A MEDICAL DICTIONARY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND ANNOTATED RESEARCH GUIDE TO INTERNET REFERENCES
JAMES N. PARKER, M.D. AND PHILIP M. PARKER, PH.D., EDITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA
Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc.
Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.
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Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D.
Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments.
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Parker, James N., 1961- Parker, Philip M., 1960-
Orthodontics: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84141-1 1. Orthodontics-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer
This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services.
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Acknowledgements
The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on orthodontics. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support. v
About the Editors
James N. Parker, M.D.
Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D.
Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications
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Table of Contents
FORWARD ...... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ORTHODONTICS...... 3 Overview...... 3 The Combined Health Information Database...... 3 Federally Funded Research on Orthodontics ...... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ...... 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ORTHODONTICS ...... 37 Overview...... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Orthodontics...... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ...... 38 Additional Web Resources ...... 39 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ORTHODONTICS...... 41 Overview...... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine...... 41 Additional Web Resources ...... 43 General References ...... 44 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ORTHODONTICS...... 45 Overview...... 45 Dissertations on Orthodontics...... 45 Keeping Current ...... 46 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ORTHODONTICS ...... 47 Overview...... 47 Patents on Orthodontics ...... 47 Patent Applications on Orthodontics ...... 68 Keeping Current ...... 73 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ORTHODONTICS ...... 75 Overview...... 75 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies...... 75 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers...... 83 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ...... 87 Chapters on Orthodontics...... 88 Directories...... 89 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ORTHODONTICS ...... 91 Overview...... 91 Video Recordings ...... 91 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ORTHODONTICS ...... 93 Overview...... 93 News Services and Press Releases...... 93 Newsletter Articles ...... 94 Academic Periodicals covering Orthodontics ...... 95 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ...... 99 Overview...... 99 NIH Guidelines...... 99 NIH Databases...... 101 Other Commercial Databases...... 104 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ...... 105 Overview...... 105 Patient Guideline Sources...... 105 Finding Associations...... 110 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ...... 113 Overview...... 113 viii Contents
Preparation...... 113 Finding a Local Medical Library...... 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada...... 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES...... 119 Online Dictionary Directories ...... 119 ORTHODONTICS DICTIONARY ...... 121
INDEX ...... 153
1
FORWARD
In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with orthodontics is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about orthodontics, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so.
In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to orthodontics, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on orthodontics. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to orthodontics, these are noted in the text.
E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet.
For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on orthodontics.
The Editors
1 From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on orthodontics.
The Combined Health Information Database
The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and orthodontics, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search:
• Role of Orthodontics in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 7(1): 141-148. February 1995. Summary: This article on the role of orthodontics in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is from an issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinics on the medical management of TMD. The authors note that recent litigation has drawn great attention to the role of orthodontics in the etiology and treatment of TMD. This article addresses the database existing for assigning a role to orthodontic treatment and dental occlusion as factors in the causation and treatment of TMD. The authors also include a brief section on the use of orthodontics as a cure for TMD. 124 references. (AA- M).
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Federally Funded Research on Orthodontics
The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to orthodontics. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.
Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to orthodontics.
For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore orthodontics. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for orthodontics:
• Project Title: ARP2/3 COMPLEX AND OSTEOCLAST BONE RESORPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurst, Irene R.; Orthodontics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 29-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This grant proposal outlines a five-year training program required for the pursuit of an academic and research career in biomedical and dental sciences. The principal investigator is currently pursuing a PhD in Biomedical Sciences through the University of Florida College of Medicine and concomitantly will be beginning an orthodontic residency program through the College of Dentistry in the summer of 2003. This program will allow the principal investigator to gain competence in the areas of virology, genetics, molecular cell biology and biochemistry, by technical training in protein expression and purification, cell culture, mRNA inhibition, plasmid construction, viral vector use, and cell transduction. The immediate goals of this proposal are to 1) increase biological literacy, 2) gain skills in advanced techniques, and 3) stimulate critical thinking skills, with the ultimate goal being the preparation of Dr. Hurst for an independent career in academia and biomedical research. Dr. L. Shannon Holliday, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Orthodontics, will mentor the principal investigator in her research. Dr. Holliday studies the molecular and cellular biology of osteoclast activation, has expertise in the techniques involved in this study, and has numerous publications in the field of osteoclast biology. The extensive research community at the UF Health Science Center provides all of the necessary components, collaborative and physical, required to complete this proposal and allow the principal investigator to gain independence in research. Bone resorption by specialized cells called osteoclasts is required for normal physiology. However, enhanced bone resorption can cause severe disease, including osteoporosis and metastatic bone tumors. Although osteoclast-mediated diseases often do not share common etiologies, in each case, osteoclasts must form an acidic extracellular compartment to degrade bone. This project focuses on a region of tight contact between the osteoclast and bone, the sealing zone, which segregates this acidic compartment.
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). Studies 5
Sealing zone formation is indispensable for bone resorption. As described in the research plan, a new hypothesis for how the Arp2/3 complex is involved in sealing zone formation has evolved from the principal investigator's studies. This project is designed to test this novel hypothesis and has three specific aims: first, to determine the requirement of Arp2/3 for the formation of the sealing zone in vivo; second, to characterize the Arp2/3 regulatory protein, cortactin; third, to characterize phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a regulatory protein of the Arp2/3 complex, in response to calcitonin and determine its effects on actin ring formation. By studying the structural, regulatory and functional roles of the Arp2/3 complex in the sealing zone, identification of new targets for gene therapy or conventional pharmaceuticals to inhibit resorptive bone diseases may be possible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING IN DENTISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wadhwa, Sunil; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Dr. Sunil Wadhwa entered our program in September 1996 after receiving his DDS from Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery. He is in the combined certificate/PhD program in Orthodontics/Oral Biology. During the fall semester he took Contemporary Topics in Oral Biology and the Oral Biology Journal Club. He is currently continuing to take those two courses. Sunil has completed lab rotations with Drs. Jon Goldberg, Mario Volpi and Carol Pilbeam. He has chosen Dr. Pilbeam as his thesis advisor and has selected a thesis committee composed of Drs. Pilbeam, Upholt, Kream and Godwin. Dr. Stephen Godwin of the Orthodontics Department completed the DSA program at Harvard in 1998 and is well positioned to advise Dr. Wadhwa in balancing his research and clinical training. Sunil has received approval for his Plan of Study and plans to take his General Exam early in the early summer. He received a American Association of Orthodontist's Foundation Biomedical Research Grant Award in 1999 for his fluid shear stress project with Dr. Pilbeam. In the past year he attended the AAO and NESO meetings and he plans to attend the upcoming AAO meeting in May 1999. He also plans to have an abstract ready for the year 2000 IADR meeting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: BONE DENSITY--A RISK FACTOR FOR ORTHODONTIC SIDE EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bollen, Anne-Marie; Associate Professor; Orthodontics; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: During this 5-year career development award Dr. Shiboski intends to integrate a study of oral disease in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) with a training plan that would expand her background in Oral Medicine and Epidemiology. The objectives of the proposed 5-year prospective cohort study are to 1) investigate the long- term side effects of corticosteroids and new generation immunosuppressants on the incidence of oral soft tissue disease and on changes in mandibular bone structure; and 2) determine if change in the fractal dimension of mandibular bone predicts change in bone mineral density of various skeletal sites, and may be used as a diagnostic tool to detect osteoporosis in this high risk population. RTRs (N = 360) will be recruited from
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the UCSF kidney post-transplant clinic, and followed at 1-year intervals. Measurements will include an oral soft tissue examination, evaluation of periodontal parameters, vertical bitewing radiographs, and an interview. In addition, fractal analysis will be conducted on dental radiographs and explored in relation to bone mineral density measured on two skeletal sites on a sub-sample of participants by Dr. Majumdar, an Associate Professor in Radiology. The training aspect of the award will be under the guidance of two mentors. Dr. John Greenspan will assist the candidate in learning aspects of molecular immunopathology and immunohistochemistry that are relevant to her research area. Dr. Ira Tager will advise the candidate about methodologic difficulties inherent in a longitudinal study of immunosuppressed subjects with complex medical histories. The candidate earned a PhD in Epidemiology and received post- graduate training in Oral Medicine as part of an individual Dentist Scientist Award. The proposed career development award would allow Dr. Shiboski to apply and expand her skills as a clinical oral epidemiologist to the study of oral disease in a chronically immunosuppressed population with various underlying systemic disorders (e.g., hyperparathyroidism; diabetes). The candidate intends to devote 80 percent effort to the proposed project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF TOOTH ERUPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kapadia, Hitesh P.; Oral Biomaterials; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) This new Mentored Clinical Scientist Award (K08) application requests support for a five-year period of formal research training towards a Ph.D. degree. The candidate is a recent dental graduate with a firm commitment to developing his academic career as a clinician scientist. On completing his Ph.D., the candidate will pursue certificate training in Orthodontics. The career development plan proposes a phased and integrated series of didactic instruction and supervised research training. The overall objectives are to develop the applicant's expertise to conduct independent and creative research in an area of oral biomedical sciences that is relevant to the specialty of Orthodontics. The doctoral research will focus on tooth eruption, a multifactorial process of key signaling interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and the dental follicle. Despite recent advances in identifying some of the molecules involved in tooth eruption there is little known about the precise nature of the eruptive process. The recent discovery that mutations in Cbfa1, a transcription factor, cause a genetic disorder in humans called cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) has opened up a new dimension of research in skeletal biology. In addition to skeletal defects, CCD patients have multiple supernumerary teeth and permanent teeth that fail to erupt. Studies in our laboratory have shown high levels of Cbfa1 mRNA expression in dental follicle cells through all phases of tooth eruption. Interestingly, mice that are heterozygous for the null allele, Cbfa(+/-) mice, reveal a skeletal phenotype that closely resembles human CCD. When compared to Cbfa(+/+) littermates, molars in Cbfa1 (+1-) mice are fully formed but fail to erupt. The proposed studies will use Cbfa1 (+/-) mice as an excellent model to study the failure of eruption in human CCD. The central hypothesis to be tested proposes that Cbfa1 plays a key role in dental follicle-mediated signaling of osteoclasts during tooth eruption. Aim 1 will evaluate the temporo-spatial patterns of Cbfa1 mRNA and protein expression in dental follicle cells during all phases of first mandibular molar eruption using molecular and immunochemical methods. Aim 2 Studies 7
studies will characterize the tooth eruption defect in Cbfa(+/-) mice using histomorphometric and molecular methods. The effect of the partial absence of Cbfa1 on potential downstream target molecules in dental follicle, in particular those involved in osteoclast signaling, will be studied. Aim 3 proposes to evaluate potential defects in osteoclast differentiation and function in Cbfa1(+/-) mice. The effects of the partial absence of Cbfa1 on osteoclast numbers and gene expression will be studied. These data will provide new insights into the role of Cbfa1 in signaling events that are specifically mediated by the dental follicle during tooth eruption and will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of human CCD and other conditions of eruption failure. The proposed research is consistent with the candidate's present level of research experience. Knowledge gained on the basic mechanisms of tooth eruption will prepare the applicant for future involvement in clinical research that will be directed towards the development of therapeutics to aid in the prevention and treatment of anomalies of tooth eruption in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH TRAINING FOR ORAL HEALTH SCIENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Scannapieco, Frank A.; Professor and Associate Chair; Oral Biology; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1975; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is submitted to support the Comprehensive Research Training Program for Oral Health Scientists in response to the NIDCR Program Announcement 00-116. This program will provide research training for well-qualified candidates to prepare them to be leading oral health research faculty in the nation's dental schools and oral health research institutions. A novel feature of the program takes advantage of the recent establishment of The Buffalo Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics. This Center will merge super-computing and visualization technology with expertise in genomics, proteomics, and bioimaging to foster advances in biomedical sciences and health care. Trainees will interact with the Center formally (by requiring bioinformatics course work and by regularly inviting Center faculty to give seminars) and informally (by encouraging collaboration with Center investigators) to enhance bioinformatics approaches in their research projects. The program will be composed of four tracks: 1) The PhD degree track will provide state-of-the-art research training in Oral Biology or in other related disciplines. Students who matriculate in the PhD program may do so at the post-BS, or post-DDS, levels. The PhD/Clinical Residency track will allow DDS trainees to combine PhD training with certificate-level training in one of five clinical dental specialties including endodontics, oral pathology, orthodontics, periodontology, or prosthodontics; 2) The combined DDS/PhD degree track (DSTP) will provide an integrated, dental and graduate research-training program for students to earn both the DDS and PhD degrees; 3) The non-degree postdoctoral research track will provide in-depth experience for trainees to engage in original research that builds upon their doctoral level training; and 4) The short-term track will provide training for a) students enrolled in the DDS program; and b) clinical faculty members to obtain additional training in basic science or clinical research. We provide evidence of enthusiastic and substantial institutional support for trainees after NIH funding ceases. Efforts have been made to acquire additional streams for recruitment of minority trainees into the program. The requested number of trainee slots has been reduced to be consonant with realistic recruitment targets. The proposal also responds
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to a number of other concerns stated in the previous review. We believe this proposal is sufficiently improved so as to allow continuation of a long-standing and successful oral health research training program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: CRANIOFACIAL CONDITIONS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheffetz, Susan; Orthodontics; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Activities during the award period will include three phases to fully prepare the candidate for a career as a clinician scientist. The first phase is the completion of academic course work in preparation for advancing to PhD candidacy, which is part of the research training. During this phase she will also prepare her dissertation proposal. The second phase is her orthodontics residency and continuation of data collection. The third phase is the completion of the PhD in the year following her residency, as well as initiation of a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at UCLA. The table of percentages describes Years 1-4 as 100 percent research, however. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: DENTAL AND ORTHODONTIC ACCESS IN CRANIOFACIAL CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Michael L.; Director; Children's Hospital and Reg Medical Ctr Box 5371, 4800 Sand Point Way Ne, Ms 6D-1 Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ability of children with special health care needs to access dental care is an understudied area. Access to dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders is of particular importance since these children require dental and orthodontic care as a direct result of their medical condition and as an essential part of their reconstructive treatment. The overall objectives of this study are to develop tools to characterize barriers to accessing dental and orthodontic care for patients with craniofacial disorders and to identify potential strategies by which access to care may be improved. With that in mind, four specific aims are proposed. In the first project, instruments will be developed, using information obtained from key informant interviews of patients and families, to identify and characterize barriers to accessing timely and appropriate dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders. In the second project, Washington state Medicaid claims data will be analyzed to characterize dental and orthodontic care utilization and travel distance for care for low-income children with cleft lip and/or palate. Areas of Washington State where Medicaid beneficiaries with craniofacial disorders have difficulty accessing local dental/orthodontic care will be identified. In the third project, a statewide survey will be developed to assess current level of involvement of community orthodontists in caring for children with craniofacial disorders and to identify factors that could potentially promote or impede increased participation in the future. In the final project, models of patient advocacy programs will be identified and collaborations between the Law School and the Craniofacial Center will be developed with the goal of developing an advocacy program aimed at improving access to dental and orthodontic care for children with craniofacial disorders. At the completion of this planning grant period, we will be prepared to implement a large scale assessment to characterize barriers to Studies 9
accessing dental and orthodontic care and their consequences, as well as intervention projects specifically targeted at the barriers we identify. The overarching goal of the subsequent full-scale project will be to improve access to dental and orthodontic care and thus promote optimal outcomes for all children with craniofacial disorders. This model could potentially be applied to children in other states and to other groups of children with special health care needs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD--INSTITUTIONAL (K-16) Principal Investigator & Institution: Genco, Robert J.; Distinguished Professor and Chair; Oral Biology; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: We propose to continue to provide training for dentists which will enable them to become independent clinical investigators addressing problems of importance to oral health. The training program will consist of three components: (1) training in basic sciences, most often leading to a Ph.D. in Oral Biology but may also take other forms such as a Ph.D. in other departments, (2) clinical training most often leading to certification in the clinical specialties of periodontics, Endodontics, Fixed or Removal Prosthodontics or Orthodontics. The third component is clinical investigation in which the candidate applies basic science knowledge to a problem of clinical importance in oral health. The basic science phase will lead to completion of the Ph.D., the clinical portion most often will lead to certification, and the clinical investigation phase will be completed when the courses relevant to this phase and research in a clinical investigation is accomplished independent from research related to the basic science or Ph.D. work. The entire Program will be carried out under the close supervision of a primary mentor who will be the candidate's Ph.D. supervisor. Also, a secondary mentor may be involved who will aid in overseeing the clinical investigation. Each candidate's progress will be monitored with a Student Advisory Committee, and the overall Program will be directed by an Academic Advisory Board made up of representatives from each of the basic science and clinical departments who will be training the candidate. There will also be an External Review Board comprised of prominent scientist/educators from outside the University who will provide advice on the overall Program. Continuation support for the Program is sought from the National Institutes of Health by virtue of the Dentist Scientist Award, however, additional support will be provided by the Dental School of the State University of New York at Buffalo for completion of training if the award is not renewed or if training takes longer than five years. Training will be carried out primarily at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, however, mentors from the School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and the Roswell Park Cancer Institute will also be involved in training where appropriate. Most of the clinical training will take place in the Dental Clinics of the Dental School and the affiliated hospitals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: DENTIST SCIENTIST PROGRAM AWARD--INSTITUTIONAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Squier, Christopher A.; Dows Inst for Dental Research; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2004
