. a The benthic fauna of Sasthamkotta Lake categorized under two orders R, Trichoptera and Diptera and one class Oligocheate were collected from all the H, sampling sites in the present study. Quantitative analysis of benthic fauna and its lH. Percentage is represented the Figures 1 and 2. J composition H, ts Among the benthic fauna collected, the order Trichoptera (87.35%) was H., a the major group contributed by all the stations. lt was diverse in number of ten H= families viz., Phryganopsychidae, Limnephilidae, Leptoceridae, Unenoidae, H, Apantaniidae, Limnocentropodidae, Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae, H, Polycentropodidae and Sericostomatidae. Of these, Phryganopsychidae was the G- -.t J common family among Trichoptera in all the stations. Trichoptera was distributed in F- J H, all lake reaches. This may have been due to flow regime and allochthonous food R, availability (Dinakarana and Anbalagan, 2010). H., Among Trichoptera, Phryganopsychidae (71.46%) was the predominant H, form and next dominant form was Limnephilidae (5.32%). Fufther h= H, Apantaniid ae(2.94%), Goeridae(2.05%), Limnocentropodidae(1 .42o/o), Leptoceridae (1.41%), Lepidostomatidae (1.26%), Unenoidae (0.55%), Polycentropodidae (0.5%) \ H, and Sericostomatida e (0.aa%). tr- J Diptera (6.04%) or true flies were represented by families Chaoboridae, h= H, Thaumaleidae, Pelecorhynchidae and Chironomidae. Chaoborus was recorded as R= the most abundant group in Chaoboridae from all the stations. Cryptotendipes, H., Metriocnemus, Polypedilum and Denopelopra were reported in Chironomidae. \ Maximum number of Chaoborus was observed during the month of February in the \ lake bottom(Fig.3) Stahl (1966) indicated that young Chaoborus larvae tended to be Fl*l H, benthic during the daytime but at night, vertically migrate. This may account for the H, reduced numbers during the summer months. The presence of pollution-tolerant species of Chironomidae family indicates the eutrophic condition of the lake bottom and is the most useful indicators of oxygen level (Brudins, 1949). Oligochaeta (6.60%) comprised of Haplotaxidae was represented by the family Naididae was one of the major group recognized in all the stations. Oligocheata consisted of Stylaria sp., Pristina, Nais and Chaetogaster. Stylaria was common throughout the study. Stylaria sp. was dominant during March. Stylaria being a principal biotic component contributes to diet of bottom feeding omnivores. Brinkhurst and Cook (1g74)also reported that the organi"atty enriched bottom supports quantitative increase of Oligocheates. The Oligochaetes are considered as the bio indicators of organic pollution (lndumathi and Ramanibai, 200e). r-- rr- j r- -) r J e- - Tahle 12" Benthie organisms SYo/nnz) of Sast&amkotta lake during Decennher t* a 2013 H; ttr\ - STAT'IONS H, tsENTHIC F"AI]NA I T'T nm IV V VN \TI Vili Tfr X F hidae 630 900 t i70 600 900 870 570 500 690 810 J X-inanephilidae 50 210 x50 244 0 n50 0 2',70 90 0 F L.eptioeeridae 120 6C) 11fi 90 30 150 50 0 30 50 J Unenoidae 0 30 0 60 0 0 U 0 0 ts ; 30 H= Apantaniidae 50 r50 90 0 e! 0 0 6CI 0 0 L,ifixnxoaentropodidae 90 CI 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 t-_ Goeridae CI 30 0 60 0 0 0 90 0 0 J Lepidostomatidae C} F- 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 PoXyeentropodidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 { Sericostonoatidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H, Chaolborrus 300 210 330 210 300 450 240 450 210 150 lftaaurrnaleidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feieeorhvnchidae CI CI 0 CI 0 0 CI 0 0 0 Cronmtendiaes 60 30 90 30 0 30 \_, CI \- 0 0 H. Metriacnernus 50 0 90 0 0 0 60 150 0 0 Denapelopia 90 CI 60 0 0 30 0 0 30 0 \ Falvpedilum tritum 0 0 30 0 bU 0 0 30 0 0 'tct 300) 330 630 2X0 360 0 0 244 90 300 \ , Fnstina 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 (.) h-; Nais 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 t\\= Chaeto r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t-_ O h-: H: H-- H= H, \ H- H, H= \ L - F.rr O { \ Tahle 13" Benthic organisms Sr{o/mz) of Sasthamkotta lake during January 20tr4 R= \ Qt STATIONS Q- tsEI'ITHiC F,A{.J}{A ]I u mn IV V VN vnn vux NX R= FhrvEanopsvchidae 7s0 930 i20(r "?f\ 900 724 870 930 900 990 (r tr-imnephitridae 60 300 274 450 0 2L0 0 244 90 0 I-ap,tqcarldao 9CI r2a 150 2XCI 90 150 60 U 30 90) x\- Lj-menoidae 0 60 30 60 0 30 t) 0 -1L' Apantaniidae 90 244 274 0 120 90 0 2i0 0 0 i n inuaocentropodidae 90 0 90 0 0 60 0 0 30 60 E. Goendae 0 50 0 )L/ CI 0 120 0 0 30 Fr' tr-epidostornatidae 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 -- Fqlycenhopodidae 0 0 0 0 t.) 0 0 0 E= Serie osuomatidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 't L, Chao.borus 244 2\A 300 210 300 244 90 6CI 7n 150 Thaurnatroidae 0 0 0 0 fl 0 0 0 0 0 L, Feleeorhynchidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o(.