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Summary: This application requests support of an existing institutional Dentist Scientist Program so as to provide individuals with dental degrees the opportunity to become independent investigators, capable of applying their research skills to problems of oral and dental disease and competing for external grant support. This program is specifically designed as a consortium effort of basic science and clinical departments which will provide training in three ares: (1) basic science, leading to a Ph.D. degree, either in a basic science department or as an interdisciplinary basic science/dental science degree; (2) clinical training, leading to certification in endodontics, oral pathology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontology, preventive and community dentistry, or prosthodontics. Advanced clinical training will also be available in operative dentistry, oral medicine, and radiology; (3) applied or clinical research in which the candidate will apply basic science knowledge and research techniques to problems relevant to oral and dental health. The Program will have a short Introductory Phase, enabling the candidate to attend Core Courses, identify a research area and to select a mentor. During this stage, he will be supervised by an Ad Hoc Advisory Group. Basic Science Mentors will be drawn from the Scientific Faculty of the Program and will be individuals who have a record of peer- reviewed research and supervision of graduate clinical students. The mentors will supervise the complete training program of the candidates and will chair the Student Advisory Committee constituted for each candidate. Basic science research will be carried out in the Basic Science Departments of the University and in the Dows Institute for Dental Research. There will also be a series of Laboratory Rotations through the research programs of the Dows Institute. Clinical mentors (co-mentors) will direct the advanced clinical training component in the relevant clinical specialty. The final component of the program will involve a period of applied or clinical research which represents application of the basic science training to a clinical problem. The completion of a candidate's training program will be signalled by completion of the Ph.D. program, satisfaction of dental specialty requirements and accomplishment of an applied or clinical research project. The Dentist Scientist Program will be administered by a Director and Associate Director, assisted by a Program Advisory Committee and by three external consultants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: DENTIST-SCIENTIST TRAINING PROGRAM AT UCSF Principal Investigator & Institution: Marshall, Grayson W.; Professor & Chair; Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This proposal requests funding for five years to establish an institutional Dentist Scientist Award (DSA) program at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) School of Dentistry. The program will enroll two DSA trainees annually who will pursue a program that integrates basic science knowledge and a research experience in a subdiscipline (biomaterials, cell interactions and tissue remodelling, craniofacial growth and development, neurobiology, viral and bacterial pathogenesis, host response) embodied within the Ph.D. programs in Oral Biology or Bioengineering. Clinical specialty certification will be obtained in one of six clinical areas: oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontology or prosthodontics. The basic program will require 7 years and proposes augmentation of the 5-years of DSA funding with 2-years support from other sources. The program offers a variety of choices in research areas, individually tailored training programs, dedicated Studies 11
mentoring, and the opportunity for participation in research at the leading edges of biomedical science, with clinical education and training from well established and widely recognized specialty areas of excellence. The program builds on the research and clinical environment at UCSF and specific experiences with advanced training of dentists in their Ph.D. programs, as well as ongoing experiences with individual DSA trainees. Approximately 70 mentors and co-mentors will participate in the program offering scientific and clinical programs and resources. The establishment of the DSA is envisioned as a means of bringing these "diverse elements together to provide a cohesive effort that links and integrates leading edge scientific development with dental care". The overall goal of the proposal is to provide trainees with a much broader scientific and clinical perspective than would be possible by participating in the isolated components of the program. This approach is thought to provide future leadership in the form of dental clinician-scientists in dental medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL BIOMATERIAL FOR ORTHODONTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Maddox, Lora R.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Development of a novel biomaterial for orthodontics The purpose of my research project is to develop and characterize a novel titanium-based biomaterial for orthodontics. Special, physical properties (galling and fretting), elastic, memory and surface characteristics (such as the response of the oxide layer) have been identified which will improve the use of metal based materials in orthodontic tooth movement. In vitro studies will be performed to characterize each material developed and optimize the choice of material. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: EARLY ORTHODONTIC INTERVENTION UNDER MEDICAID Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Gregory J.; Professor and Chairman; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: Orthodontic treatment has become a widely accepted procedure in dentistry. The benefits include improved oral health, function, esthetics and quality of life. Significant disparities exist among income strata regarding access to orthodontic services. The sources of these disparities are complex and may reflect differences in the disease prevalence, gender, cultural biases, perception of problems by this population, economic imperatives and negative perceptions of these patients by orthodontists. The primary objective of this study is to examine the usefulness of early orthodontic intervention as a possible means of increasing access to orthodontic services for children of low-income families. We will examine the effects of early interventions in Medicaid patients using a randomized clinical trial comparing dental, esthetic and psychosocial predictors and outcomes in children who receive early orthodontic treatment and those who do not. This study will also have a follow-up descriptive component, with a matched design, making similar comparisons between Medicaid Founded and privative -pay patients receiving full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Aim 1 will compare orthodontic outcomes, motivations for treatment, expectations from treatment and satisfaction with results between Medicaid participants who receive early orthodontic
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treatment and those who do not. A sub- aim of Aim 1 will compare, in the Medicaid group receiving early treatment, the level of understanding and compliance between subjects given informed consent using an interactive CD-ROM and those receiving routine consenting procedures given one-on-one by an orthodontist. Aim 2 will compare parameters similar to those in Aim 1 in Medicaid-funded and private-pay patients who receive full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Aim 3 will compare these same parameters between Medicaid-funded patients who receive early orthodontic treatment only and Medicaid-funded participants who receive full orthodontic treatment at adolescence. Orthodontic outcomes will be assessed using objective, valid and reliable measures of malocclusion and treatment need (i.e., Peer Assessment Rating and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need). Patient/parent satisfaction, oral health behaviors and values, body image and quality of life will be assessed using instruments that have also been shown to be valid and reliable. It is expected that significantly greater access to orthodontic services could be provided for Medicaid patients by the more widespread use of simpler, more timely interventions. This study will provide data on the trade-off between simple, timely partial treatments aimed at many patients, versus complete full treatments aimed only at the most severely affected patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: HEADGEAR MONITORING FOR ORTHODONTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramsay, Douglas S.; Associate Professor; Northwest Radiography, P.S. 1515 116Th Ave Ne, Ste 108 Bellevue, Wa 98004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (taken from the abstract) The goal of this Phase II Small Business Technology Transfer Grant Application is to build and evaluate a commercial quality orthodontic Headgear Monitoring System that provides a quantitative measure of a patient's headgear use (both time and force). The Headgear Monitoring System consists of a headgear monitor, a communications interface dock, and user-friendly software. The headgear monitor uses a low-energy consumption, battery-powered microprocessor and sensors to assess the use of the orthodontic headgear. The reliability of the headgear monitor will be evaluated in a series of lab tests. Clinical evaluation of the monitors will take place in four private orthodontic offices. Forty-eight children will use the headgear monitor for six months as part of their ongoing orthodontic care. Headgear use data will be collected at each orthodontic appointment for statistical analysis of reliability. Patients, parents, and orthodontists will be interviewed about the design and functionality of the Headgear Monitoring System. The headgear monitor has been designed not only to measure headgear wear but to enhance it. Psychological research suggests that the simple act of "monitoring" behavior improves patient compliance with therapeutic regimens. Feedback on compliance will be readily available to patients, parents, and orthodontists. Improving compliance with headgear wear may have clinically beneficial consequences. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF SLIDING MECHANICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kusy, Robert P.; Orthodontics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Studies 13
Summary: Each year 1.5 million people visit the orthodontist to have their teeth straightened. During treatment these patients will likely require some space closure or regaining via sliding mechanics. Unfortunately the uncertainty of frictional forces complicates the practitioner's best efforts to move teeth. Consequently, the patient's well-being is somewhat compromised by enhancing the likelihood of dental carries, inflammation, etc.-- all as a result of increased treatment time. The traditional problem is further complicated by the addition of new materials that practitioners know little about with regard to their sliding mechanics. The combination of these two problems presents investigators with the opportunity to address both problems with a common goal: That tooth movement could be better managed if a systematic scientific approach were coupled with the practice of orthodontics. As a first step to improve the delivery of daily care to millions of orthodontic patients, an in vitro investigation of second-order sliding mechanics is proposed. Given that sliding mechanics involves two configurations, one in which clearance between archwire and the bracket exists and another in which no clearance exists, a demarcation point can be identified that is dependent on the geometry of the archwire-bracket combination. Using a three-tooth model, the resistance to sliding will be measured in both configurations in order to delineate the demarcation boundary and the frictional magnitudes in the dry and wet states. Novel materials (titanium brackets and composite archwires) and conventional orthodontic materials (stainless steel, nickel-titanium, beta-titanium, polycrystalline alumina, and single crystal sapphire) will be measured. To assess the influence of geometric dimensions on the sliding proficiency, the critical contact angle, the intrabracket dimension, and the interbracket distance will be measured with clinical appliances by simulating the closure of diastemas or serial extraction sites. The influence of four key biomaterial parameters (hardness, yield strength, elastic modulus, and surface roughness) on the resistance to sliding will also be measured by using or modifying existing archwire materials. From these outcomes simplifying interactions will be identified, and a second-order sliding mechanics model will be devised that is based upon structural mechanics, dimensional analyses, and finite element analyses. Using a panel of clinical experts, these in vitro outcomes will be presented and evaluated against their clinical experiences, and future in vivo trials will be proposed. Ultimately the patient will benefit as the practitioner will learn new facts about sliding in order to reduce treatment time and to enhance clinical practice as novel principles guide the state-of-the art of this specialty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: INFLUENCES ON STABILITY FOLLOWING ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Proffit, William R.; Professor and Chairman; Orthodontics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Despite the success of treating dentofacial deformities using orthodontics and surgery, some types of deformities still cannot be corrected with predictable results, long-term stability, and patient satisfaction. The goals of this proposal are to delineate the risk factors associated with long term instability after treatment, and to clarify the ultimate outcomes of the treatment of dentofacial deformity, using and enlarging the extensive University of North Carolina database. Data on the long-term skeletal and dental changes and the patients evaluation of these changes will be examined for three purposes: (1) to more clearly differentiate the patient-perceived and objective outcomes
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of orthognathic surgery vs. Orthodontics alone in the treatment of dentofacial deformity; (2) to place both short- and long-term risks of both types of treatment in perspective so that patients can make more informed choices between alternative approaches; and (3) to clarify the circumstances in orthognathic surgery that allow outpatient (day-op) care as opposed to inpatient hospitalization by evaluating both the objective and patient perceived experience and adverse events that occur in each of these settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: INSTITUTIONAL DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Jeffcoat, Marjorie K.; Dean & Professor of Periodontics; Periodontology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The goal of this proposed institutional Dentist Scientist Award Program is to train independent investigators for careers in dental research. The Dentist Scientist Award Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham is a true multidisciplinary program. The clinical and research training is thoroughly integratrd so that the candidate will mature in both the research and clinical aspects of the program at a similar rate. The awarding of the Ph.D. and the clinical certificate will occur simultaneously at the end of the fifth year. This program has been designed to build on the strengths of the research and clinical faculty at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Essentially, there are two broad areas of strength which are biomedical sciences and physical sciences (including materials research). The candidate will be able to select research training in either biomedical or physical sciences. In the biomedical research track, researching training culminating in the Ph.D. degree will be taken in the departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology (which also includes immunology), or Cell Biology and Anatomy. In the physical sciences track, the Ph.D. degree is available in Biomedical Engineering (with concentrations in Instrumentation and Control, or Biomechanics), Materials Engineering or Materials Sciences. An extensive advisory and supervisory system has been developed which will ensure excellent students are recruited and that once recruited each student will have an individually tailored program that will best meet the career goals of the candidate. Clinical training will be available in orthodontics, prosthodontics, pediatric dentistry, radiology or periodontics. A principal clinical mentor has been designated for each specialty area who is in the model of the dentist scientist. The extensive advisory system is aimed at assuring that the candidate will have "balance" between the clinical and research components and that the resultant trainee will have a true interest in dental research and the skills to successfully pursue that interest. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: INSTITUTIONAL DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Olsen, Bjorn R.; Hersey Professor of Cell Biology; Oral Pathology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: This application proposes in-depth training program under the guidelines of the Institutional Dentist Scientist Award. Dentists who are planning to pursue full-time academic positions will be actively recruited from throughout the U.S. and trained to Studies 15
become independent investigators and clinical scientists. The training program will interdigitate three major components: advanced basic science development, advanced clinical science development and a supervised research experience. The advanced basic science development will be gained through the Doctor of Medical Sciences in Oral Biology degree program. The doctoral degree program is also offered with a concentration in Oral Epidemiology for trainees pursuing epidemiology research and training. This doctoral program contains required coursework, a preliminary examination, thesis proposal defense and thesis defense. The advanced clinical science development will be gained through the clinical departments at HSDM. Trainees may pursue specialty training in Orthodontics, oral pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontics, or Prosthodontics. Or trainees may pursue clinical training in our new combined Implant Dentistry/Prosthodontics program. Training is also available in General Dentistry. Trainees pursuing clinical training in Oral Surgery or Prosthodontic/Implant Dentistry will require a longer time period. The supervised research experience will be gained through the Research Faculty drawn from throughout Harvard and its affiliated institutions. Each trainee will have a Research Mentor who is an individual capable of guiding and instructing the trainee in becoming an independent investigator. The Training Program will be overall directed by the Committee on Postdoctoral Education and on a day to day basis by the Program Director and his DSA Core Advisory Committee. Trainees will submit and defend a Doctoral thesis, complete a broad range of formal coursework, complete clinical training requirements, and have at least two years of research training. Neither the clinical certificate or the degree will be awarded until all requirements for both have been met. Overall the program proposed in this application should allow us to capably train leaders for our profession for the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: INTEGRINS AND ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Dolce, Calogero; Orthodontics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The steps leading from the application of orthodontic forces to a tooth and the remodeling events that accompany tooth movement are not well understood. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves two processes - bone deposition by osteoblasts that become activated on the tension side of the socket and bone resorption by osteoclasts on the pressure side. The kinetics of tooth movement after application of orthodontic forces can be divided into three phases: an initial tipping phase where cells are activated; a lag phase when osteoclasts are recruited to the site and begin to resorb bone and finally, the post-lag phase when tooth movement occurs. The complex cell- matrix interactions that occur in the microenvironment of the tooth socket during OTM involve a family of adhesion molecules called integrins. These molecules have been shown to play a role in periodontal homeostasis and disease progression. Importantly, blocking of the integrin receptor with compounds like echistatin, inhibits osteoclast attachment to bone and consequently inhibits bone resorption. These studies will use a rat model of experimentally-induced OTM to test the fundamental hypothesis that signal detection by integrin receptors is essential to maintain adequate numbers and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts for increased alveolar bone turnover to occur during orthodontic tooth movement. Aim 1 experiments will examine the kinetics of OTM in this model following the use of a synthetic RGD peptide. Aim 2 experiments will assess the rate and extent of alveolar bone turnover using histomorphometric
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means. These data may demonstrate the usefulness of the RGD peptide in modulating both bone formation and resorption during OTM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: MECHANICAL LOADING OF BONE AND PROSTAGLANDINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pilbeam, Carol C.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 11-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading is a fundamental tenet of bone biology. The importance of mechanical loading for the homeostasis of bone turnover and the maintenance of skeletal integrity are emphasized in osteoporosis prevention programs. Mechanical stimuli are essential to therapies in orthodontics and orthopedics. Nevertheless, very little is known about the pathways leading from mechanical stimuli to altered gene transcription. A popular hypothesis is that mechanical strains generate interstitial fluid flow within the mineralized bone matrix, which subsequently exerts shear stress on cellular membranes. Previous studies suggest that prostaglandins (PGs) can mediate some of the anabolic effects of mechanical loading on bone, and fluid shear stress (FSS) can stimulate production of PGs via induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The goal of this application is to elucidate pathways by which FSS induces COX-2 in osteoblastic cells and to examine the role of COX-2 in mediating effects of FSS. This research application takes advantage of an unusual large-scale flow chamber and mice transgenic for the COX-2 promoter-fused to a luciferase reporter (Pluc). We will characterize the induction of COX-2 by FSS in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and in primary osteoblasts. Transcriptional regulation will be studied in MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with Pluc constructs and in primary osteoblasts from Pluc transgenic mice. We will test the hypothesis that the FSS induction of COX-2 transcription in osteoblasts occurs via protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated activation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Using site-directed mutagenesis and 5'-sequential deletion analysis, we will examine the roles of putative cis-acting sites, including a "shear stress response element" and an AP-1 binding site, in mediating the FSS induction of COX-2 promoter activity. We will look for effects of FSS on primary osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and expression of factors supporting osteoclastogenesis. To assess the role of COX-2 in these effects, we will use primary osteoblasts from mice with the COX-2 gene disrupted. Finally, we will develop mice transgenic for the COX-2 promoter fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP). These mice will be subjected to brief periods of loading following hind limb unloading (tail suspension) and histology for GFP fluorescence done to identify bone cells expressing COX-2 in response to loading. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES FOR CRANIOFACIAL SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Troulis, Maria J.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: The importance of patient-oriented research (POR) in guiding therapy, applying innovative therapies and in evaluating outcomes is well documented. Due to a shortage of investigators trained to conduct rigorous POR in the field of Studies 17