} Cryptotendipes 90 30 60 0 30 0) 60 0 CI L -.1 R, Nieffiacnernus 30 60 '! ,{x 0 0 0 90 50 0 0 Denapelopia 60 0 90 0 0 30 CI 0 30 0 Ir- iDalypedilum ;tritwrn 0 0 1fi 0 60 0 0 3CI 0 !_r -., R, Strylaric sp" 45CI 500 750 300 390 0 rl 570 210 330 Fr-istina 0 U CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R -t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R, e Fxaertogaster 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 R, R, R, F"L -l R= J l[- :, h-= R, R, h, h= -- - - Tahle 14. tsenthie organisrns(Noinf ) of Sasthamkotta take during Fehruary 2014 - - STATIONS EENTI{IC FALINA I u nfl IV V VI VII vun IX Fhryganopsychidae 870 1110 1350 930 1 170 1020 840 990 900 750 or'r An,.n 'i X,irnneplailidae 390 510 0 244 0 300 ?n CI 'i.24 I-entoceridae 60 150 240 90 2ra 30 0 60 120 ?rl (60 ,Umenoidac: 0 9CI 0 60) 0 50 0 CI l[pantaniidae 150 330 li{-l 0 OU 0 30 120 0 0 'i Limnocentropodidae Goenidae 0 60 0 90 CI 0 30 150 0 30 lLepidostomatidae 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Folycentropodidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sericostomatidae 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 (.) 0 Cnraobortrs 300 n50 45CI 240 260 300 2r0 570 240 1f /\ Thaumitridae 0 0 0 0r 0 CI 0 0 0 0 Fellecorhvnrchirnae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0) CIi Cryprotendipes 90 60 n20 50 0 60 0 90 CI 0 l"{etrioanevnus 120 3C 24,4 0 () 0 x50 210 0 0 Denanelonia n2a CI I 80) 0 0 90 0 0 60 0 .Polypedilum tritwrn 0 0 60 0 90 0 0 60 0 0 Srvilaria sp. 540 E70 930 4s0 600 0 750 2X0 450 Fristina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nais 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ChraetoEastcL" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 J - - Table 15. Benthic organismsClVolm2l of Sasthamkotta lake during March 20tr4 d :.- a - STI\T{ONS EENTHIC FI\L}IA n m rix IV V VI VM VfiX ffi x J Fhryganopsychidae 930 1440 1650 n590 i 350 1050 1410 I 140 I 170 tr 110 a n inmephiiidae 90 42A 244 1sCI 0 90 60 0 0 2i0 'i - I-eptoceridae 150 240 2X0 0 0 210 0 ?r'! n 1.50 --- J Ureenoidae 30 0 0r 50 30 0 0 ri20 0) CI -- Jl .{pantaniicXae n5e 2n0 274 0 0 60 0 {) 15C! Lt\t ]-irnnocentropodidae 90 0 0 60 ori 0 30 0 0 0 \rf-; Goeririae 0 60 0 90 0 0 30 0 0 30 Lepiejiostomatidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI !r- -_ Foiye entnopodidae 0 0 CI U 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 Sene 0stonnatidae U Cl \_ 0 0 0r 0 0 0 0 0) J H- Chaoborus 450 120 300 90 51n 90 244 330 150 I.)N J Thaumllidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rr 0 0 Pelecorhynehidaa ts-_ 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 -) Cryptotendipes 0 0 150 0 210 h--- 0 0 90 0 CI r, l.{etrioenernus 0 0 6CI 0 0 90 0 Jt-r U 0 Denapelopia H" 30 0 2 rl0 0 0 90 CI 0 60) 0 Palyp,edilum trittm 0 0 50 CI 30 0 0 90 0 CIi H" (?A F-_ Snyiorliz sp. 650 1260 900 540 '754 90 1410 xsCI 60 Fristiraa t.l J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0 Nais 0 0 0 H, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) H, Cnaet0gester 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H: H, H, \*- H, J F-, -)l\L h= L- J l--. -a ,*, t-, s,I J F-,i.*-l H, h_, Table 16" Benthic organisrnsqNoirm2X sf Sasthamkotta take during .April 20X4 H, H, STATIOT{S H, BENTHIC F'AUNA I t!TT m IV VI VII VIII IX H, Phryganopsychidae 1050 1380 1 170 1500 1440 930 4t 930 900 840 tr-irnerephilidae 150 450 (-,} 300 54A 27A 0 210 90 0 -r -l H, X,eptoceddae 0 n 5c) 210 0 CI 150 CI 274 0 24A trlnenoidae 1n 11n h'= 0 0 90 0 0 180 0 90 Apantaniidae H, 90 27A 330 0 0 120 0 0 lAA 50 Limreocenrtropodidae 60 0 0 3CI 0 0 90 0 0 0 R, Goeridae 11 0 x50 0 2X0 0 0 60 0 30 {.epidostornatidae H= c, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rl 0 Folycenkopodidae 0 0 cr CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 h-= Serie ostomatidae 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chaohorus H= 600 30 57CI x50 330 300 i80 300 244 12CI Thaumilidae n h= 