oral/maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), the literature consists largely of case-reports and lacks controlled studies. The goal of this project is to develop a mentored POR program in the exciting field of minimally invasive approaches for the correction of craniofacial deformities. The candidate is a board certified Oral/Maxillofacial Surgeon, Director of the Program in Minimally Invasive OMFS at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Instructor in OMFS at Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM), and she is committed to a career in academic OMFS as a clinician-scientist. The research environment for execution of this program is ideal: The Department is one of the leading research OMFS units in the U.S; The mentors are internationally established investigators in the fields of Pediatric OMFS, Craniofacial Surgery, Maxillofacial Trauma and Skeletal Biology; The extensive resources available to the candidate include the MGH Clinical Research Program, the Center for Innovative Minimally Invasive Therapy, HSDM and Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). The two broad goals of this award are: 1. To help the PI to develop as an independent clinician-scientist in POR; competent in the principles and practice of analytic clinical investigation: 2.To initiate research projects translating laboratory studies into clinical practice in the area of minimally invasive approaches for the correction of craniofacial deformities. The following Specific Aims are proposed and address both the career development and the mentored POR aspects of the award: #1. The PI will attend didactic courses relevant to clinical investigation in the Dept. of Epidemiology (HSPH) and in the Dept. of Clinical Research (MGH). #2. Under the supervision of her mentors, the PI will conduct- rigorous, analytic POR projects. The research program will be focused on translation of laboratory and preliminary clinical data into clinical trials in the area of minimally invasive surgery for correction of craniofacial deformities. The focus of the research will be to compare outcomes of conventional treatment to: 2A. endoscopic reduction and rigid fixation of mandibular subcondylar fractures; 2B. endoscopic reconstruction of the mandibular ramus/condyle unit; 2C. endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation for mandibular setback; 2D. mandibular advancement by distraction osteogenesis. This award will provide the PI with protected time to develop the skills and experience necessary to become an independent investigator with the ability to conduct high quality patient-oriented translational research the new and exciting field of minimally invasive OMFS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: MINNESOTA DENTIST SCIENTIST AWARD PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Herzberg, Mark C.; Professor; Polymer Science & Engineering; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The University of Minnesota aims to recruit dentists for a program of didactic and advanced basic research training and advanced clinical training. In the Minnesota Dentist-Scientist Award (DSA) program, a Ph.D. in Oral Biology will formalize didactic and research training. DSA fellows will select one of five research training areas (RTAs) as defined by dental research needs and Minnesota faculty strengths: Microbiology and Immunology; Biophysical Sciences; Neurosciences; Pathobiology; and Mineralized and Connective Tissues. A graduate faculty dental scientist from an RTA will be a mentor to the DSA fellow. The application highlights 37 potential mentors, of whom 22 are appointed in the School of Dentistry. The Ph.D. program will be integrated by calendar, leadership, organizational structure, mentor responsibility, and philosophy with ongoing NIH/NIDR postdoctoral research training programs at Minnesota and the DSA
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fellow's advanced clinical training (ACT) program. There are 10 ACT programs, including four innovative disciplines particularly suited for academic and research careers. The Minnesota ACT programs are Periodontology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Endodontics, Prosthodontics, Orthodontics, Operative Dentistry, Oral Health Services for Older Adults (OHSOA), Temporomandibular Joint and Craniofacial Pain (TMJ-CP), and Cleft Palate, Maxillofacial Therapy and Craniofacial Anomalies (CP- MT-CA). The ACT programs included by the DSA Working Group have strong academic records. Many clinical faculty are also Graduate Faculty of the University with recognized research and scholarly accomplishment. The administration of the Minnesota DSA program will ensure that state-of-the-art training is provided to outstanding DSA fellows. The program will be directed by Mark C. Herzberg, D.D.S., Ph.D. An associate director, DSA Advisory Committee and an External Advisory Committee will provide administrative guidance, support, and program analysis. In summary, the Minnesota DSA program will provide highly trained dentist-- scientists to work at the leading-edge of basic and clinical dental research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF TOOTH ERUPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wise, Gary E.; Professor and Head; Veterinary Anatomy & Cell Biol; Louisiana State Univ A&M Col Baton Rouge Office of Sponsored Programs Baton Rouge, La 70803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 05-APR-2003 Summary: The dental follicle, a loose connective tissue sac which surrounds the tooth, is required for eruption, and along with the adjacent stellate reticulum (SR), contains genes coding for the probable eruption molecules. A cascade of molecular signals in which there is cross-talk between the follicle and SR may initiate the cellular events of eruption; namely, early postnatal recruitment of mononuclear cells to the follicle to form osteoclasts needed for bone resorption to form the eruption pathway. Thus, it is the objective of this proposal to determine if certain of these molecules present in vivo are required for eruption and what is the role of such molecules in initiating the cellular events. To that end, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a molecule present in the dental follicle, will be injected into rats to determine its effect on the time of eruption and its ability to recruit the mononuclear cells into the follicle. The ability of the follicle cells to secrete MCP-1 in response to other putative eruption molecules also will be determined. Two molecules present in the SR, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), may signal molecules in the follicle to initiate eruption. Injections of these molecules, use of null mice devoid of the receptor gene for IL-1alpha, and analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection assay techniques all will be used to determine if these molecules are necessary for eruption, as well as determining how they affect gene expression and mononuclear cell numbers. Gene expression and immunolocalization of interleukin-6 in the follicle also will be examined. By determining what local molecular signals are required for eruption, an understanding of why teeth sometimes do not erupt (e.g., third molars in humans) may be gained. In turn, molecular treatment may someday be used to induce impacted teeth to erupt, as well as perhaps initiate tooth movement that often is required in orthodontics. Additionally, because bone resorption is required for eruption, these studies also will provide answers about the molecular basis of alveolar bone resorption, an understanding of which is critical in treatment of periodontal diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen Studies 19
• Project Title: NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIFIED TISSUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gallagher, Richard R.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: In July of 1997, we appointed Dr. Richard Gallagher to this institutional DSA, who is pursuing an integrated program combining the PhD in bioengineering with specialty training in orthodontics. Dr. Gallagher received his civil engineering training at Arizona State University (BSCE, 1986; MSC 3, 1988) and subsequently entered dental school at UCSF. Following completion of his DDS, he became the first dental student to be accepted into the intercampus PhD program in bioengineering at UCSF and UC- Berkeley. Previously supported by training grants in bioengineering and oral biology. Dr. Gallagher passed his PhD qualifying examination in 1997 and has focused on clinical orthodontics for the past two years as part of his specialty training in orthodontics at our neighbor school, the University of the Pacific, in a unique inter-university program. These efforts have also included a substantial clinical research effort that resulted in several 1999 IADR presentations. He has necessarily had a m ore limited effort in his dissertation research in the area of nanomechanical properties of calcified tissues in Dr. Grayson Marshall's laboratory, but will focus more on this activity beginning in the summer of 1999. As noted previously, his work in this area was presented at the 1998 AADR (please see section C, Publications). Dr. Gallagher is making good progress in all aspects of his integrated DSA program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: NUCLEAR CO-ACTIVATORS IN DEVELOPING CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Philipose, John; Mol/Cell/Craniofacial Biology; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this application is to seek training support for a well-defined period of specialized study that will enable the applicant to develop into an outstanding clinician and research scientist. The applicant's commitment to a career in laboratory research is substantial and, in the judgment of the candidate's mentors, his potential to develop into an independent investigator is excellent. A comprehensive six-year plan for the applicant's training program is presented in the current application. The training program includes didactic coursework and supervised basic science research experiences that will culminate in attainment of the PhD degree in Pharmacology &Toxicology, as well as completion of specialized postgraduate residency training in Orthodontics. A senior, well-funded, and experienced basic science research mentor and a clinical mentor with substantial research experience have been identified to provide cohesion and integration of the scientific growth and development of the applicant. A detailed research thesis proposal is presented in the current application that integrates the applicant's research training area (molecular mechanisms of craniofacial growth) with his orthodontic clinical training and future interests in academic dentistry. One hundred percent of the applicant's full-time professional effort, as outlined in the training program proposed in the current application, will be devoted to the goals of this K08 award. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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• Project Title: RAMP INVOLVEMENT IN PTH REGULATION OF BONE METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Nervina, Jeanne M.; Orthodontics; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposed study is to provide the Principal Investigator, Jeanne M. Nervina, DMD, PhD, with the opportunity to develop as an independent researcher to complement her clinical training in orthodontics. Her training will be conducted under the guidance of the project's sponsors, Dr, Sotirios Tetradis and Dr. Harvey Herschman. Dr. Nervina's career goal is to pursue an academic career and establish herself as an independent dentist scientist conducting molecular biology research, mentoring students at all levels, and practicing orthodontics. Bone quality and quantity are important indicators of orofacial pathology and are predictors of outcome success for many dental surgical procedures. Uncoupled activity of bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts produce significant changes in bone metabolism. Our rationale is that understanding the molecular mechanisms of bone metabolism will greatly impact medicine and dentistry. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has significant anabolic effects on bone, yet we do not understand the molecular mediators of these effects. We have identified receptor activity modifying protein 3 (RAMP3) as a PTH-induced primary gene in mouse osteoblasts. In preliminary studies we found that PTH also regulates RAMP1, but not RAMP2, mRNA levels in mouse osteoblasts. RAMP1, 2, and 3 are critical coactivators of calcitonin and calcitonin receptor-like receptors. Ligands for these receptors have significant anabolic effects on bone. We hypothesize that RAMP proteins participate in PTH's anabolic effect on osteoblasts. To test our hypothesis we propose three Specific Aims. (1) We will characterize PTH- induced RAMP1 and RAMP3 gene expression in mouse osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo. (2) Adenoviruses expressing RAMP1 and RAMP3 will be generated to assess the role of these genes in regulating osteoblast phenotype. (3) RAMP1 and RAMP3 transgenic mice will be generated using the COL1A1 promoter to target transgene expression to osteoblasts. Each mouse line will be studied for changes in bone phenotype at the gross, cellular, and molecular levels. These studies will help us understand the mechanisms of PTH-induced RAMP1 and RAMP3 gene expression and they will unveil the impact of these genes on osteoblast function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: SENSORY SUBSTITUTION SYSTEM FOR BLIND CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kamm, Kathi L.; Wicab, Inc. 3510 W Beltline Hwy Middleton, Wi 53562 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-JUN-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: This is a phase SBIR application to test the functionality of a electrotactile tongue stimulation system designed to be used as a substitute for vision by blind children. The device maps processed video signals into an array of electrodes that stimulate the tongue. The electrode array can be built into an orthodontic dental retainer or a pacifier, in the case of infants. Phase 1 is designed to validate the approach of tongue stimulation by evaluating the Outcome of training children to learn to "see" with a prototype device. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen Studies 21
• Project Title: SENSORY SUBSTITUTION SYSTEMS FOR BLIND MOBILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tyler, Mitchell E.; Wicab, Inc. 3510 W Beltline Hwy Middleton, Wi 53562 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-JUN-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this project is to develop a practical, cosmetically acceptable substitute for visual information that will improve the spatial cognition and overall functional abilities of blind individuals across the life span. Phase 1 showed that the tongue-based system exceeded expectations. Specifically, two of the children began to spontaneously report perception of gray scale. This capability makes it possible to consider use of the system beyond the relatively static and high-contrast training environment to use of a mobile/wearable system in natural environments. Thus the system could be of great value for enhancing function in the crucial area of Orientation and Mobility (O&M). This Phase II proposal is to build the portable TVSS and continue development and testing on two fronts. We will extend the work to adults while expanding upon the work already done with children. The primary emphasis for this phase will be on examining the utility of the TVSS for O&M training. Specific Aims include: (1)- to develop and test a portable TVSS for spatial orientation and mobility with blind adults and children. The device will be improved to allow full mobility: a small TV camera will be mounted on the edge of a pair of glasses or in a hat. All of the electronics in a cigarette-pack size box to be worn on the waist or built into a hat. The in- mouth retainer will include the electrotactile 160-point array. A thin flexible cable will link the two. A second instrumentation option will be explored: a microbolometer will be mounted on the hat to explore the feasibility of using a long-wave infra-red image capture instead of a video camera. (2)- to evaluate use and utility of the system in 3 discreet skill areas: a) Orient and walk to a pole or walk signal 24-30 feet without veering, b) Shore-line buildings and identify open doors, c) Shoreline a curved sidewalk and identify intersecting sidewalks. (3)- to explore and examine the potential use of TVSS in two skill areas that pose particular difficulty for blind individuals: a) finding an open seat on a bus or in a hall. b) orienting in open spaces where shoreline cues are not present. (4)- to determine the operational characteristics of the pre-product prototype and to begin commercialization efforts. (5)- to prepare reports for publication and dissemination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: THE GENETIC BASIS OF HUMAN TOOTH AGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frazier-Bowers, Sylvia A.; Orthodontics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Sylvia A. Frazier-Bowers is applying for a new K23 mentored research grant to develop a career as an independent patient-oriented clinical investigator. The research and career development plans described here will combine Dr. Frazier-Bowers' training in orthodontics and genetics and facilitate her development into a competent investigator of the human genetics of the craniofacial complex. The objectives of this proposal are to develop the candidate's expertise in conducting original and significant research of the genetic basis of congenitally missing teeth (tooth agenesis), an area of great relevance to the field of orthodontics. Despite recent advances using genetic and molecular approaches in humans and mice, little is known about the genes involved in human tooth agenesis. Determining the molecular basis for tooth agenesis is critical to the investigator's understanding of the pathogenesis
22 Orthodontics
of this defect, and will provide the basis for improved treatment modalities. Mutations in two genes, MSX1 and PAX9, have been identified in association with non-syndromic familial tooth agenesis. Specifically, studies in their laboratory led to the discovery that an insertion mutation in PAX9 causes molar oligodontia. They have subsequently identified two more novel mutations responsible for molar oligodontia. Based on these studies, they hypothesize that tooth agenesis arises from mutations in genes involved in tooth development, particularly MSX1 and PAX9. The long-term goals of this research are to elucidate the genetic etiology of human tooth agenesis. Aim 1 will identify, clinically characterize, and collect samples from individuals and/or families with multiple members demonstrating patterns of congenitally missing teeth. They will expand their recently established database of 134 individuals through continual screening efforts and by laterally extending the pedigrees of individuals currently identified. DNA will be harvested from blood or buccal cell samples collected from these families. Aim 2 proposes to use the collected samples to identify MSX1 and PAX9 mutations associated with molar oligodontia by sequencing these genes in 28 patients affected with molar oligodontia. These studies will help to determine if these two genes are responsible for the majority of cases of molar oligodontia, or if other key candidate genes such as LEF1, or BMP4 are responsible in some cases. Aim 3 will utilize a genome- wide screen to determine the chromosomal location of the gene causing non-syndromic mandibular incisor agenesis. Aim 4 proposes to screen candidate genes in the chromosomal region identified in Aim 3 to determine the cause of mandibular incisor agenesis. Thus, determining the genetic basis of specific patterns of tooth agenesis as proposed here has significant implications for the possible treatment of both acquired and inherited loss of teeth. This research is central to the career goals of the applicant, which are to perform independent and original research that is relevant to identifying genetic factors that lead to orthodontic problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROTEIN FOLDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Shakhnovich, Eugene I.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: We propose to develop next generation of theory of protein folding that will be quantitative up to single residue resolution level. The theory will provide kinetic and thermodynamic "fingerprints" of major protein folds outlining which residues are most important for thermodynamic stabilization and which ones are kinetic "accelerator pedals". This will help to rationalize the emerging evolutionary data from multiple sequence alignments of natural proteins. In pursuing this goal we will develop a series of important techniques and theoretical approaches such as efficient Monte-Carlo protein design, analytical theory of sequence selection in proteins and fold designability, an evolutionary algorithm for selection of most kinetically competent sequences of real protein folds. Further, we will develop analytical theory and simulations to provide full rationale to the nucleation mechanism of folding, including the most important issue of what are the determinants of protein folding nucleus. As a corollary to this effort we will carry out experimental studies of protein "surgery" and "orthodontics" whereby we will transplant folding nucleus of a fast-folding protein ADA2h into its slow-folding structural homolog AcP in order to dramatically raise the folding rate of the latter. Furthermore we will test the theory of nucleation by experimental studies of villin Studies 23
where we will rationally redesign folding nucleus into aromatic core and will study functional, kinetic and thermodynamic consequences of nucleus shifts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: TIMING OF TREATMENT FOR CLASS II MALOCCLUSIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wheeler, Timothy T.; Professor & Chairman; Orthodontics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-MAR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (from the abstract) This application is for continuation support of an ongoing prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) examining the effectiveness, costs and benefits of two general strategies that are prevalent today for the timing of treatment of Class II malocclusions. The first, a dual phase treatment, calls for intervention during the preadolescent years (ages 8-11) with limited goals that include correction of the molar distocclusion, improvement of the overjet/overbite relationships and incisor alignment, usually followed by a more definitive intervention during adolescence (ages 12-15) designed to finish and detail the result. The second strategy, a single phase treatment, accomplishes the entire correction during the adolescent years. The relative effectiveness of the two approaches to Class II treatment have not been compared, especially in the long-term. The effect on the dental outcome, the esthetic outcome, the periodontal tissues, the temporomandibular joint or the psychosocial effect on the subjects in the long-term have never been examined. Whether initial severity of the malocclusion influences the outcome is also unclear. In addition, the benefits and the risks of these two strategies are not well understood. Clinicians treat using one approach or the other, based more on office convenience or personal biases than on clinical evidence. This research will provide the practicing clinician information to appropriately advise the parents of prospective patients concerning either approach. During the initial funding period (Phase 1 of the RCT), methods were implemented to compare early treatment with bionators and headgears, with and without retention, to no early treatment in the broadest possible way to produce data on effectiveness and relative cost (risk) and benefit. During the second funding period, the second phase of definite orthodontic treatment was completed on the early-treated subjects as well as the control subjects. This application for the 3rd phase of the RCT will demonstrate the considerable progress already made toward achieving current aims and provide evidence that methods/subjects are in place after 9 years to ensure completion of Phase 2 of the RCT and justify continuation for a 3rd funding period. This continuation application proposes three additional specific aims: 1. Compare stability and long-term treatment affects on the oral health of subjects receiving single phase versus dual phase correction of Class II malocclusion. 2. Compare oral health status and attitudes towards dental health, orthodontics, and concepts of self-image between subjects who participated in the Class II RCT with those who qualified and did not participate. 3. Develop predictive and mechanistic multivariate models to evaluate the effectiveness of single versus dual phase correction of Class II malocclusion using multivariate regression models, fuzzy analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
24 Orthodontics
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed
One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with orthodontics, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for orthodontics (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): • A critical view of treatment priority indices in orthodontics. Author(s): Mohlin B, Kurol J. Source: Swed Dent J. 2003; 27(1): 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704944&dopt=Abstract
• A mandatory 3-year orthodontic postgraduate program and the American board of orthodontics: what's the connection? Author(s): Moskowitz EM. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 July; 124(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12867892&dopt=Abstract
• A stochastic evaluation of the decision to specialize in orthodontics. Author(s): Straja SR, Klatte KJ, Montgomery GL, Tuncay OC. Source: Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2003 February; 6(1): 20-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627793&dopt=Abstract
• Accelerated orthodontics--adults demand it! Author(s): Kammer C. Source: Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2002 Summer; 13(2): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116769&dopt=Abstract
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication. Studies 25
• Achieving facial harmony through orthodontics. Author(s): Keim RG. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 2002 November; 30(11): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455754&dopt=Abstract
• Advances in orthodontics. Author(s): Tuncay OC. Source: Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2002 August; 5(3): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194660&dopt=Abstract
• Advances in orthodontics. Author(s): Cunningham SJ, Jones SP, Hodges SJ, Horrocks EN, Hunt NP, Moseley HC, Noar JH. Source: Primary Dental Care : Journal of the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (Uk). 2002 January; 9(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901790&dopt=Abstract
• Aesthetic orthodontics--an immediate camouflage solution for treatment of the anterior region. Author(s): Tulchinsky M. Source: Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2003 January-February; 15(1): 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680062&dopt=Abstract
• Are pre-treatment psychological characteristics influenced by pre-surgical orthodontics? Author(s): Cunningham SJ, Gilthorpe MS, Hunt NP. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2001 December; 23(6): 751-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890070&dopt=Abstract
• Assessing the economic return of specializing in orthodontics or oral and maxillofacial surgery. Author(s): Cordes DW, Doherty N, Lopez R. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 December; 132(12): 1679- 84; Quiz 1725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780986&dopt=Abstract
• Augmentation of an anterior edentulous ridge for fixed prosthodontics with combined use of orthodontics and surgery: a clinical report. Author(s): Capri D, Albehbehani Y, Smukler H. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2003 August; 90(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886203&dopt=Abstract
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• Automated custom-manufacturing technology in orthodontics. Author(s): Kuo E, Miller RJ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 May; 123(5): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750680&dopt=Abstract
• Belle Maudsley Lecture 2001. Risk management in orthodontics--making clinical practice safer. Author(s): Nightingale C. Source: Dent Update. 2001 November; 28(9): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806186&dopt=Abstract
• Bone induction in clinical orthodontics: a review. Author(s): Wong RK, Hagg EU, Rabie AB, Lau DW. Source: Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2002; 17(2): 140-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099318&dopt=Abstract
• Breakthrough treatment: orthodontics made easier, faster, and more beautiful. Author(s): Witzig J. Source: Dent Today. 2000 August; 19(8): 64-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524746&dopt=Abstract
• Cerec 3 for orthodontics: a tool for treating deep bite. Author(s): Muratore F, Varvara G, Tripodi D, de Simone R, Pascetta C, Festa F. Source: Int J Comput Dent. 2002 January; 5(1): 25-31. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244831&dopt=Abstract
• Clinical applications of appliance therapy in the general practice, Part 1. Interceptive orthodontics in children. Author(s): Veis R. Source: Dent Today. 2003 May; 22(5): 120-3; Quiz 123,. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778682&dopt=Abstract
• Clinical trials in orthodontics I: demographic details of clinical trials published in three orthodontic journals between 1989 and 1998. Author(s): Harrison JE. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 March; 30(1): 25-30; Discussion 21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644604&dopt=Abstract
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• Constant versus dissipating forces in orthodontics: the effect on initial tooth movement and root resorption. Author(s): Weiland F. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 August; 25(4): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938838&dopt=Abstract
• Current challenges and future dilemmas facing the orthodontic profession. Proceedings of a Workshop, The College of Diplomates of the American Board of Orthodontics. Sun Valley, Idaho, July 21-25, 2001. Author(s): Bishara SE, Nemeth R. Source: Angle Orthod. 2002 February; 72(1): 88-90. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843279&dopt=Abstract
• Current products and practice section: religious, cultural, and ethical dilemmas in orthodontics. Author(s): Mattick CR. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 March; 30(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644613&dopt=Abstract
• Digital records in orthodontics. Author(s): Sandler J. Source: Pa Dent J (Harrisb). 2001 November-December; 68(6): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509024&dopt=Abstract
• Digital records in orthodontics. Author(s): Sandler PJ, Murray AM, Bearn D. Source: Dent Update. 2002 January-February; 29(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890018&dopt=Abstract
• Do we need practitioner training schemes in orthodontics? Author(s): Ireland AJ. Source: Dent Update. 2001 December; 28(10): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862856&dopt=Abstract
• Does orthodontics damage faces? Author(s): DiBiase AT, Sandler PJ. Source: Dent Update. 2001 March; 28(2): 98-102, 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819964&dopt=Abstract
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• EICO-1: an orthodontist-maintained expert system in clinical orthodontics. Author(s): Poon KC, Freer TJ. Source: Aust Orthod J. 1999 April; 15(4): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933356&dopt=Abstract
• E-orthodontics 2002. Author(s): Cook RG. Source: Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg. 2002 October; 16: 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507138&dopt=Abstract
• Esthetics and ethics in orthodontics. Author(s): Georgaklis CC. Source: Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2002 Winter; 13(4): 7; Author Reply 7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572110&dopt=Abstract
• Esthetics and ethics in orthodontics. Author(s): Champagne M. Source: Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2002 Fall; 13(3): 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360647&dopt=Abstract
• Evidence-based orthodontics and the Twin-block appliance. Author(s): Trenouth MJ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 March; 121(3): 13A-14A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941334&dopt=Abstract
• Evidence-based orthodontics. Author(s): Isaacson RJ. Source: Angle Orthod. 2002 December; 72(6): Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518940&dopt=Abstract
• Evidence-based orthodontics. Author(s): Kalha AS. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 March; 121(3): 13A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941335&dopt=Abstract
Studies 29
• In search of anatomic truth: 3-dimensional digital modeling and the future of orthodontics. Author(s): Harrell WE Jr, Hatcher DC, Bolt RL. Source: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002 September;122(3):325-30. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 January;123(1):93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226616&dopt=Abstract
• Instant orthodontics: viable treatment option or “quick fix” cop-out? Author(s): Heymann HO, Kokich VG. Source: Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry : Official Publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry. [et Al.]. 2002; 14(5): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405581&dopt=Abstract
• Instructional multimedia programs for self-directed learning in undergraduate and postgraduate training in orthodontics. Author(s): Aly M, Willems G, Carels C, Elen J. Source: European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. 2003 February; 7(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542685&dopt=Abstract
• Interproximal reduction and lower incisor extraction in adult aesthetic orthodontics. Author(s): Georgagklis C. Source: Dent Today. 2000 May; 19(5): 74-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524764&dopt=Abstract
• Introducing orthodontics into the dental lab. Author(s): Inman D. Source: J Dent Technol. 2001 July-August; 18(5): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933715&dopt=Abstract
• Introduction to orthodontics to a full-service dental laboratory, Part II. Fabrication of a space maintainer. Author(s): Inman D. Source: J Dent Technol. 2001 October; 18(7): 28-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998795&dopt=Abstract
• Litigation, legislation, and ethics. Alchemy in orthodontics. Author(s): Jerrold L. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 November; 122(5): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439487&dopt=Abstract
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• Malocclusion, orthodontics and bullying. Author(s): DiBiase AT, Sandler PJ. Source: Dent Update. 2001 November; 28(9): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806190&dopt=Abstract
• Management of anterior spacing with orthodontics and prosthodontics. Author(s): Hohlt WF, Hovijitra S. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1999 Fall; 78(3): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992942&dopt=Abstract
• Meta-analysis in evidence-based orthodontics. Author(s): Papadopoulos MA. Source: Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2003 May; 6(2): 112-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809274&dopt=Abstract
• New technologies in adult orthodontics. Interview by Mark J. Friedman. Author(s): Boyd RL, Hochman M, Vanarsdall RL Jr. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001 February; 22(2): 110-2, 114, 116 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911063&dopt=Abstract
• Nickel allergy and orthodontics. Author(s): Rahilly G, Price N. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 June; 30(2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835436&dopt=Abstract
• Optimal dental and facial esthetics in orthodontics--a multifaceted challenge. Author(s): Adams TB. Source: Tex Dent J. 2002 October; 119(10): 1019-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483782&dopt=Abstract
• Origins of the extraction controversey in American orthodontics (1880-1910). Author(s): Zweihorn CL. Source: J Hist Dent. 2003 July; 51(2): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846262&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and temporomandibular disorder: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Kim MR, Graber TM, Viana MA. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 May; 121(5): 438-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045761&dopt=Abstract Studies 31
• Orthodontics and the general practitioner. Author(s): Christensen GJ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 November; 122(5): 13A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462240&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and the general practitioner. Author(s): Rinchuse DJ, Rinchuse DJ. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2002 September; 133(9): 1160, 1162, 1164; Author Reply 1164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356245&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and the general practitioner. Author(s): Christensen GJ. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2002 March; 133(3): 369-71. Erratum In: J Am Dent Assoc 2002 May; 133(5): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934193&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and the mesially angulated molar. Author(s): Caswell KS. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1995 October; 26(10): 13-4, 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910629&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and TMD. Author(s): Boniface M. Source: Dent Today. 2000 November; 19(11): 6, 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524774&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics as a prerequisite to implant placement. Author(s): Herrero D. Source: Dent Today. 2003 September; 22(9): 88-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14552228&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics in 12-year old children. Demand, treatment motivating factors and treatment decisions. Author(s): Mohlin B, al-Saadi E, Andrup L, Ekblom K. Source: Swed Dent J. 2002; 26(2): 89-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462877&dopt=Abstract
32 Orthodontics
• Orthodontics in China. Author(s): Yeweng SJ, Huang SF, Ren LJ. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2002 March; 29(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907313&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics issue. Author(s): Stephens CD. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 August 23; 195(4): 174-5; Author Reply 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970680&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics justified as a profession. Author(s): Rinchuse DJ, Rinchuse DJ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 January; 121(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786877&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics justified. Author(s): Jayaram M. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 June; 121(6): 15A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080293&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics, veneers, or both. Treatment planning the crowded anterior dentition. Author(s): Javaheri D. Source: Dent Today. 2003 June; 22(6): 78-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847846&dopt=Abstract
• Parametric finite element analysis and closed-form solutions in orthodontics. Author(s): Provatidis CG. Source: Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 2002 April; 5(2): 101-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186720&dopt=Abstract
• Patient and parent understanding of informed consent in orthodontics. Author(s): Mortensen MG, Kiyak HA, Omnell L. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 November; 124(5): 541-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14614422&dopt=Abstract
Studies 33
• Perceived information needs in respect of orthodontics amongst 11-12-year-old girls: a study through health visitor sessions in schools. Author(s): Habibian M, Gelbier S, Munday BA. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2003 September; 13(5): 348- 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924991&dopt=Abstract
• Piloting a digital event manager in the Intranet of a department of orthodontics. Author(s): Mischke KL, Danesh G, Ehmer U. Source: Int J Comput Dent. 2002 April-July; 5(2-3): 145-50. English, German. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680047&dopt=Abstract
• Presurgical orthodontics for orthognathic surgery. Author(s): Vanarsdall RL Jr. Source: Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2001 March; 9(1): 75-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905338&dopt=Abstract
• Principles of retention in orthodontia. 1920. Author(s): Case CS. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 October; 124(4): 352-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14560263&dopt=Abstract
• Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding. Author(s): Wilcko WM, Wilcko T, Bouquot JE, Ferguson DJ. Source: Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2001 February; 21(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829041&dopt=Abstract
• Results of transplanting developing third molars as part of orthodontics space management. Part 2: results following the orthodontic treatment of transplanted developing third molars in cases of aplasia and premature loss of teeth with atrophy of the alveolar process. Author(s): Bauss O, Sadat-Khonsari R, Engelke W, Kahl-Nieke B. Source: Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics = Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/Official Journal Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Kieferorthopadie. 2003 January; 64(1): 40-7. English, German. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557106&dopt=Abstract
34 Orthodontics
• Royal London Hospital Space Analysis is not a requirement of the Intercollegiate Membership in Orthodontics. Author(s): Hunt N, Mitchell L. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 June; 30(2): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835439&dopt=Abstract
• Self-etching vs. traditional bonding systems in orthodontics: an in vitro study. Author(s): Velo S, Carano A, Carano A. Source: Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2002 August; 5(3): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194666&dopt=Abstract
• Sure-Smile: technology-driven solution for orthodontics. Author(s): Sachdeva R. Source: Tex Dent J. 2002 July; 119(7): 608-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138533&dopt=Abstract
• The anatomic basis for palatal implants in orthodontics. Author(s): Schlegel KA, Kinner F, Schlegel KD. Source: Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2002; 17(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099317&dopt=Abstract
• The evolution of orthodontics. 1962. Author(s): Storey E. Source: Aust Orthod J. 2000 November; 16(3): 145-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484339&dopt=Abstract
• The influence of orthodontics on selection and breakage underlying food comminution in pre-orthognathic surgery patients. Author(s): van den Braber W, van der Glas HW, van der Bilt A, Bosman F. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 December; 31(6): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521313&dopt=Abstract
• The interdisciplinary management of hypodontia: orthodontics. Author(s): Carter NE, Gillgrass TJ, Hobson RS, Jepson N, Eechan JG, Nohl FS, Nunn JH. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 April 12; 194(7): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821909&dopt=Abstract
• The jaws and early orthodontics. Author(s): Page DC. Source: Funct Orthod. 2002 Winter; 19(4): 26-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619254&dopt=Abstract Studies 35
• The mushroom bracket positioner for lingual orthodontics. Author(s): Kyung HM, Park HS, Sung JH. Source: J Clin Orthod. 2002 June; 36(6): 320-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101542&dopt=Abstract
• The psychology of influence in orthodontics. Author(s): Iba HD, Mayes JH. Source: J Clin Orthod. 2002 September; 36(9): 501-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374037&dopt=Abstract
• The role of implants in orthodontics. Author(s): Ismail SF, Johal AS. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2002 September; 29(3): 239-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218205&dopt=Abstract
• The role of minimal intervention in orthodontics. Author(s): Artun J. Source: Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2002; 11 Suppl 1: 7-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123117&dopt=Abstract
• The use of teledentistry to provide GDPs with advice in orthodontics. Author(s): Cook J, Mullings C, Vowles R, Stephens C. Source: Dent Update. 2002 June; 29(5): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096385&dopt=Abstract
• Three years postgraduate programme in orthodontics. Final report Erasmus project. Author(s): van der Linden FP, Bolender C, Canut JA. Source: Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1992 July; 99(7): 253-8; Discussion 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885535&dopt=Abstract
• Treatment for predictable multidisciplinary implantology, orthodontics, and restorative dentistry. Author(s): Francischone CE, Oltramari PV, Vasconcelos LW, Francischone AC, Capelozza Filho L, Henriques JF. Source: Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2003 May; 15(4): 321-6; Quiz 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830772&dopt=Abstract
36 Orthodontics
• Treatment of congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: orthodontics, bone grafts, and osseointegrated implants. Author(s): Garg AK. Source: Dent Implantol Update. 2002 February; 13(2): 9-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915193&dopt=Abstract
• Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system. Author(s): Yang-Powers LC, Sadowsky C, Rosenstein S, BeGole EA. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 November; 122(5): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439471&dopt=Abstract
• Undergraduate curriculum in orthodontics. Author(s): Harzer W, Oliver R. Source: Journal of Orthodontics. 2002 March; 29(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907319&dopt=Abstract
37
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and orthodontics.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Orthodontics
The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies.