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 Felecorhynehidae n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptotendipes H, 0 0 2i0 t)r 150 0 0 330 0 0 l[,[etyioenemus 0 0 150 0 0 50 0 30 0 0 H. ,}Ar\ Dewopelaoia 60) 0 0 0 120 CI 0 30 0 H= tsalypedilum qr'l trttwrn 0 0 0 tn 0 0 11n 0 0 S5:larua so" 600 510 i 500 450 310 300 e-l 570 0 214 CI Fristina flr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F=", Nais 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ehaeto'gaster () n H, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (.I H, H, H, H=, H, F+-, -fL- t-"= H, K, t{" t*., Ur Rt Rt ?'ahle 1?" Eenthic organismsfiolmz of Sastteamkotta lake during U[ay 2014 R= ) R= R-= STATIO}IS H- NfiIIN tsENTtr{XC FI\LINA { nx nu XV V VX VIT VM xx X Fhrryeanoosve lhidae 750 990 n 230) 1050 xn1CI 900 750 930 o /LJ i2a R=-= ni L2A 300 330 450 0 300 0 240 210 0 R= n-eptoeeridae 90 2ta x20 21CI 1s0 ts0 30 0 30 90 Unenoidae 0 30 0 90 30 0 90 0 0 90 h-_- Apantaniidae 1E0 210 4s0 0 90 0 3CI 50 0 CI L. Linanocentropodidae ts0 0 90 0 0 50 0 0 60 30 Goeridae 0 6{) 0 90 0 0 30 90 0 60 H_- Lepidostomatidae 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 h--- Folycentropodidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L_- Seriaostomatidae CI) e) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Chaohorus 210 240 300 2XA 210 x50 210 33CI x50 90 () H, Thaumitridae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0) F---- Felecorhvnahidae 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '! ?[) Crypvcttendipes 150 90 -10 0 0 0 150 60 JL H-- lvfew"ictcn,ennws 60) 30 x50 0 0 0 90 1)n 0 0 Denopelopia h--_ 50) 0 90 0) 0 30 0 0 30 CI Falypedilurn tritwrn 0 0 30 0 60 0 0 1n 0 0 l\--- ,Sr},laricr sp. 450 500 750 540 690 124 150 5i0 n50 300 Fnstina 0) CI) !\,_ 0 0 0 CI, 0 0 0 0 Nais 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0) 0 l\-- tChaettoEaster 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI CI 0 R, l\--- l\-- l\_. R, K-. F -'t l\- R, L, H, *= f .- D F , t- -.- e- - O c Table 18 Benthic organisms(Nolm2; of Sasthamkotta Iake during June 2014 H, e-- e-_ ST,4"lIXONS BENTHIC F'AUTdA n ru nxx NV J V VT vi{ VMI IX X e- Fhrysanopsvchidae 750 900 1n n0 n050 724 840 930 630 590 F tr imneptrilidae 50 150 ??n 300 30 210 30 1,7n 90 1t'\ x J ridae 90 x80 2r0 rr| 30 150 0 0 30 60 F {Jmenoidae 0 30 CI) 60 0 150 0 {:) 0 30 ?/\ (I C-. Apantamiidae 90) 0) 0 t-) 0 120) 0 60 n-imnocentropodidae 60 0 30 0 0 50 0 0 50 L) lF*_- -5 Goeridae n 30 0 60 0 0 0 90 n 0 F. n-epidostornatidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - FoliV,e erutroPodidae 0 (_]r n F_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Serieostornatldae c| U 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 R. Cirao'borus 330 210 244 300 210 330 1s0 90 330 F- TXlanmilidae 0 CI 0 0 0 LI 0) 0 0r 0 i,EelieaorhvncXli CI CI 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 18, H, Cwptatendipes 0i.t 30 90 0 60 0 30 CI 0 Ha Metrioenemws 30 0 6l'i 0 0 0 90 50 0 0 Denopelopia 90 0 60 0 0 90 0 0 60 0 t-_ Folypedilurn tritum 0 0 30 0 60 0 0 30 0 0 Stylaria sp" 300 630 870 420 l\- _ 380 90 60 600 30 n20 H Fristina 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I rq*lu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. Chaetosaster 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F-- F- J L.- L-. -f >- J H. H. L- l* H, -1 --n?- r --J H, H, H, Table 19" Benthie onganisms(No/rn2 ) of Sastharnkotta lake during July 2014 F. J H, H, F- STAIIIONS f BENTHIC FALI}-IA n il mn Iv V VI VII VUI m H, PhryEanopsychidae 9922 x 102 19282 12292 5492 3439 1322 '722 1024 n428 Lmuephilidae F- 0 1.22 {) CI 0 0 0 48 0 0 J Leptocoridae 0 0 0 1"44 0 0 0 0 0 {Jnenoidae 0 () n ts_J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H, Itpantaniidae CI 243 122 0 0 0 388 0 0 0 {.imnoe entropodidae 0 CI i) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H= Gr:ericiiae \22 0 0 0 242 0 0 CI 0 0 X-epidosteinnaudae H. 0 0 0 0 CI 95 0 0 fi 0 Folycentropodidae H, 0 0 48 CI 0 0 0 U 0 Seriaostornarieilae (.1 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 96 CI H= ehasborus ir0 9E 84 52 0 0 0 90 0 0 H, Thaurnilidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Felecorhvnchidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H, eryptorcndipes 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 Mc'triarcnernws 4E 0 04 0 H: 0 x10 7E 0 CI H= Denopelctpia 0 0 0 4E 0 0 0 95 0 0 Falypedilwrn tritum 0 0 48 0 0 0 48 0 n 0 Stylaria sp. H= 