As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only.
Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 38 Orthodontics
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “orthodontics” (or a synonym): • Anthropology and orthodontics. Source: Crutcher, F F Angle-Orthod. 1997; 67(1): 73-8 0003-3219 • Prevention in orthodontics--a review. Author(s): Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK. Source: McGuinness, N J Dent-Update. 1992 May; 19(4): 168-70, 172-5 0305-5000 • Products for prevention during orthodontics. Author(s): Department of Child Dental Health, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K. Source: Chadwick, B L Br-J-Orthod. 1994 November; 21(4): 395-8 0301-228X • The mushroom bracket positioner for lingual orthodontics. Author(s): Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-101, Dong-In Dong, Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-422, Korea. Source: Kyung, Hee Moon Park, Hyo Sang Sung, Jae Hyun J-Clin-Orthod. 2002 June; 36(6): 320-8 0022-3875
Federal Resources on Nutrition
In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: • healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0 • The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov • The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov • The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/ • The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/ • Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/ • Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ • Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition 39
Additional Web Resources
A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: • AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats • Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html • Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/ • Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/ • Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/ • Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/ • WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition • WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
41
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to orthodontics. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to orthodontics and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to orthodontics: • “Whole body” mobility after one year of intraoral appliance therapy in children with cerebral palsy and moderate eating impairment. Author(s): Gisel EG, Schwartz S, Petryk A, Clarke D, Haberfellner H. Source: Dysphagia. 2000 Fall; 15(4): 226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014886&dopt=Abstract
• Considerations of functional aspects in dentofacial orthopedics and orthodontics: Sheldon Friel Memorial Lecture. Author(s): Schmuth GP. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 1999 April; 115(4): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10194280&dopt=Abstract
42 Orthodontics
• Control of periodontal problems in orthodontics by use of water irrigation. Author(s): York TA, Dunkin RT. Source: Am J Orthod. 1967 September; 53(9): 639-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4166779&dopt=Abstract
• Neurofunctional reorganization in myo-osteo-dentofacial disorders: complementary roles of orthodontics, speech and myofunctional therapy. Author(s): Padovan BA. Source: Int J Orofacial Myology. 1995 November; 21: 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055669&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics and dentistry for the hemophilic patient. Author(s): Grossman RC. Source: Am J Orthod. 1975 October; 68(4): 391-403. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1101695&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics as a spectator sport: does bystander liability attach? [corrected] Author(s): Jerrold L. Source: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 March;113(3):364-5. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998 April;113(4):479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517731&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics for the dog. Bite evaluation, basic concepts, and equipment. Author(s): Ross DL. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1986 September; 16(5): 955-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490041&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics for the dog. Treatment methods. Author(s): Ross DL. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1986 September; 16(5): 939-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490040&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics justified as a profession. Author(s): Rinchuse DJ, Rinchuse DJ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 January; 121(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786877&dopt=Abstract
• Orthodontics justified. Author(s): Jayaram M. Alternative Medicine 43
Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 June; 121(6): 15A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080293&dopt=Abstract
• Pain in orthodontics. A review and discussion of the literature. Author(s): Bergius M, Kiliaridis S, Berggren U. Source: Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics = Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/Official Journal Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Kieferorthopadie. 2000; 61(2): 125-37. Review. English, German. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783564&dopt=Abstract
• Where are we going with functional orthodontics? Author(s): Mew J. Source: Funct Orthod. 1998 October-December; 15(4): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634111&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources
A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: • Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/ • AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats • Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/ • drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html • Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm • Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/ • Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/ • MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine • Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/ • HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/ • WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs • WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html • Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
44 Orthodontics
General References
A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources. 45
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to orthodontics. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “orthodontics” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on orthodontics, we have not necessarily excluded non- medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Orthodontics
ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to orthodontics. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: • A Comparison of Cephalometric Superimposition Techniques in Orthodontics by Kusa, Lenka; Msc from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68718 • Biomechanics of Periodontal Ligament Specific to Clinical Orthodontics by Toms, Stephanie Rose; PhD from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066348 • The Identification of Priority Educational Goals in Predoctoral Orthodontics (United States) by Ross, Steven A., PhD from University of South Carolina, 1986, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8704646
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Keeping Current
Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. 47
CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents.
In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “orthodontics” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on orthodontics, we have not necessarily excluded non- medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Orthodontics
By performing a patent search focusing on orthodontics, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an
5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 48 Orthodontics example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on orthodontics:
• Aligning assembly for use in dentistry Inventor(s): Daiberl; Karl (Untersbergstrasse 4, 8000 Munchen 90, DE, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,332,556 Date filed: March 27, 1978 Abstract: An aligning assembly for use in dentistry, particularly in prosthodontics and/or orthodontics includes two plates each of which is to be positioned in the oral cavity of a patient at the upper jaw and to the lower jaw, respectively. One of the plates has a projection which, subsequent to an initial positioning of the plates in the oral cavity, and while the patient moves the lower jaw relative to the upper jaw, provides a centering mark on the other plate. At least the other plate is of an inexpensive, easily deformable material so that, upon removal of the jaw plates from the oral cavity, a recess can be provided in the place of the centering mark on the other plate. When the two plates are repositioned in the oral cavity to be connected to each other to form the assembly, the projection is partially received in the recess and fixes the plates with respect to each other against misalignment while they are being connected. The connection between the plates may be established by providing at least one body of an adhesive which bonds the plates to one another prior to the removal of the connected assembly from the oral cavity of the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aligning assembly for use in prosthodontics, occlusion diagnosis and/or occlusion therapy in general, and more particularly to such an assembly which includes rigid upper jaw and lower jaw components which are connected to one another, after being properly positioned with respect to one another, to form the assembly for further use in dental work. Aligning assemblies of this type are already in use and usually they include an upper jaw plate and a lower jaw plate one of which is provided with a bore in which there is received an externally threaded pin which is introducable into the other jaw plate. One conventional aligning assembly of this kind has, in common with other similar aligning assemblies, both of the plates made of a metallic material. In addition thereto, there is provided a gauging support of a synthetic plastic material which is adjustably connected with the lower jaw plate by means of a pin-and-slot connection, the gauging support having a recess into which the point of the pin affixed to the upper jaw plate is elastically introducible. The alignment provided in an assembly of this type by means of the pin has considerable advantages when compared to the manual taking of the bite, especially with respect to the exact adjustment of the two condyles in the corresponding hinges. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04332556__
Patents 49
• Apparatus for determining the desired position of teeth Inventor(s): Schrems; Hans T. (Dechbettener Strasse 1, D-8400 Regensburg 1, DE), Schrems-Adam; Gabriele (Dechbettener Strasse 1, D-8400 Regensburg 1, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,610,629 Date filed: August 10, 1984 Abstract: In the dental area or other dental problem situations (laboratory, orthodontics, jaw orthopedics, prosthetics, restorative dentistry, surgery) to make the desired position of the teeth recognizable at centric occlusion in centric relation (centric relation occlusion), a set of templates (A, B, C, D, etc.) is provided, whereby each template includes markings (1u, 2ru, to 6ru, 2lu to 6lu, 10, 2ro to 6ro, 2lo to 6lo), which correspond with the proximal contact points of the teeth in the desired position. To this end, each of the templates (A, B, C, D, etc.) is dimensioned according to a different tooth arch length and a different tooth arch form, whereby all templates (A, B, C, D, etc.) of the set cover substantially all jaw and tooth arch forms and jaw and tooth arch sizes which occur in patients. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for determining the desired position of the teeth in tooth position adjusting (e.g., tooth straightening). Such an apparatus is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,849. The known apparatus consists of several bowor divider-like gauge members. If for example six gauge members are provided, then one proceeds in such a manner as to adjust the first gauge member to the transverse desired distance between for example the first premolars (bicuspids), the second gauge member to the transverse desired distance between the second molars and the third gauge member to the sagittal desired distance between the first premolar and the second molar of one side of the lower jaw (mandible). The three further gauge members are adjusted in a suitable manner for the upper jaw (maxilla). However, with this known apparatus it is hardly possible (or at best only in an incomplete manner) in view of the tooth positions to monitor the success of an orthodontic treatment. Since the possible position change of teeth and their roots mainly depends on the spacial position of the teeth in the bone (alveolar process), an auxiliary means for the planning of orthodontic tooth movements, which does not refer to the skeletal (bone) conditions, cannot be used effectively clinically and therapeutically. In the known apparatus there does not exist any spacial relationship with respect to the skeletal base. Rather, since only the desired distance between specific reference teeth is detected by the known apparatus, in the orthodontic treatment lateral, sagittal and vertical shiftings of the reference teeth with respect to the skeletal base may possibly occur without being detected with the known apparatus. Furthermore, movements of those groups of teeth, which do not serve as reference teeth are not detected at all. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04610629__
• Bracket for orthodontics Inventor(s): Komiya; Shigeo (Urawa, JP), Masuhara; Eiichi (Tokyo, JP), Sanbonmatsu; Kiyomi (Yomo, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Institute of Advanced Dentistry (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,147,202 Date filed: October 21, 1988
50 Orthodontics
Abstract: A bracket for orthodontics having a bracket body made of a composite resin material and a thin layer of a synthetic resin material in a dental adhesive. The synthetic resin layer is laminated on the base surface of the bracket body in such a manner that the composite resin material of the bracket body and the synthetic resin of the thin layer are mingled with each other at the boundary therebetween. The thin resin layer is composed of polymethyl methacrylate having an average molecular weight of 1000,000 or less or a polymethacrylate copolymer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bracket for orthodontics and, more particularly, to an orthodontic bracket having excellent aesthetic properties and enhanced strength as well as strong adhesion to the tooth. In orthodontic devices for correcting irregularities of teeth, a bracket is used as a means for connecting together a wire and a band. In actual use, the bracket is rigidly secured to the surface of a tooth which is desired to be straightened in order to apply thereto a flexural or tensile load derived from the wire. For this purpose, metallic brackets have heretofore been generally used, and recently plastic and ceramic brackets have also been put into practical use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05147202__
• CFC Expansion arch Inventor(s): McAndrew; James R. (3233 Sherwood Forest Blvd., Suite 202, Baton Rouge, LA 70816) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,373,913 Date filed: May 15, 1981 Abstract: A continuous force control arch expander for use in orthodontics is provided comprising a set of anchor bands with expansion wires rigidly and tangentially attached to said anchor bands. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to orthodontic appliances and more particularly to devices for expanding the maxillary arch. A number of orthodontic appliances have been developed over the years to shape and contour the teeth. These include devices to shape the maxillary arch for proper bite. A typical example of such devices in U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,214, invented by Armstrong, issued Nov. 9, 1971, entitled "Coiled Wire Spring Appliances for use in Orthodontics". The purpose of these devices is to provide light continuous force in the appropriate direction to control growth of teeth. There are a number of problems associated with these appliances as they exist at the present time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04373913__
• Combined dental drill and anchor pin Inventor(s): Vlock; David G. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,365,958 Date filed: June 17, 1981 Patents 51
Abstract: A combined dental drill and anchor pin for use in the field of denistry. Restoration techniques, involving the use of anchor pins for the retention and reinforcing of dental support structures as well as for various mechanical appliances used in the field of orthodontics, are facilitated by combining the drill and anchor pin in a single structure thereby eliminating separate drilling and pin insertion steps. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel dental appliance, more particularly the invention pertains to a combined dental drill and anchor pin for use in teeth restoration and orthodontic procedures. In conventional dentistry procedures it is customary to install one or more pins into broken down teeth or into teeth to which orthodontic appliances are being applied. The treatment of broken down teeth is of course more prevalent, and the present invention will be discussed primarily in conjunction with restorative techniques for treating teeth where the nerve is still alive. It will be understood, however, that the invention is also applicable to orthodontic techniques or to non-vital teeth. As is well known, the conventional procedure is to initially drill one or more relatively deep holes in the dentin portion of the tooth undergoing repair. The drilling can be carried out, for example, by utilizing a typical dental twist drill. The dentist then screws in a small, screw-threaded anchor into each of the holes leaving a portion of the screw-threaded pin sticking out of the hole. The remainder of the screw-threaded pin is retained in the dentin as the anchor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04365958__
• Dual coil spring lingual arch Inventor(s): Polanco; Julio R. (3242 Kimber Ct. #42, San Jose, CA 95124) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,087,196 Date filed: August 6, 1991 Abstract: A dual coil lingual arch (10) appliance for use in the field of orthodontics is disclosed. Molar teeth (36, 38) are displaced distally by means of a primary wire arch (14) while anterior teeth (40) are displaced forward by means of a secondary wire arch (20). The primary wire arch (14) may be attached to the molar teeth (36, 38) by means of a pair of molar bands (42, 44), and the secondary wire arch (20) is attached to the primary wire arch (14) at a pair of spring junctions (30, 32). Near the spring junctions (30, 32) the secondary wire arch (20) is wound around the primary wire arch (14) to form a pair of spring coils (24, 26). In use, after the primary wire arch (14) is anchored to the molar teeth (36, 38) the secondary wire arch is activated by a practitioner by the action of lengthening the spring coils (24, 26), whereas the pressure on the molar teeth ( 36, 38) is independently set by means of preforming the primary wire arch (14). Thus, the amount of force applied to the anterior teeth (40) is independent of the amount of force applied to the molar teeth (36, 38). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of dentistry and more particularly to an improved lingual arch for use in the specialty of orthodontics. The predominant current usage of the dual coil spring lingual arch of the present invention is as an orthodontic appliance. The field of orthodontics has changed significantly over the past several decades. A substantial part of this change is due to the development of improved appliances for use in the field. Old fashioned "braces" have been largely replaced by improved appliances such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,833, issued to Fijita and that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,179, issued to Balenseifen. Such
52 Orthodontics
modern appliances are usually placed on the interior ("lingual") side of the teeth and thus are not visible when installed. This feature alone greatly increases the willingness of patients to have the devices put into place, and thus increases the incidence of successful treatment. A variety of different appliances is required in order to properly treat the various problems of different dental patients. For example, a common type of problem is a malocclusion wherein the front ("anterior") top ("maxillar") teeth protrude to excess. A more basic problem is that of "overcrowding" wherein there is not sufficient room for later developing teeth to inhabit the mouth. This problem can occur in the maxillar or the lower ("mandibular") teeth. Such overcrowding may result in the above described type of malocclusion or, depending upon the individual, in any number of other unhealthy misalignments of the teeth. Given the great variety of peculiarities which are encountered, many appliances have been developed for creating specific types of adjustments of the teeth. An example of such a specific device is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,725, issued to Goshgarian, which teaches a bar for connecting between molars and for performing various realignment procedures thereon. U.S. Pat. No. 4,854,864, issued to Cleary teaches an orthodontic bracket and bar combination system which, also, is an improvement well suited to its specified purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05087196__
• Elastic positioner apparatus for orthodontists Inventor(s): Cusato; Anthony J. (Closter, NJ) Assignee(s): Henry Mann, Inc. (Huntingdon Valley, PA) Patent Number: 4,001,940 Date filed: February 19, 1975 Abstract: This invention pertains to an elastic positioner apparatus on which is mounted, stretched and maintained, in an expanded open position, elastic bands as used in orthodontics. In particular, this apparatus is an elastic positioner which is easily manipulated and on which the expanded elastic bands may be manipulated to maintain arch wires in position on retaining clips mounted on teeth. In another application of use the apparatus may be used to mount elastic bands mounted on teeth so as to expand tooth spacing. Excerpt(s): With reference to the classification of art as established in the United States Patent Office the present invention is found in the general Class identified as "Dentistry" (Class 32) and more particularly in the subclass identified as "orthodontic devices" (subclass 14R) and the subclass "corrective accessories" (subclass 14E). In the field of orthodontics there is widespread use of very small elastic bands to hold arch wires in place on brackets fastened to children's teeth. Elastic bands are also used for separating teeth prior to band placement or impression. Prior to this invention these elastic bands have been stretched manually and by small nose pliers and hemostats. The stretching of these small bands by tools not particularly suited to stretch and hold them is both difficult to achieve and also to maintain during the time of insertion. Often times the band mounting is initially started by hand manipulation and then is completed by a single ended instrument. This method is not only time consuming but also, to a certain extent, frustrating to the orthodontist as he tries to install an arch wire or to install the small rings in the manner of a sep-a-ring (trademark T.P. Laboratories). Nicking of rings often occurs causing the ring to weaken or break. In the present invention a tweezer- type apparatus and a plier-type apparatus are provided in which the jaw end pair portions are formed into small ovoid contours and adjacent thereto a retaining groove Patents 53
which permits easy insertion into the formed band before stretching to an open position. The adjacent grooves formed in the tips retain the elastic band in the desired close proximity to the end of the jaws while said jaws are moved to a determined open position as established either by a stop or by a locking latch. This invention may be summarized at least in part with reference to its objects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04001940__
• Expansion screw for orthodontics Inventor(s): Pozzi; Alessandro (Florence, IT) Assignee(s): Leone S.P.A. (Sesto Fiorentino, IT) Patent Number: 5,975,894 Date filed: March 9, 1998 Abstract: Expansion screw for orthodontic plates or prothesis of synthetic resin, comprising at least one spindle (1) with at least a threaded portion (10), a block (3; 17) with through hole (31) for housing one part of the threaded portion (10) of spindle (1), guide means (2; 16) for moving each block (3; 17), means (11, 12) for actuating each spindle (1), wherein said hole (31) provided in each of said bodies (3; 17) has an inner diameter greater than the outer diameter of the corresponding threaded portion (10) of spindle (1) to allow for the interposition of a corresponding amount of resin in which a surface is cast of specular shape with respect to that of said threading and which takes up the form of the corresponding nut screw: each block (3) being integral with a corresponding element of the orthodontic plate or prothesis. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a screw for orthodontics, particularly of the type used in the construction of orthodontic prothesis or plates in synthetic resin. Based on the same principle is the operation of unidirectional, three-dimensional and fan-like openable expansion screws. Expansion screws for orthodontics are also known from IT 1163244, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,344 and GB 641139 documents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05975894__
• Filtered warm air drying device Inventor(s): Gilbertson; John E. (2200 Ashworth Rd., West Des Moines, IA 50265) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,634,839 Date filed: January 7, 1985 Abstract: A forced air drying device for supplying filtered warm air for drying small areas, such as, for example, in dentistry or orthodontics, for drying of the teeth or gums prior to work thereon, includes a hand held forced air unit, such as a hair dryer, provided with a motor driven fan directing a stream of air over an electric heating element and through an outlet opening toward the area to be dried. A detachable nozzle has a first end mounted over the outlet opening and a second end with a reduced cross- sectional area for directing a concentrated stream of heated air to the area to be dried. The nozzle is provided with exhaust vents between the first and second ends thereof to prevent overheating of the motor due to a build-up of pressure resulting from the reduced cross-sectional area of the nozzle second end. An air deflector is provided
54 Orthodontics
adjacent each exhaust vent for directing escaping air away from the second and end of the nozzle. A removable air filter is provided for removing microscopic impurities from the air prior to projection of the air from the second end of the nozzle. Controls are provided for adjusting the temperature as well as the volume of air projected from the nozzle second end. Excerpt(s): Forced air drying devices are well known, such as hand held hair dryers and the like. Such conventional air drying devices typically heat ambient air and force it in a general direction toward an enlarged area to be dried. However, such conventional dryers are not useful where the area to be dried is relatively small, such as in the field of dentistry, wherein a tooth or teeth are to be dried prior to work thereon. Also, these conventional air dryers are not sanitary for drying various infection prone areas of the body, such as the teeth, gums and mouth, due to the various impurities in the air. Therefore, it is a primary objective of the present invention to provide an air drying device for use in drying specific small areas. A further objective of the present invention is the provision of an air drying device which filters the air prior to use in drying an area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04634839__
• Integrated oral magnetic osteogenic and orthodontic appliances Inventor(s): Blechman; Abraham (Tappan, NY), Smiley; Harry (White Plains, NY) Assignee(s): Medical Magnetics, Inc. (Ridgewood, NJ) Patent Number: 4,424,030 Date filed: November 18, 1981 Abstract: Various types of magnetic or electromagnetic appliances attached intra-orally or extra-orally are used to produce osteogenesis and soft tissue repair in the practice of periodontics and orthodontics. Simultaneously, these innovative magnetic modules generate force fields that produce corrective tooth movement. Excerpt(s): This invention is a total departure from existing dental devices in that it produces soft tissue repair and osteogenesis in the upper and lower jaws accomplished by affixing permanent magnets, electromagnets or electromagnetic induction coils to the teeth, archwires and other suitable devices which create a regenerative current. The extremely low frequency magnetic field produced by mandibular movement in conjunction with its interaction with adjacent internal electrolytes is a source of this regenerative current. These procedures have application in enhancing therapy in periodontics and orthodontics. This is a new and useful therapeutic modaltiy in that it is totally non-invasive as opposed to the present method of treatment of this common disease by surgical intervention. 1. Totally independent mounting of any type of standard orthodontic appliance in use possessing greater flexibility and eliminating interference. 2. Insures the maximum effect of a continuous force field which has heretofore been an unattainable optimal condition necessary for tooth movement by preventing buccal torquing of the magnetic sleeve module. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04424030__
Patents 55
• Method and system for orthodontic moving of teeth Inventor(s): Andreasen; George F. (Iowa City, IA) Assignee(s): The University of Iowa Research Foundation (Iowa City, IA) Patent Number: 4,037,324 Date filed: May 21, 1973 Abstract: Orthodontic movement of malaligned teeth is performed by attaching to the teeth a wire which has properties useful in orthodontics. When the anticipated use of the wire involves torsional and flexural stresses, the wire is a single strand of a material having a higher elastic limit and a lower elastic modulus than an 18-8 stainless steel wire of identical cross-section. The invention also contemplates the use of wires which demonstrate a plastic memory which causes them to return to a preset shape or length after being deformed and then heated. For example, longitudinally shrinkable wires are either attached to teeth for closing the spaces therebetween or are used to draw a tooth toward a fixed reference member such as a rigid archwire spaced from the tooth. The mechanical memory of the wire may also tend to restore it to a preset shape upon heating in order to level or torque malposed teeth. The disclosed wires are formed of Nitinol alloy which is a known near-stoichiometric alloy of nickel and titanium. When the wire exerts tooth-moving forces by being subjected to torsional or flexural stresses, the alloy also includes cobalt substituted for nickel on an atom-for atom basis so that the composition is TiNi.sub.935 Co.sub.065. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a novel method and system for orthodontic moving of teeth. Customary orthodontic procedures involve the attachment of brackets to individual teeth by means of bands which encircle the teeth. A resilient wire is attached to the brackets in a manner so that flexural and/or torsional stresses are placed in the wire to create restorative forces tending to bring the teeth toward a desired position. Such techniques, in their broader sense, include the cervical headgear which includes a laterally-biased U-shaped wire which attaches only to the molars, but in most instances it will involve an archwire of parabolic shape which is attached by siamese brackets to most of the teeth in the upper or lower jaw. Current orthodontic practices for leveling teeth usually call for the sequential use of several archwires, made of 18-8 stainless steel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04037324__
• Method of and apparatus for making a dental set-up model Inventor(s): Kuroda; Takayuki (Yokohama, JP), Motohashi; Nobuyoshi (Musashino, JP), Muramoto; Mutsushi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Takayuki Kuroda (Kanagawa, JP), Unisn Incorporated (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,605,459 Date filed: August 31, 1995 Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for making a dental set-up model utilizable in the practice of orthodontics and, more particularly, to facilitation of making the dental set-up model. The shape of an impression which is a replica of dental teeth and dental alveolar ridges of a patient is first converted on a non-contact basis into electronic data by means of a three-dimensional profile analyzer utilizing an irradiation beam. Using this electronic data and within the framework of such electronic data, representative
56 Orthodontics
plane defined by anatomically proximal contact points A1, anatomically distal contact points A2 and an intermediate point E between the bucco-cervical point B1 and the lingo-cervical point B2 are formed by cutting out the individual teeth. Subsequently, for each tooth, a DI line, which is a straight line connecting between the bucco-cervical point B1 and a representative point C of a cusp or edge that has been projected onto the representative plane, and a DH line intersecting the DI line perpendicularly at a point spaced a predetermined distance from the representative point C towards the dental alveolar ridge are formed. Then, the DH lines for the respective teeth are arranged on a plane along a guide line descriptive of an ideal individual dental arch form and respective heights of the DH lines for all teeth which have been lined up to a predetermined height are adjusted to a predetermined level, followed by adjustment of the angle of inclination of the representative plane for each tooth relative to a facial reference line set up on the face. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for making a dental set-up model utilizable in the practice of orthodontics and, more particularly, to facilitation of making the dental set-up model. In general, in the practice of orthodontics or any other dental treatment including preparation of a denture, a dental set-up model is often prepared based on an impression model representative of the dentition and the alveolar ridge of a patient to be orthodontically treated. This set-up model is generally prepared by cutting and arranging individual teeth on the alveolar ridge of the impression model. With this set-up model so prepared, not only is a final goal for the dental treatment made clear, but also the occlusal condition between the maxillary and the mandibular dentitions can be ascertained specifically. Also, the patient when the dental set-up model is presented can visually ascertain the possible final result of orthodontic treatment he or she will receive and, therefore, the dental set-up model is a convenient tool in terms of psychological aspects of the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05605459__
• Modular multifunctional apparatus for dento-maxillo-facial orthodontics and orthopedics Inventor(s): Di Massa; Elisabetta (Via Corsica 40, 86039 Termoli, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,213,766 Date filed: February 23, 1999 Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for dento-maxillo-facial orthodontics and orthopedics. The apparatus includes a base structure (1) able to be fixed to lateroposterior teeth (2) of the superior arch transversally to the sagittal plane (s--s) in correspondence of the palatal vault. The base structure (1) exhibits a plurality of arms (10) developed orthogonally to the plane (s--s) and at ends of which corresponding annular bands (11) are provided to allow a stable positioning thereof on said teeth (2). A device is provided for the removable or irremovable fastening of one or more orthodontic or orthopedic modules which are, in turn, provided with a portion able to be engaged with this fastening device of the base structure (1). Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a modular multifunctional apparatus for dento-maxillo-facial orthodontics and orhtopedics. It is kniwn to those skilled in the art that "fixed" or "mechanical" orthodontic therapies provide, essentially, for the application of a force, having predetermined intensity and direction, on each tooth of Patents 57
the arches under corrective treatment, so as to determine their slow and gradual displacement within respective alveoli until they reach a position that would be judged optimal as a whole by an orthodontist. In case of intraoral devices with vestibular action, the corrective forces are applicable, for example, by means of a plurality of attachments able to be fixed to the vestibular and lingual versants of the teeth and interconnected by elastic members such as preformed arches and springs. Said elastic members are intended to generate the forces--of reactive nature, owing to the deformation they are subjected to upon use--to be applied to the teeth in correspondence of the attachements location. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06213766__
• Modular orthodontic appliances Inventor(s): Wilson; William L. (15 Dix St., Winchester, MA 01890) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,354,834 Date filed: February 21, 1978 Abstract: A modular orthodontics appliance in the form of either an arch wire or a sectional is provided which makes it possible to provide the whole spectrum of three dimensional appliance functions which are geometrically predictable, have positive directional or vector control, and are specifically designed to control the counter- movements in treatment. These modules are designed to be used as coordinates with light wire, edge wire, straight wire and twin wire appliances. Also, they may be used singly or in combination. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to orthodontic appliances and more particularly to modular orthodontic appliances, the basic modules being an arch wire, a sectional wire and a bracket having twin tubes for receiving twin posts on the wires. These modules have application for treatment of a broad spectrum of orthodontic cases. The modules are designed to be used in cooperation with light wire, edge wire, straight wire and twin wire appliances in any desired combination. Also, a novel activator is used to provide precise directional or vector control. A large multitude of orthodontic appliances have been used over the years. Most of these have been effective in providing desired tooth movement. However, each separate system was designed around its own parameters and, therefore, one system could not be used with another system and in many cases, with respect to certain types of orthodontic treatment or tooth movement, it was up to the individual orthodontist, through his resourcefulness and experience, to adapt a system with which he was familiar to accomplish the desired result. As a result, the orthodontist is faced with a problem of stocking a very large number of appliances in order to be able to provide all of the orthodontic needs of his patients. However, because of the considerable cost in stocking a large inventory, the orthodontist will use and stock parts for only that system which he has found most useful or which is within his cost range and that of his patients, but then he may be unable to perform certain orthodontic techniques without ordering special equipment or referring the patient to another orthodontist who has expertise in the use of the particular appliance which is needed. As a result, the cost of orthodontic treatment is increased, the technique used may be inferior to others which are known but which are not readily available to a particular orthodontist, and the time required by the patient to make additional calls to the orthodontist's office and the delays encountered all add up to a situation which is overly costly and frustrating to both the orthodontist and his patient.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04354834__
• Orthodontic rubber band applicator Inventor(s): Kaniadakis; Steven J. (Tierra Verde Island, Tierra Verde, FL 33715) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,512,739 Date filed: October 11, 1983 Abstract: An orthodontic instrument designed for use by patients. An elongate rod has a greater-than-180 degree bend formed in its medial portion so that the opposite ends of the rod are disposed in coplanar, transversely spaced apart relation to one another at the part of the instrument that is opposite its medial portion. The bend is slightly greater than 180 degrees so that a first, or upper arm is obliquely disposed relative to the second, or lower arm of the instrument. The distal end of the first arm is bent upwardly about 45 degrees from the horizontal and the respective distal ends of the rod are provided with annular grooves to receive opposite ends of rubber bands of the type commonly used in orthodontics. The device is held in a vertical or horizontal plane when in use, and its flat profile enables the rubber bands to be applied and removed to and from hooks when the device is held in parallel or perpendicular relation to the surface of the tooth with which the respective hooks are associated. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, generally, to implements of the type used in orthodontics for placing rubber bands on dental braces, and removing the same therefrom, and more specifically relates to an implement designed for use by patients. The Cusado, Shilliday and Anderson disclosures show devices specifically designed for use by orthodontists, not their patients. Moreover, Abrams and Cusado show devices designed for the application phase of the rubber band to arch wire-applying process, and thus such devices are not advantageously employed in the context of removing such bands. Another drawback of the earlier devices is that they have utility primarily in applying rubber bands in what is known as the "Class two" position, and thus may not be advantageously used in other contexts. Perhaps the most important limitation of the prior art devices, however, is their inability to pass what is known as a "pharynx choke tube test" wherein a tube having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the human pharynx is employed. Objects capable of entering the tube are unacceptable for use by consumers. Some of the devices of the prior art cannot only enter the human pharynx but are actually designed such that a mis-handling of the same could sling the device into the pharynx as a projectile where it could subsequently be asperated by the patient (note the Abrams and Canter devices, e.g.). The Abrams device could even inflict trauma on the gums and delicate mucosal membranes if not used with the utmost caution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04512739__
Patents 59
• Orthodontics by magnetics Inventor(s): Noble, administratrix; by Mary Lynne (3223 Old Blue Ridge, San Antonio, TX 78230), Noble, deceased; Terry Gordon (3223 Old Blue Ridge, LATE OF San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,984,915 Date filed: June 27, 1975 Abstract: This invention involves the orthodontic movement of live teeth in the mouth by using the forces of magnets. A magnet is attached to the teeth by conventional methods such as adhesive bonding or dental appliances. The magnets are placed on the teeth in such a manner to employ the attraction and repulsion characteristics of a magnetic field. These forces may be employed to align teeth, tilt teeth, move root positions and angulations, torque teeth, and erupt impacted or partially impacted teeth into the correct position in the mouth. The technique may be used alone or in combination with other conventional orthodontic techniques for either major or minor tooth movement. The magnets may be attached anywhere on a tooth, but preferably in an inconspicuous position. The magnets themselves may have tapered edges to insure the teeth move to the proper position. In the movement of a single tooth normally a magnet will be attached to the single tooth with the other magnet which creates the repulsion or attraction force being attached to several teeth in combination. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the orthodontic movement of teeth in the mouth and, more particularly, the orthodontic movement of the teeth using magnets placed on the teeth to attract or repel adjacent magnets. The magnetic forces will be used to move the teeth in the mouth so that the teeth can be properly aligned with the curvature of the mouth. Prior to the present invention, the conventional way for moving live teeth in the mouth by an orthodontist usually involved the attachment of dental appliances (such as braces) so that a constant force was exerted on the tooth that needed to be moved. An elastic member creating the constant force would continually have to be tightened or strengthened by repeated adjustments by a dentist or orthodontist. Many times dental appliances such as a retainer wire would be required across the front of the teeth to prevent excessive movement of the teeth. Depending upon the type of movement that is desired individual, wire braces or other types of removable dental appliances may be necessary; however, all the methods presently employed by dentists and orthodontists in the movement of teeth require repeated adjustments to insure the proper movement, not to mention the inconvenience and unsightly appearance of the removable dental appliances. Fairly recently a direct bonding technique was developed wherein many of the dental appliances that were formerly attached to the teeth by wire structures are now being attached by a direct bond. One type of direct bonding technique uses an acid to etch the surface of the teeth. Next an adhesive compound is applied to the etched area. The adhesive compound hardens very rapidly to hold the dental appliance to the teeth. While this method of direct bonding has been successful for limited use, it has still not met with widespread acceptance by the dental profession. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03984915__