0 0 7E 0 0 0 48 9E 0 0 r'l Fristina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F. -.1 Nais 0 CI) a 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 CI Chaetogaster 0 4E H, 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 H, H, H, H, H, H, H, i-rLa H, t- - H, *, -JH, R,n Tahte 20" Benthic organisrns(Nolne2 ) of'sasthamkotta IaX H, lLeptoceridae 0 96 0 0 (, 0 0 0 n 0 F- Unenoidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 n H, niidae 0 0 128 0 382 n 0 528 0 0 I-ilmnoaent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 k, Goenidae 0 96 0 0 0 0 \7 A, 0 0 0 H, I-e 0 0 36E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 centropodidae 0 0 0 96 0 CI 0 0 0 0 H, Sericostornatidae 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 H, e-nraoborus 110 4E x0E 0 0 0 0 48 0 4E H, lhatirrniliclae 0 0r 0 CI 0 CI 0 0 0 0 Felecorhynchidae 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H, (-/ 0 0 4E 0 0 119 0 0 158 0 l-r ldetrtocnenrus 0 0 0 4E 0 0 0 [J 0 0 Denopelopia 0 0 0 {R 0 0 CIl 48 0 H, P tritwrn CI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n H, Swlaria srl. 0 0 95 0 0 158 0 CI 0 : Fristina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H, I x*it 0 (_) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l\J C 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 H., H, H, H, H, !<.., H, t-, F-, H, }*, t**, s- C'\ tL \- ts- Table 21" Eenthie organisms (No/m2) of Sasthamkotta lake during Septennber F- 281,4 +*-- F- STATIONS N: EENTHIC FA{.]N.{ i ru fin VN V{I viu NX x F- Fhrysanopsvcnridae E 124 19232 10257 2782 \7282 67328 1188 3895 982 x x7E na F tr imnephilidae 36n 199 35E 0 0 96 0 io 0 0 T-eptoaeridae 0 CI 0 4E 0 U 96 0 0 0 r"Jnenoidae F: 0 0 0 0 48 0) 0 0 0 0 F l\pantariirdae 0 144 96 0 0 0 0 0 48 CI Lr.mnoceietropodidae 144 0 CI 0l 0 4E 0 0 0 96 F-: G,rerienae 0 0 114 0 0 0 144 (l 0 0 icn Lepidostonnatidae 0 96 CI 0) LJL CI 0 0 CI 0 L.- _ F Folycenrrnopoatridae 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 0 0 0 : Sericosto,rnatidae 0 t''l 0 4E 0 0 0 0 0 0 R-. ehaoboms 2n0 0 liE CI 0 48 0 192 0 48 L-.., T'haunnilidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 FcXeeorhvnchidae CI 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0r 0 R, Cryprotendipes 0 0 48 0 0 0 6,,) 0 0 (_I L-- Metriocnernus 0 0 4E 0 0 0 0 1',72 0 0 Denctpelopia 0) 0 e| 0 4E 0 0 0 0 R, Folypedilwrn triturn 0 0 0 0 0 0 fo 0 0 E-. .Srvlanis sll 0 i0E 0 i12 0 0 192 0 0 0 L, Fristina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nais 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C} 0 0 F Chaetogaster 0 0 0 0 95 0 0 0 4E 0 L--'-t F 1 Ir-J l- -t F L, J f* J fa--_- l-- 'l )b- t-= t r..= J F* J P*- J t\{!!- J F Tahle a 22. Benthic organisrns S.[o/noz) of Sastftamkoffa trake during October 20.tr4 t\ J fl-t_ J frra." ST'ATXONS lSEivTH{C FA{_l}{r\ \/T J n u mn trV V Vil VflI .t2\ \ Fhrvganopsychidae 264A 4368 2s872 48 s28 892 I l8 t\24 14222 ,) 9928 frr\ X,irnnephilidae 815 240 4560 4E 384 138 0 0 0 292 i,eproeenidae J 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 () 0 F,\.- llkecnoidae 0 0 J 0 0 CI 0 0 4E 144 () lLpanraniidae f,E?1 ?-. 3E4l 480 48 4E 0 0 0 0 0 ) X.imnoe F entropodidae U 0 1920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gu.eridae 0 52E CI ) 3264 4E 0 322 0 0 CI {.epidostomatidae 1^4A, F 4E r296 0) \44 0 172 0 0 1E2 ) FoXyeentropodidae f* U 0 0 4E 48 0 0 0 0 Sericostiomatidae J 0 CI) 0 \92 0 0 0 4E 0 0 AA lr. Chaoborus 0 0 +o 0 0 0 0 58 0 0) Thaumilidae 4E !- CI 0 0 0 U 0 0 0 J Feieaorhym,claidae 48 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 0 0 la Cryptotendipes .) CI 0 0 0 0 0 4E 0 0 0 Metiaenemus 144 F 0 0 0 0 x64 0 0 1s8 132 J Den,opelopia 0 0 nn2 0 0 0 0 0 0 l{- p ia a ly e al i I wrn t r i twyn 0 0 0 0 4E ") 0 0 0 0) Srytlaria sp. 110)A 768 + ) 0 0 0 x0i2 0 50E 0 0?1 Fristima CI 0 CI \92 tl\*- tl, 0 0 0 0 U IiIais 96 t) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chaetogasrer n96 F 0 0 0 0 0 0 () 0 0 !( J a. Er J tr. ts ') j l\_ XL ) }l. - E. - \_ *- -, F. ts-- ts- J ts-.-; , Fig.l Quantitative analysis (anhual variation) of benthic fauna in Sasthamkotta H_ , Iake during Dec 2013- Octo 2014 F ; R- ,1 Bioiliversity and Abundance of Benthic F'auna in H, Sasthamkotta I-.ake R- , I Phrvganopsychidae - l-_ 5000 r.. Lirnnephilidae ) : I Lepto.eridae 4500 ; F I Unenoidae D l-_ ; i i* Apsntaniidae 4000 : z cla ; Li rnnocentropodi e $g sp. H- 35OO ':' Goera ,, e x Lepidostomatidae I F--= i& 3000 -.' I Polycentropodidae iD I Sericostomatidae l-_ I 25OO l # Chaotlorus ITh*umilidae i-- ^il ! t-- 2000 x Pelecorhynchidae l! ,1 I Crlrptotendipes F- L5OO I lr !G Metriocnemus n De*opelopia 1000 F-- l a Polypedilum tritum : -Stylaria sp. F,__ 500 ' L- I Pristina t; -- o.