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• Orthodontics headgear compliance monitor Inventor(s): Barrett; George A. (Seattle, WA), Prall; Chris (Seattle, WA), Ramsay; Douglas S. (Seattle, WA), Soma; Mani (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): The University of Washington (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,980,246 Date filed: March 24, 1998 Abstract: This invention is an apparatus and method for monitoring and motivating user compliance for orthodontic headgear (24) of the type using a linear spring force module (22). The spring force module (22) includes first (38) and second opposite attachment members that are interconnected to provide spring tension when moved linearly apart. A position sensor (16)(18)(19) detects liner movement between the attachment members. A microprocessor (12) receives signals from the position sensor to determine wear duration, force magnitude, and whether such movement is sufficiently variable to be biological in origin or is attempted mimicry. Multiple determinations made by the processor are recorded over time to provide an evaluation of headgear wear compliance and to provide ongoing motivation for user compliance. Excerpt(s): This application describes an electronic device that will both measure and enhance the compliance of young orthodontic patients with wearing an orthodontic headgear which is a common removable orthodontic appliance. Furthermore, this device will measure the duration and amount of force applied during headgear use which is information of clinical and scientific importance. There are approximately 8,856 orthodontic specialists in the United States, as well as an unknown number of dentists who provide orthodontic services. A survey of the members of the American Association of Orthodontists (more than 90% of U.S. orthodontists are members of the AAO) indicated that 1,358,000 patients began orthodontic treatment in 1992. The mean cost of orthodontic treatment is estimated to be $3200 per child patient in the permanent dentition and $3500 per adult patient. Approximately, 77% of the new patients started in 1992 were under the age of 18. Few orthodontists would disagree that patient nonadherence is a challenging problem. In addition to its economic cost, nonadherence can result in protracted treatment and failure to achieve orthodontic correction. Complicating the task of the orthodontist is a lack of objective information about the degree to which patients are actually complying with the prescribed regimen (e.g., headgear use). One recent survey of orthodontists found that 80% of the respondents said that they had no particular method for assessing adherence. In broad terms, orthodontic treatment goals are to provide patients with properly aligned teeth, a functional occlusion, and optimal facial aesthetics. An Angle Class II malocclusion occurs in 15 to 20% of U.S. children. This common condition occurs in both genders, is not related to socioeconomic status, and is rarely self-correcting. This type of malocclusion is diagnosed in the antero-posterior plane of space as a discrepancy between the positioning of the maxillary and mandibular dentitions. Specifically, the mandibular dentition is located more posteriorly than would be ideal relative to the maxillary dentition. Patients with this malocclusion (Angle Class II, division I) are typically described as having proclined or protrusive upper incisors, a retrusive lower jaw, and excess overjet. In all but the mild Class II patients, an underlying skeletal disharmony is present and is at least partially responsible for the spatial malrelations between the teeth. Consequently, a common treatment for this malocclusion involves the application of orthopedic forces in growing children to alter the relative growth pattern between the jaws, thus bringing them into proper alignment. This is most commonly accomplished by means of a headgear appliance which restrains the forward Patents 61
growth of the maxilla while allowing the forward growth of the mandible to continue unimpeded. A recent national survey reported that nine out of ten orthodontists use headgear appliances "routinely" or "occasionally" in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980246__
• Photocuring resin composition for orthodontics Inventor(s): Sekiguchi; Toshihiro (Tokyo, JP), Sugano; Shunji (Ishikawa-ken, JP) Assignee(s): GC Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,136,881 Date filed: September 3, 1998 Abstract: A photocuring resin composition for orthodontics is disclosed, comprising:(a) 5.about.50% by weight of a urethane bond-free (meth)acrylate having an average molecular weight of 100.about.300 and having at least one unsaturated double bond;(b) 10.about.60% by weight of a urethane bond-containing (meth)acrylate having an average molecular weight of 300.about.5,000 and having at least one unsaturated double bond;(c) 5.about.30% by weight of a crosslinked polyurethane powder;(d) 10.about.50% by weight of an inorganic filler; and(e) 0.03.about.3% by weight of a photocuring initiator.By using the resin composition for orthodontics of the invention, not only an orthodontic appliance with a good precision can be directly prepared in the oral cavity of a patient within a short period of time without using a gnathostatic model, but also the resulting orthodontic appliance has a proper elasticity so that a thorough retention strength can be obtained by only utilizing a tooth undercut without imparting a retention structure such as a clasp. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a photocuring resin composition for orthodontics which is suitable for the preparation of a splint to be used in treatment of dysfunctions of tempromandibular joint in the dental remedy. In general, in treatment of dysfunctions of tempromandibular joint such as tempromandibular arthrosis, bruxism, and malocclusion, there has been used an orthodontic treatment in which an orthodontic appliance having a thickness of 1.about.3 mm and having a shape so as to cover a tooth occlusal surface, called as a splint or a bite plate, is set in the oral cavity of a patient for a certain period of time, thereby leading a mandibule to a normal position. Usually, in the preparation of such an orthodontic appliance, acrylic resins such as dental self-curing resins or heat-curing resins are used, and these resins are applied in the following procedures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06136881__
• Procedure for the reduction of the cross-section of a wire Inventor(s): Gionfriddo; Michelangelo (57 Via Fusinato, Padua, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,160,589 Date filed: June 13, 1991 Abstract: A new procedure for reduction of the cross-section of a wire used in orthodontics for displacement of teeth in which the wire is partially immersed in the
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area of the portion of the wire to be reduced into a titanium tray containing an 85% orthophosphoric acid solution and the tray is connected to a negative battery pole while the wire is connected to the positive pole of the battery. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the preparation and shaping of wires used in orthodontics. In the field of dental care, in particular in relation to their displacement, an arch-shaped wire is used, which, by anchoring onto the rear teeth (molars), presses against the front teeth causing them to be gradually drawn inwards. For each patient it is necessary to prepare and press into shape an appropriate wire arch which will be formed according to the state of the teeth and of the desired final effect. The arch is placed in front of the teeth, both on the upper and lower arcade. A plate, bracket or crown will be inserted into place on each tooth with a special attachment to allow insertion of a wire made of resilient steel (prepared according to the patient's specific defect) which will be inserted into the crown attachments in order to establish the controlled displacement of the teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05160589__
• Reinforcing dental pin cutter and retainer Inventor(s): Roberts; James Norman (32206 Old Forge Lane, Farmington Hills, MI 48024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,035,917 Date filed: December 23, 1975 Abstract: An instrument, especially useful in the field of dentistry by virtue of its shape, size, and construction, adapted for example for severing ends from threaded retention pins which have been inserted intra-coronally in natural teeth to aid in retentively adhering tooth restoration material to a tooth being repaired, and operable subsequent to such severance to positively contain a severed end for facile removal thereof from a patient's mouth. The instrument has additional uses in, as one example, the field of intra-oral surgery of a type that includes utilization of wire arch bars in a procedure to immobilize a patient's jaws, where jaw fracture exists, and after placement and affixation, wire ends can be severed and retained by the instrument for removal from the mouth of the patient. The instrument can also be used in the field of orthodontics to, for example, trim or cut wire ends and remove the so-severed wire ends. The instrument while capable of other usages, is primarily useful for operation in small and restricted, or difficult access areas, due to its relatively small dimensions and its shape, coupled with the facile and effective operation thereof, particularly for the severing and retention of wire ends and the like such as encountered in the use of threaded retention pins as aforesaid. Excerpt(s): Heretofore in the practice of dentistry, steps have been taken to restore teeth which have either been broken or decayed. One of the known and heretofore practiced methods has been to utilize so-called retention pins which are threaded and/or otherwise provided with external surfaces to aid retention in a tooth and which have flattened head portions thereon. The practice included removal of the decayed or broken portions of a tooth to be restored, drilling of bores or holes in the remaining tooth structure, inserting threaded or the like retention pins in such holes or bores in the natural tooth intra-coronally, placement of restorative material in the desired area, shaping and dressing of the restorative material and in some instances placing a cap or the like on the so-restored tooth. As is known in the art the utilization in the intra- Patents 63
coronal space or area of a tooth limits to a substantial extent access and use of practical instruments and this is especially applicable where such retention pins after placement are to be severed to the desired extending length which remains projecting from the natural tooth. Another method consists in the retention pins being cut to size externally of a patient's mouth and then put in place, and generally is applicable to the old Markley type which is cut to size and then cemented in place. The present invention permits placement of a retention pin such as a stainless steel threaded pin having a flattened head thereon in a drilled bore intra-coronally of a tooth which has been prepared for reception in the bores of these pins and subsequently the pins can be cut to length by means of the present invention and the so-cut end can be retained by the invention for removal from the mouth of the patient. No known tool exists providing positive retention of the cut particle to prevent aspiration or ingestion by the patient or preventing eye injury to the clinician. The present invention provides a new and novel design, practicality, and efficiency for the specific function for which designed. The present invention is in the nature of a plier type cutter and of such dimensions and shape to provide a conceptually different instrument for a specialized function which basically includes cutting and capturing in a closed compartment a cut end of a stainless steel pin placed intra-coronally in bores provided in a shaped natural tooth portion and which pin is not of uniform diameter but contains a head. While the present invention, to a certain extent, includes a combination of known physical and geometric principles and design it is for a specific function not heretofore harmoniously united for that purpose. That purpose is to cut and capture in a closed compartment the cut end of a stainless steel pin placed intra-coronally and not of totally uniform diameter but containing a head; the invention to be used in such small intra-coronal space limitations in the nature of 2-4 millimeters in extent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04035917__
• Sheet-shape adhesive preparation Inventor(s): Kawata; Terushige (Tokushima, JP), Yamashita; Shinsuke (Tokushima, JP) Assignee(s): Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP), Teikoku Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Kagawa, JP) Patent Number: 4,594,240 Date filed: September 7, 1983 Abstract: A sheet-shape adhesive preparation for promoting tooth-movement in orthodontics comprising a layer of a pharmaceutical composition containing as the active ingredient a prostaglandin (e.g. prostaglandin E.sub.1, prostaglandin E.sub.2, and prostaglandin F.sub.2.alpha.) in admixture with one or more high molecular weight compounds and a flexible base sheet, a process for the preparation thereof, and a method for promoting tooth-movement in orthodontics by applying the sheet-shape adhesive preparation to the mucous membrane of gingiva. Said preparation can be kept for a long period of time without being dissolved in saliva and without irritation or unpleasant feeling when applied to the mucous membrane of gingiva and hence can show the tooth-movement activity of the active prostaglandin for a long period of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a sheet-shape adhesive preparation for promoting tooth-movement in orthodontics, more particularly, it relates to a preparation for promoting tooth-movement containing as an effective ingredient a prostaglandin which comprises a layer of a pharmaceutical composition containing a prostaglandin in the sheet-like form and a flexible base sheet, said agent being able to
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adhere well onto the mucous membrane of gingiva and to be retained on the gingiva for a long period of time without being dissolved and disintegrated with saliva and hence without being swallowed. Prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E.sub.1, prostaglandin E.sub.2, and prostaglandin F.sub.2.alpha., are extracted from spermatocyst of humans and sheep or are derived from the natural substance and are well utilized as a medicine because of their potent pharmacological activities. Focusing on their muscular contraction activity, the present inventors have intensively studied the application thereof to orthodontics in order to promote tooth-movement. In the treatment of various oral diseases, such as pyorrhea, stomatitis and toothache, various medicines are usually applied within oral cavity in the form of an ointment or liquid preparation. However, these application methods are not suitable for exhibiting activity of the active ingredient for a long period of time because the preparations are dissolved in saliva and are swallowed within a short period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04594240__
• Sonic bonding means for orthodontics Inventor(s): Brooks; Phillip A. (436 NW. 46 Ter., Oklahoma City, OK 73118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,375,961 Date filed: September 28, 1981 Abstract: A sonic apparatus for bonding an orthodontic bracket to a tooth, comprising a pincer-type element having arms for holding the bracket and an attached sonic transmission line for applying a sonic frequency to the bracket through the arms of the pincer element. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in method and means for bonding of one article to another and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a sonic method and means for bonding said articles together. The importance and usefulness of sonics and ultrasonics are becoming more and more apparent, and there is presently considerable activity in industry for expanding the utilization of these energies. There are many areas wherein the use of sonics and ultrasonics may be utilized for reducing time required for completing or accomplishing many work operations, with the end result being also improved. In the dental art, for example, there has been activity in expanding the use of sonics as shown in the Mumaw U.S. Pat. No. 3,332,149, issued July 25, 1967, and entitled "instrument for Loosening Teeth With High-Frequency Vibrations." The Mumaw Patent discloses an instrument having transducers disposed within a housing and operably connected between an ultrasonic generator and horns for transmitting reciprocal motion to the horns. The horns are secured to the diametrically opposed sides of a driving head which is oscillated as the horns reciprocate in alternating and opposite directions. The driving head is provided with tooth engaging means, and the high-frequency oscillation of the driving head is transmitted to the tooth for gently loosening the tooth in its alveolar socket. In the case of an orthodontic application, the tooth is loosened only sufficiently for altering the position thereof in the surrounding tissue, whereas in a tooth extraction operation, or the like, the tooth is loosened completely for a quick and efficient removal of the tooth with a minimum of damage to the surrounding portions of the alveolar bone. Other sonic applications have been set forth in the dental art, such as that shown in the Rapuano U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,372, issued Dec. 7, 1976, and entitled "Method and Apparatus for Securing a Retention Pin to a Tooth", the Takemoto et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,125, issued Nov. 28, Patents 65
1978, and entitled "Devices for Transmitting Ultrasonic Waves to Teeth", and the Bailey U.S. Pat. No. 3,728,562, issued Dec. 27, 1955, and entitled "Vibrating Device for Denture Material". The high-frequency method for facilitating the straightening of teeth shown in the aforementioned Mumaw patent has certain disadvantages in that the movement of the loosened teeth during an orthodontic procedure following the Mumaw method is usually too great, or not of sufficient "finesse" and the teeth may revert to the original position thereof too readily. As a result, the time honored method of straightening of the teeth through the use of orthodontic brackets bonded to the teeth, and associated elements and procedures is still in widespread use today, and it is common practice in a tooth straightening procedure to clean each tooth carefully prior to an etching of the tooth for preparing thereof to receive the orthodontic bracket, or the like. The efficient cleaning of the tooth or teeth is time consuming and exacting, as is the etching operation, and in addition, it is extremely important to maintain the cleaned and etched tooth or teeth completely dry prior to the attachment of the bracket to the tooth. This is because moisture is a detriment to the bonding process required for attaching the bracket to the tooth, and since the normal bracket is usually quite small in configuration, presenting a very small area for bonding of the bracket to the tooth, the efficiency of the bonding is exceedingly important. Of course, other dental procedures are time consuming and costly, such as the making of tooth or teeth impressions, molding of dentures, and the like, self-cleaning sterilization, mixing of amalgum, and the like, and other such procedures which may be improved through the use of sonics or ultrasonics. Of course, it has also been found that many of the problems encountered in the care and control of teeth are generally similar to some of the problems encountered in connection with the care and repair of bone structures of the body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04375961__
• Spring tensioning device and method Inventor(s): Cain; Steve B. (11006 N.W. 58, Kansas City, MO 64152) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,315,739 Date filed: December 19, 1979 Abstract: The present invention encompasses a novel spring construction and a method of application of the spring in the field of orthodontics. A tension spring member is at least partially surrounded by a tension releasable component of larger diameter. The tension spring will normally be a coil spring adapted to be placed under tension between two points. The tension releasable component will normally comprise either a closed coil spring or an open coil spring. In either case, the tension releasable portion comprises an integral extension of the tension spring member and is designed to deform in response to a predetermined force thereby releasing the device from its tension exerting position. The orthodontic method of the invention comprises anchoring one end of the novel tensioning device to a tooth to be moved and the other end to an anchor point. The device is then placed under tension and the tension releasable means is used to hold one end of the device. Excerpt(s): The invention described herein relates to springs and spring appliances. More specifically, it relates to a spring tensioning device which is releasable in response to a predesigned tension force. One particularly useful application of the device is in the field of orthodontics. In orthodontics it is frequently necessary to move teeth along the jaw so as to assure proper spacing and correct malocclusions. This movement is termed
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retraction. Retraction of individual teeth in orthodontic treatment is accomplished by various mechanisms and techniques. The ideal retraction mechanism would be one that applies a force no greater than the capillary pressure of the peridontal membrane. No practical force mechanism is available that creates a constant force of this minute magnitude. However, it is generally accepted that the bodily retraction of a tooth without severe loss of anchorage is best accomplished with light forces. The design of fixed orthodontic appliances and the oral environment combine to restrict the retraction mechanisms to a limited number of forms or techniques. One important restriction is the distance over which the activated retraction mechanism can provide the requisite retraction force. Ideally, a single activation would retract an individual tooth the total required distance with a continuous uniform light force. In actual practice it has heretofore been difficult to apply the necessary force in anything approaching a constant manner over the entire distance a tooth is moved. Other important considerations in the design of retraction mechanisms are the ease of placement and removal and the ability to withstand the forces of mastication without breakage or deformation. An additional consideration is the desirability of eliminating patient responsibility for activation or placement of the mechanism. Finally, it should be an intra-oral device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04315739__