| 1M* ffi ffi Nais trf Chaetogaster F- [f,enthic Fauna L:l- F..- l-h*: b-:F-_ F-.IJ F; 36 r-- Jr -,H: R, Fig.2 Percentage composition of Benthic fauna in Sasthamkotta lake H, during 2A13-14 H; H, l\J - ) , Phryganopsychidae r) s Lihnephllid6e 2"9L r Leptcceaidae tsr r Unsnoidee a AFantanildae Fr I Limnocentropodidae I Goera sp. F: tr Lepldostomatldae : Polycentropodidae Fr & Sericastomatidae I Cha6borus e-*-f e Thaumilidae & Pel€orhynchidae h: r Cryptotendipes & Metriocnemus rr ! Denopelopi a r, Polypedilumtritum H, ., Stylaria sp. ' Pristina f,**- Nais ) Chaetogaster Fr r) H) F, Fr Abundance of Chaoborus among benthic composition is Z.g1%. E\-) l.-". ) l-."""J "J H: "f H, R, R, L, 37 R, r.l R, H, H, H, H, BENTHIC FAUNA AnnualAveg. Percentage F-, H, Phryganopsychidae 2730 71.46 l\'-tr Limnephilidae 232 5.32 I.-l r, Leptoceridae 86 1.41 Hf Unenoidae 25 0.55 H: Apantaniidae 147 2.94 tsr Limnocentropodidae 46 1.42 Hf, ts-f, Goeridae 67 2.05 HJ Lepidostomatidae 64 1.26 h'r Polycentropodidae 14 0.5 87.35% Trichoptera Rr Sericostomatidae 15 0.44 r-..) Ghaoborus 181 2,91 H] F..-: Thaumilidae 1 0.19 N: Pelecorhynchidae 0.5 0.06 F-: Gryptotendipes 44 0.81 F-.o.-l Metriocnemus 39 0.92 R:r Denopelopia 33 0.74 6. 04 F: %Diptera F H, Pristina 0.25 H, Nais 1 0.13 6.60 %Oligochaeta H, Chaetogaster 12 0.53 !:q, H, I-, Descriptlons of Bentltia Fauna collected from % Sasthanrkotta Iake % e:, % Chaoborus Laruae (Plate l) % Order: Diptera Family : Chaoboridae - Genus : Chaoborus Cornrnonly called 'Phantorn Midges'" Chaahorus larvae mainly occur in standing water in lakes, ponds and marshes. Rarely they found in the calm water of streams. Size small to nnediurn (6-12mm). Head sclerotized, rounded and clearly separate from thorax; mandibles moving against each other on a horizontal plane; thoracic segments fused and swollen, wider than abdomen; prolegs absent; antennae terminating in long setae; tenninal segment with ventral brush of setae. Chaoborus larvae resemble mosquito larvae. The most common form of chaoborids are found in the waten eolumns of lakes and ponds and are known for thein vertical migrations. They rnigrate in order to follow their prey and to obtain air. These laruae have two air sacs that provide buoyancy and an air source as they move through the water column. 39 r; *J -; -l*; Order: Trichoptera *; Trichoptera or Caddis flies The Tnichoptera or Caddis flies, one of the largest groups of aquatic -;R-- insects, are closely related to the Lepidoptera. Caddis flies are aquatic in the immature stages. Adults of almost all species are active winged insects. = Caddis flies occur in most types of freshwater habitats: springstreams and -r_ , F- seepage areas, rivers, lakes, rnarshes and ternporary pools. Caddisfly larvae ane perhaps best known for the remarkabie nets, retreats and portable cases -:*; they construct" *; Free-Living Forms- Rhyacophilidae and Hydrobiosidae farnilies H: Saddle-Case Makers- Glossosomatidae family F-- Purse-Case Makers- Hydroptilidae family {\_ H-- Net-Spinners or Retreat-Makers- Annulipalpia-Curvipalpia families h-- Tube Case Makers - lntegripalpia families h: During present study Trichoptena composed of Tube Case Makers - h-- lntegripatpia fannilies. Phryganopsychidae, sericostomatidae, Leptoceridae, Limnephilidae, Apataniidae, Lepidostomatidae, Uenoidea, ,\- Limnocentropodidae and R; Goeridae are included in this lntegripalpia family. Polyce ntropodidae i ncorporated i n Annu I ipalpia fam i ly. R: H, Family: Phryganopsychidae (Plate ll, Ill, IV, V, Vland Vlt) N= ldentlfying features H-! Case flimsy, of randomly placed plant debris H, Antennae at anterior edge of head capsule Lotic -depositional !-, Sprawlers H. Shredders-detritivores l\-r Pro sternal horn present; abdomen wlth lateralfringe; median dorsal l\) hump segment small; abdominal gills single, short R, T\, 40 :-J -JRJ Rl h-: Family : Sericostomatidae (Plate Vtll) HJ ldentifying features Antennae near mandibles Anal proleg dorsalsclerite small -)Hl Anal prolegs each with more than 30 setae r"-l Tube-case, funeral mineral, cunved, tapered l-otic-erosional, lotic depositlonat -r Sprawlers, Burrowers -; Shedders- Detritivores, Collectors-Gatherers -,Hf Family: !-eptoceridae (Plate lX) ldentifying features -: Antennae length >6X diameter and/or rnesonotum with dark bars -tr Tube case, wide variety of shapes, nraterials -f All types of habitats -f Climbers, Sprawlers, Clingers t\)-: Shedders-Herbivores, Collectors-Gatherers, Predators, En gulfers I\_, H: Family : Limnephilidae (Plate X) ldentifying features >: Antennae midway between eyes and edge of head capsule F, Mesonotum with one sclerite b.-_, Metanotum with small sclerite Tube case, rnany shapes and materials H:"-; Alttypes of habitats H: Climber, Sprawlers, Clingers H: Shedders, Collectors, Gathers, Scnappers, Detritivores H: Family: Apataniidae (Plate Xl) l-: ldentifying features H, Mandibles usually without teeth H: one sclerites absent or with rnore than 25 setae between them Tube-case, mineral, tapered, curved Lotic-erosional, lotic depositional F-:-, F-: 41 *; -;*; *: Clingers, Sprawlers *; Scrappers, Shedders-Herbivores, Collectors, Gathers - *: Family : Lepidostomatidae (Plate Xll) Fr-a a ldentifying features *; Antennae next to eyes *; Mesonoturn sclerotlzed *; Mesonotum with srnall sclerites Abdomen segment one wittr lateral hurnps only ^; *l Tube case, often square Lotic-erosional, lotic depositional *3 J Climber, Sprawlers, Clingers *l Shedders- Detritivores f-.-l Fannily: Uenoidea 13 ldentifying features r-l l-arvae slender; pronotum longer than wide; mesonotum emarginated r-J antero dorsally.; Larval cases smooth and vdry stender, of fine silk or short and thick, constructed of coarse rock fragments. *, e*t; Family : Limnocentropodidae s*"=J ldentifying features c*-J Meso and metanotum similarly shaped; meso and rneta thorax and e*"-) abdominal segment 1 with sternites bearing many setae; abdominal 1 lacking Fl dorsal humpbut with a transverse sclerite. cl Family; Goeridae F: ldentifying features e-.".-J Dorsal side of head brown or neddish brown; case with small stones r-, laterally; mesonotum with 2 pairs of sclerites, metanotum with 3 pairs of small H, sclerites; case with two pairs of larger pebbles on side *: H: /l F't) c-.-l atL *) irrr\. J H: H: H, Family : Polycentropodidae h) ldentifying features H) Tarsi all narrower than their tibiae and more nearly cylindrical larvae in H: unbranched silken tube on substrate surfaces. Widespread in most types of H: aquatic habitats" Diptera or True flies -]H) Salient features Diptera or True flies are one of the most diverse insect orders. Lentic F-- habitat of Diptera larvae are equally diverse including lakes, springs, R-, temporary pools and tree holes. - Chironornidae The family Ghironomidae is ecologically important group of aquatic H:-: insect often occurring in high densities and diversities. Chlronomidae larvae H= are known to feed on a great variety of organic substrates" The overall diversity of the family is also reflected in the rich Chironomid faunas of many aquatic ecosystems. H: Family: Chironomidae H= Sub family : Chironorninae H-: Genus : Cryptotendipes (PIate Xltl) H, Salient features H- Cryptotendipes larvae are found in lentic and lotic situations. They are h-- usually benthic and appear to tolerate organically enriched habitats. F.-; Cryptotendipes lanvae are no identifiable at the species level H= Family: Chironomidae H, Sub family : Tanypodinae H, Genus : Denopelopia (Plate XIV) H, Salient features H, occur in wide variety of habitat ; springs, banks, flood plain, streams, rivers, H, lake etc. Denopelopia larvae are distinguished by the large lauterborn organs; l\-: fused to the apex of antennal segment two; giving a tuning fork appearance; L, H, 413 *J \ J \ \* J H_ Lack of well developed dorsomental tooth plates. The immature stage occur in t H_ shallow water. lt is tolerant of extended period of low dissolved oxygen. J t-- * , F-. Family: Chironomidae I F- Sub family : Chironominae f Genus : Polipedilum (Plate XV) Salient features D F The larvae are found in wide range of habitats under a variety of 7 F environmental conditions, ranging from pristine to heavily degraded. Base of !, F sternite 8 and tergite 8 of male triangularly produced. Pulvilli bilobate or v tsr branched. F- ! ' Farnily: Chironomidae \ Sub farnily : Orthocladiinae H- ; Genus : Metniocnemus (Plate X\fi) h Salient features Antennae with 3 to 7 segments, may be strongly reduced or may be h*- v F.r..- longer than head capsule. Procerci well developed, at least twice as long as H, I wide; sLrpra anal setae shorter than anal tubules. h-: Larvae are known from a variety of aquatic habitats including water held by the pitcher plant sarracenia, marine intertidal pools , sewage treatment beds, moss, tree holes, in damp soil, madicolous habitats (water F--..- flowing in a thin film) and in seeps, springs, strems rivers and lakes , , I.-.-.- !] Family: Thaumaleidae R.espiratory system amphipneustic; prothoracic and anal prolegs H,\ unpaired. H= Family : Pelecorhynchidae *: Abdominal segments without prolegs or tubercles; segmentation I\.--i bead like H!i. \ F-, 44 i --\ r t r \h f-- e\-.". Phylum Annelida t - c\*_ Class- Clitellata d Sub class . Oligochaetae > F oligochaetae (Aquatic earth worm). The truly aquatic eanrvorms are ) H- cornmon in mud mud and debris of stagnant pools and ponds, streams and lakes. The aquatic oligochaetes burrow in mud. The form and arrangement of the chaeta is often the only external identification character available. - Stylaria (Plate XVI!) c\- ! Active worms with the prostomiurn drawn out to form a long, tentacle like r t proboscis; eyespots present. s.lacusfns, up tpo lbmm long, is probably |r, the sole species and is common in many habitats amongst filamentous !r algae and other plant life, or in the detritus; it swims with a stiff, wriggling H; action. H- J H- Nais (PIate XVlll) t Dorsal chaeta bundles absent from first to three or more segments, H- J hair chaetae present; eyespots present or absent; never with proboscis or ts--J N- caudal gills. Many species of this large genus are common in a variety of 4 habitats ; up to 20 mnr long. F-- ) I---.: Pristina (Plate XIX) l\_ J Dorsal chaeta bundles present on all segments with long hair chaeta; H. prostomium produced as a slender proboscis in some species, eye spot Hr absent; r.rp to 1Smm long F*.-_ >..- Chaetogaster (Plate XX) '-.*) Anterior part of the body very \* contractile, with a fan like bunch of chaeta f on each side near the mouth; Iocomotion by 'looping'with the anterior part H, of the body and wriggling, stretching, etc. They are found in variety of H, habitats. Hr l-..." 45 !r --\- ! r t \ Chaoborzs larva PLATE I ,!} \- t- I (\r\- r ? i' H t ift'-r.-.= \ Chaoborzs larva - Head region (:- - !t I (r.r\* { F v F V tr- t, q ts t, \ F-- rt ts*- Chsoborzs larva - Abdomen region { f.-r &^*-"-rcdF6wry H" M#'" { H= ffi tx. { F, bt "i* \ H, q b*** R, ,.q \ F-..-" $_\t\ N-, !l U H;- Phryganopsychidae (Specimen 1) PLATE II H.*-h ,ri H) He F.*_\ t F- J $ C-\.- a \ \ F. Y \ H-= F \ d I I t* q t--: _i fF.\- H,{ R, H, k, H=F, k, h, L, w k-" t-\- F*. ! r- ? c\_ Phryganopsychidae (Specimen 2) PLATE III \ f= ,+ ! f-- v t-_ - t c'_!t Fr-.n { i'! t e \ i{- t \ \ h; ffi t,h- - R=. - yl f- , i-' . -- tY *, hl h h.- r/ *" F-"-3 f-"- J' ,Tr h{==_ II *, *, Phryganopsychidoe (Specimen 3) PLATE TV F{ *,t=IJ -F= '',t=*, J -r H- r, !, t-- F;- ? H- C' *t- t H; kffiflm f- Y f\r\--- I H" -_ -- t, F.--- r- .J t\_ t rf F- J F-, V F- J H. rr H: r- ) t-n*: F__, Y * C-. Phrygonopsychidae (Specimen 4) PLATE V H- $- *- r- ? H- d v - rD (- t- I F U ! h rD \ \ '* (t-- - t F rl7 t'_\ H: ! F. t a It\ * yi F- V l\."__ v 1\,r-_ H: H, H, *, F_: H I H, I F*", h-r .T: -i', *, Ph (Specimen *,rL, rygonopsychidae 5) PLATE VI r*_,i- H: Hl r-l r- t C"---l c---1 H: F- ts--ul { H= L. \ H= F_; { H= f..r Fl ilEI F-: - l l \ Hl H= r-*- f H: a-t -: R, rf,H, D\-nr; \ \ Phryganopsychidae (Specimen 6) PLATE VII C-rr-- U \ *, H) .i; H; ,.1_ q (\_ J e Jr HJ H: ts*-\ H= t; ! h_: .#lr.-,s F . ' "..{& - J \ f-."-f f3 f_: r-: H: |H.- .i Rl H: H-J l-e F-.: ts J H: Hr N; ? -\.: r- u r-- _ *-: Sericostomatidae PLATE VIII - ,il , C' "..- r t { r t t \ F F t ts-- Ha J H-', H, .i-_ H, J F-: F- ) F-*) Hr Nr Hr ,€ l,\L. -f, * > * , \ H; :-":a \, \ f--\- ) -] R:-: Leptoceridoe PLATE IX -) -l*l * t__ J r,-.-r J I J -:d-\r\- Rr v q =#w ffiki .,! -- !, ffi il D "]''- Y '3- v '3-, '.3-Y >*:- ___ t -\ >--J ,:--; ..\: >-l F >-l t -'.-I Ltr > -, tr) -.-? +; -f',-{', +. Limnephilidae PLATE X =i', Hr+, -t,H, c*: *l *, Ft, r---l F--l H= S: F,- E+E: F: J !E$ rf':* I ffit, I -l \ r h - ! L,?8..*,., -lr-; h H Iq }*. ,, , . -*3 R, H-- J H, .lpataniidae PLATE XI H, Hl H, *) J l-) *) t-) !-) F-) ,d i"_= - J F-, h iffi h J qffi t. J q v t, t \ - -- , \ \ --: L, \ \ -. \-- ra, -_\ J t -- 5Tr dF, -f', Lepidostomatidae PLATE XII s-5:-l', *+', -f', t\-f-, rL. a\NJ H-r H, rt') % ,-3 at r'-J >: at-r_- -3 v f-;-: t-3 r-; f-- rl J t....-: t-a r: * ,* r: F"-; E. .,4" r.*3 "'tsi : r?-: f.."-3 E=- s+,1 H! H'r r"a Cry'ptotendipes PLATE XIII F."a Ha HI F-.1 (-] F-*a F--: -*:F*3 I .S >-:l-3 VkF7 F"a-: F-] * ''--l -J --:,-.-.1 F3 rt"-l ts: r."t &*., T:-) R: Ft l..-a r- a: ".\l} '.\: '\a Denopelopio PLATE XIV '-f '-:, ,-: "..-) '-J J ,-- J -.-: ..-l a, -, -I >'l-3 -.J >-l >-J >-l >-r >*-ra 5---1 r.--l r-: f\a Polypedilum PLATE XV r-"r r-' r: r."-J ,-: ft* t/ -:-l --3 ,-: :-p 'FJ ,\.- ., ''>l r\s. J '>f tJ '-l '-3 ,-f --I '-r rrl .-J .-: ,]-r --: "--\- :- +,-1, +r l{etriocnemus PLATE XVI ,.-\:l Rt r-.1 -*:i-f ..\f--.3 >*3 r.-3 .- i-3--r ,- '..-3 .-: J =-: ....-J .-r v .--3 * '-S ,--: "-r '>:-3 ----r J Ft r: r..a --'I s\i: PLATE XVII -" Stylaria -t --tFl -\= J -\- r*3r, F*3 -]-r 'alU s--3 r* "-+3 "- a-a - ! .- r-\rr L > F-'*ffi D l---t - - i '>- > - >:- >1 tJ -_n J ' r-t 't),-t -f-, *r \-ais PLATE XVIII !.*., r-? F\r F*"-, !--.: f-: r-: I-r F-: r--l - *3 mxiFFT H:' HS >-: r>*f U '-f U .- .- ...-:-: ._: ">-r .>:- >-3 JF}- :'-l * >-aJ d-a r: t r: Pristina PLATE XIX *, f": H: f--: f.: r: .-: F-a F-! F-: >-I "q 'lt F-: q ".\r -q '-:l "-: - ...-: t-: ,.'.-: ..--r- "..-a ,..-,- '>a .>I .>-a .>*.! '--.f .>-I ,.-I !g , n- ! E{:+, I*-r Chaetogsster PLATE XX *: r" r-r 9-'-r r] ft .A r-l F-l 't -d r-= rJ '- a..-: t-'3 t.-: r r\--rJ ,--r, v ">3 'tl -l >:- '>3 >r- >: >I- >3 :-*: -? ,tsr J r--! ;-t,' t=a *, 3": l..*:r ;.*", [-r T-: Chaoborus Population r-f The rnaximum number of (299 No./m2) F) Chaoborus in the benthic popuiation was found during February and rnininnum t-, r-1 (^,1 No.lm2) observed in Octoben (Fig" 3). The station wise estimation of r-) Chaoborus population varied from a mlnimum of 30 No.funz to maximulm of F'a 600 No.lrn2 during the investigation peniod. Ohaaborus is the fourth dominant r-1 group among benthic population. The fourth instar laruae are coilected for the r') siudy. These findings on the monthl't abundance of Chaoboruis larvae showed .:-..-, i'nueh variation throughout the study period. The nornnal abundance of i-') Chaoborus was found to be less. Mlaximurn Chaoborus population was tF3 observed during the rnonths of Dry season. percentaqe_af f---) Ihe ehaoborusjfl .-3 Oenthic populatiqn was 2€l9lo. ;-\ J .U .-: Role of Ghaoborus in the purification of water .-3 The less population of Chaoborus marks that it is insufficient for the purifiaation of water. The inte action of '....-3 benthic orqanisms nrav account for_tl'le purification of watff. '- t>-: ..-: .\-: --.! 45 -: '!-L ;\t l...-:r ts*r >-", >-.I ts*, =-*.I Fig. 3. Monthly variation in the abundance of Chaoborus larvae during -*, 2013-14 -,--] F-a Monthly variations in the Abundance of Chaoborus r -.-:' >-3 ^rE "o >-l Z f- 300 :_-: a F-: 250 r---l 200 >] 150 t Chaoborus 100 *\- J .-) 50 U .-r U Dec 41640 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov t-l .- Months '- .- >-: t.-'l *-: Gut content analysis of Chaoborus i---, The preliminary investigation on the gut content "> analysis of Chaoborus larvae revealed that diet composition includes "l---1 Cladocera, Daphnia, Keratella, Nauplius and Diaptomus sp. The findings ---a revealed that the abundant diet in Chaoborus is Cladocera. -rl "_tt ra! f'.-, r*'i r*] r*: f'-., F*.I --rF-: ..-a Secondary information regarding to lake bed -.-.: Chaoborus asiaticus was observed by Pillai(1981) in Sathamkotta lake during .-*a 1981. The present investigation also confirmed the findings of Pillai(1981). :*--.I F--: CONCLUSION '-3 The fresh water lake wetland is one of the dynarnic ecosystem. ".-: Ecologically they maintain a wide diversity of life forms. Present study ..-: ,..-: reveals the population of Chaoborus larvae was low. '..-3 The saga related to the purification of water in Sasthamkoffa lake may be dr"re to the combined function of benthic fauna. -f -.: Study of benthic organisms with respect to its DNA analysis reveals transparency of the taxonomy and interconnected relation between organisms. - Therefore there is a close scrutiny and careful assessment '-_a- of aquatic system is very essential. -r.-: "-l FURTHER NECESSARY STUDIES -r A detailed studv on benthic orqanism !)LDNAsequence is needed. The study is essential to portray-the &xonomy and interconnected action of - benthic orqanisms in the ourifiea-ign o'llakei ,aten" - -.-i - 48 -i S\*1 rr >*q HI c\,\.* f-..f-.f REFERENCE f-{i Anonymous, {983. Water supply scheme to Kollam, World Bank Assisfance ry Project Report, PHED (KWA), Govt" of Kerala" -.-..a APHA' {992. 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