• System of treatment for use in functional orthodontics Inventor(s): Risse; Georg (Bogenstrasse 15-16, D-4400 Munster, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,588,833 Date filed: November 16, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to rectangular wires and brackets for use in orthodontic treatment methods as well as to a system of treatment comprising these wires and brackets. The wires according to the invention have a smaller cross-section than conventional wires, and the cross-section of the slots of the brackets is also smaller than in conventional systems and can be so adjusted to the cross-section of the wires that the wires have sufficient play in the slots so as to allow selective three-dimensional tooth movement with biologically acceptable forces. The invention also relates to orthodontic methods using such wires and brackets. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a rectangular wire for use as archwire in orthodontics and to a bracket or band for use in orthodontics. The invention also relates to a system of treatment comprising such archwires and brackets or bands, and to an orthodontic method. The treatment of the position of the teeth and the treatment of the position of the upper and lower jaw is generally possible by orthopedic and orthodontic means. The orthopedic treatment or functional orthopedics has mainly been used in Europe. The appliances used in orthopedics are removable. They therefore produce forces on the teeth mainly intermittently and react as growth stimulators intermaxillary and intramaxillary. The exact positioning of teeth is, however, not possible because there are only point contacts between appliances and teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05588833__
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• Tow element bracket system for true straight wire orthodontics Inventor(s): Rosenberg; Farel (10535 Wilshire Blvd. #1811, Los Angeles, CA 90024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,597,739 Date filed: May 21, 1985 Abstract: The present invention relates to a two piece, adjustable, orthodontic bracket system to which a flexible archwire is tied. The distortions at various points along the archwire are automatically set by specially-oriented archwire slots cut into the face of interchangeable working brackets. Maintenance or modifying of any desired tooth position during treatment is done through the use of these working brackets which are inserted and removed from their bracket support bases as case needs dictate. The dentist or orthodontist, as a result need not make bends in the wire or change bracket positions on the teeth as in prior art.From the amount and direction of the local distortion at each bracket, tooth moving forces are derived which are of the correct magnitude and direction to achieve in time the proper orientation of the teeth. Excerpt(s): In orthodontic practice archwire bending is a time-consuming but essential component of the treatment procedure. Tooth alignment problems are corrected by applying appropriate bends to a generally U-shaped archwire. When out-of-line teeth are tied to this wire by means of orthdontic brackets whose wire-receiving slots are used as attachment areas, forces result which move these teeth into a desired orientation over a period of time. Teeth having proper alignment initially are tied to unbent portions of the wire and may serve to define an "ideal" orientation to which the other teeth are directed. The modes of tooth movement required for misalignment correction are: up- down (tooth extrusion or intrusion); in-out (movement towards the tongue or cheek side of the mouth); rotation (turning of the tooth, in its socket-clockwise or counterclockwise when viewed from above-without other movement); angulation (tilting of the tooth towards the front or back of the dental arch); torque (twisting of the tooth towards the tongue or cheek side of the mouth). Present day orthodontic brackets are applied to the teeth by bonding. Each bracket is provided with a slot for archwire containment and ligature tie grooves to receive elastic rings or tie wires for securing the archwire to each bracket. (In an older technique the brackets were first welded to metal bands; the latter were slipped over the teeth and cemented into place.) One-piece orthodontic brackets are cast or molded to have a fixed, "average" amount of torque, in-out, angulation and sometimes rotation built into the bracket base. This is done to limit wire bending somewhat for average, normally-shaped teeth and assumes that the bracket will be placed and bonded in a precisely determined position on the tooth. Since provision has only been made for "average" teeth in these fixed, one piece systems, there is no allowance for normally-occurring differences in tooth anatomy or in bracket placement errors. Wire bending is therefore required to correct the alignment problem. A way of eliminating wire bending is by iterated rebonding of the brackets for a better position on their respective teeth, but this is a time consuming process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04597739__
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Patent Applications on Orthodontics
As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to orthodontics: • Anchor implanting device for orthodontics Inventor(s): Kim, Joong-han; (Seoul City, KR) Correspondence: Larson & Taylor, Plc; 1199 North Fairfax Street; Suite 900; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030044745 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: An anchor implanting device for orthodontics used for implanting an wire supporting anchor supporting a teeth supporting wire which supports a plurality of teeth and correct the teeth, comprises a tooth supporter supportedly enclosing a portion between a pair of neighboring teeth elastically in a transverse direction relative to an array direction of the teeth; a locating projection projected inward in a radial direction from the tooth supporter and positioned between the pair of neighboring teeth and a gum; at least one anchor positioning unit extended from the tooth supporter, positioned on the side of the gum so as to establish an implanting position of the wire supporting anchor. With this configuration, the present invention provides an anchor implanting device for orthodontics, allowing a wire supporting anchor to be implanted on the predetermined position of the gum in an easy manner. Further, by using the anchor implanting device according to the present invention, the time for operating the implantation of the wire supporting anchor is reduced, thereby accomplishing the effect of cost saving. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to anchor implanting devices for orthodontics, and more particularly, to an anchor implanting devices for orthodontics, used in implanting a wire supporting anchor supporting an orthodontic wire, making orthodontics of one or more teeth by supporting a plurality of teeth together. Generally, when operating orthodontics to treat false occlusion of the teeth, it is very important to control a force produced between moving teeth (mainly, front teeth) to be moved and fixed teeth (mainly, molars) not to be moved, for a better chewing by the molars and a more improved utterance and an aesthetic function by the front teeth. For example, in the case of making an orthodontics of a projecting tooth or a slant tooth, an orthodontic device comprised of brackets mounted to the teeth and an orthodontic wire connecting the brackets has been used, after a small molar is pulled out, and then a front tooth is moved toward the molar region pulled out. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
6 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000. Patents 69
• Appliance for positioning orthodontic components Inventor(s): Kopelman, Avi; (Ramat Chen, IL), Shapira, Israel; (Rosh Ha' ayin, IL), Taub, Eldad; (Reut, IL) Correspondence: Nath & Associates Pllc; Sixth Floor; 1030 15th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030215767 Date filed: May 1, 2003 Abstract: A positioning appliance adapted to facilitate an orthodontics procedure in which a bracket or other orthodontic component is placed at a desired site on the surface of a tooth and affixed thereto. The appliance comprises a hand-held tubular wand that has a protective sleeve section and a camera section telescoped in the sleeve section. A window is mounted at the front end of the sleeve section and a finger projecting therefrom is adapted to hold the bracket at a position abutting the tooth surface. A camera is housed in the camera section to capture through the window an image of the bracket on the surface of the tooth. One or more light sources are housed in the camera section, for irradiating the bracket and the tooth surface with light detectable by the camera. Additional one or more light sources arc housed in the camera section and are capable of irradiates light at a wavelength that can cure an adhesive used for affixing the bracket or other orthodontic component to the surface of a tooth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for placing a bracket or other orthodontic component on the surface of a tooth of a patient undergoing orthodontic treatment, and to systems and devices for carrying out these methods. Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry dealing with teeth irregularities and their connections, such as by means of braces. The primary purpose of orthodontic treatment is to alter the position and reorient an individual's teeth so as to modify or improve their function. Teeth may also be reoriented mainly for cosmetic reasons. Brackets affixed to teeth surfaces serve to support wires and tensioning springs to exert moments of force acting to move the teeth subjected to these forces to a degree and in a direction causing the teeth to assume a desired posture in the dental arch. A typical treatment plan includes, among other factors, the desired position of each of the force-inducing orthodontic implements on the teeth. The placement of the brackets on the teeth determines the outcome of the above- mentioned movements, e.g. the degree and direction of the teeth movements. Any deviation from the planed position of the brackets affects the outcome of the treatment. Thus, during the process of placing the brackets on the teeth, much effort is made to ensure the accurate positioning of the brackets in accordance with their desired position as determined by the treatment plan. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
• Implant for teeth orthodontics Inventor(s): Lee, Jong-Suck; (Seoul, KR), Park, Young-Chel; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: William H Logsdon; 700 Koppers Building; 436 Seventh Avenue; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219-1818; US Patent Application Number: 20020182560 Date filed: July 11, 2002
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Abstract: An implant for teeth orthodontics to fix firmly the orthodontic appliance ligated to malaligned teeth, to decide freely the pulling direction of a bracket mounted on malaligned teeth, and to minimize the size of the exposed part of an implant after implanting into dentine of teeth. The present invention is composed of a screw part at its bottom side to be implanted into dentine of teeth, a plain part at its middle side to be contacted with gingival tissue, and a head part at its upper side having a groove for manipulation of the implant by tools, a wire slot for a wire to be inserted therein, and a ligation part for a wire to be ligated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an implant for teeth orthodontics, and more particularly to an implant for teeth orthodontics which securely and firmly fixes an orthodontic appliance fitted onto the dentition so as to straighten mal-aligned teeth (such as a snag tooth, an in-turned tooth, a projecting tooth, a cracked tooth) and/or which precisely and correctly straightens the malaligned teeth by implanting directly into an alveolar bone or a basal bone (hereinafter, referred to as "the dentine of teeth") having mal-aligned teeth. Continuous research and development to provide implants for prosthetic appliances so as to replace missing teeth have been carried out, and thus numerous types of the implants for the prosthetic appliance have previously been proposed. However, the research and development of implants for fixing orthodontic appliances to straighten mal-aligned teeth (hereinafter, referred to as "the teeth") or for straightening the mal-aligned teeth are not sufficient. Until now the implant for the prosthetic appliance has been used to fix the orthodontic appliance. However, this kind implant has a problem that a bracket installed at a position may be detached from that position, because the implant doesn't have a portion to which a wire is fixedly attached, and thus the implant is separately equipped with a bracket on the upper portion of the implant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
• Inline orthodontics system and methods Inventor(s): Cooper, Ronald B.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Greenberg-traurig; 1750 Tysons Boulevard, 12th Floor; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20020172911 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: A system enabling the delivery of malocclusion correction devices to the general dental community under the supervision of an orthodontist. Based on a treatment plan developed by the orthodontist, a prescription will be entered into the inventive entry order software, and the prescription will be transmitted to a malocclusion correction device laboratory through the Internet. The system and procedures allow a dentist to virtually communicate with an orthodontist assigned to the patient's case. Additionally, the system and methods provides many ancillary services such as credit applications, loan processing and payments to be performed online between a dentist, a bank and insurance companies. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/283,185 entitled "Inline Orthodontics System and Methods" filed Apr. 12, 2001, the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference. This application includes material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patents 71
Patent and Trademark Office files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. This invention relates to a system and procedures for collecting data and information via the internet from a network of selected healthcare participants. More particularly, the present invention relates to the field of orthodontic products and services for providing a platform to communicate with and pass data between a dental network, an orthodontic network, and a business services provider company such as Inline Orthodontics and an orthodontic product provider such as Align Technology, Inc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
• Method for the enhancement of orthodontic treatments Inventor(s): McLaughlin, Richard P.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; ST. Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030101079 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: In order to assist in an orthodontics treatment, midline and molar relationship data are entered into a midline chart, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth crowding/spacing (C/S) data are entered into a discrepancy chart having first and second tables, and data from the first and second tables are entered into an anticipated treatment chart. The first table contains data related only to cuspid to midline regions of a patient's jaw, and the second table relates to second molar to midline regions of the patient's jaw and includes the cuspid to midline regions of the patient's jaw. The first C/S data relates to cuspid to midline regions, the second C/S data relates to bicuspid regions, the third C/S data relates to molar regions, the fourth C/S data relates to a curve of Spee, the fifth C/S data relates to midline position, and the sixth C/S data relates to incisor position. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method which is useful in orthodontically treating patients. Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that involves the movement of malpositioned teeth to orthodontically correct positions. Before prescribing an orthodontic treatment, X-rays and photographs of the patient's teeth and jaw structure are usually taken. Also, a mold of the patient's teeth is typically made. This mold along with the X-rays and photographs provide a model of the positions of the patient's teeth and dental arches prior to treatment. The orthodontist also frequently relies on a post treatment model of the desired positions of the patient's teeth and dental arches. This post-treatment model has typically been a mental model formulated in the mind of the orthodontist based on the orthodontist's experience and skill. However, computer programs are also known to assist the orthodontist in the development of a computerized post-treatment model. The orthodontist then devises a treatment strategy to move the patient's teeth and/or dental arches from their positions as represented by the pre-treatment model to the desired positions as represented by the post-treatment model. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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• Process for making an expansion screw for orthodontics and screw thus made Inventor(s): Ceppatelli, Paolo; (Firenze, IT), Dolfi, Maurizio; (Firenze, IT), Scommegna, Gabriele; (Firenze, IT) Correspondence: Mcglew And Tuttle, P.C.; Scarborough Station; Scarborough; NY; 10510-0827; US Patent Application Number: 20020142259 Date filed: September 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention refers to a process for making an expansion screw and a screw thus made; the expansion screw (100, 100') has two bodies (1, 2) that can be spaced apart by acting on the driving portion (6) of a double screw (3) housed within threaded central bores (30) provided in the two bodies (1, 2); each of the bodies (1, 2) has at least one bore (5, 50) parallel to the threaded bore; also provided is at least a hollow cylindrical guide (9) housed within a corresponding pair of parallel bores (5, 50) disposed on the two bodies (1, 2) in facing relationship; inserted in each guide (9) is a pin (4) for sliding therein; each guide (9) is fixed to one of the bodies, while the relevant pin (4) held therein is fixed to the other body, and the sliding of the pin (4) relative to the guide (9) takes place with friction owing to the force exerted upon assembly. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a process for making an expansion screw for orthodontics and the orthodontic screw thus made. Shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the attached drawings is an example of expansion screw of known type for orthodontic use. The screw comprises, substantially, a bearing structure with two main bodies (1, 2) provided with arms (8) which allow it to be associated to orthodontic bands (or other component of different conformation and/or function) to complete an orthodontic apparatus to be used for expanding the palate by suitably displacing the two bodies (1, 2) apart. The said bodies (1, 2) exhibit a central bore (30) with inner left-hand threading by one side and a right-hand threading by the opposite side. The two bodies are disposed in facing relationship and connected to each other by a double screw (3) having a central portion (6), with a plurality of driving bores (7), which is intended to result in an intermediate position between the same bodies (1, 2). The adjustment of the operating condition of the apparatus, during the orthodontic treatment, is made by means of a suitable tool inserted within the bores (7) of said central portion. The said screw (3) is double, that is, it exhibits two threaded spindles, extending from opposite sides with respect to the central portion (6), each spindle is intended for engagement with the central threaded bore of one of said bodies (1, 2), so as to causes them to move away from, or close to each other depending on the [direction of] rotation into which the central portion (6) is driven during said adjustment. Moreover, the said main bodies (1, 2) exhibit, in addition to the threaded central bore, two more bores (5) parallel to the central one and extending from opposite sides with respect to the axis thereof. The additional bores (5), without threading, have two cylindrical guide pins (4) going therethrough. When using the expansion screws of a so-called "free" type, because they are not immersed in the resin of a palate plate, a clearance is provided between the pins (4) and the bores (5), as necessary for the sliding of same pins and as a consequence of the work tolerances. In order to limit the negative effects of such clearance, the coupling between the central screw (3) and the threaded bores (30) which accomodate it is made by friction. In practice, chemicals of so-called "thread-braking" type are used to create a friction between the threaded spindles of the central screw and the threads mating therein. In this way, unwanted rotating movements of the central screw, likely to endanger the success of the orthodontic treatment, are counteracted. Patents 73
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
• Rapid orthodontics treatment method after corticotomy and the skeletal anchorage plate Inventor(s): Chung, Kyu-Rhim; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Hovey Williams Timmons & Collins; 2405 Grand BLVD., Suite 400; Kansas City; MO; 64108 Patent Application Number: 20030104335 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is the rapid orthodontics treatment method after corticotomy and the skeletal anchorage plate. The method comprises the steps of: incising gums within a range established in consideration of a set of teeth to be corrected; incising front and rear surfaces of a cortical bone; suturing incised gums; and placing an orthodontic appliance on the teeth and applying tensioning force to the set of teeth, thereby to correct irregularities of the teeth. A supporting member comprises a securing part defined with threaded holes and secured to a palate bone such that the palate is straightly incised and a plurality of screws are respectively tightened through the threaded holes to the palate bone; and a supporting part integrated with the securing part and having eye portions on which both ends of a spring for pulling a Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a rapid orthodontics treatment method after corticotomy and skeletal anchorage plate. In the present invention, continuity of a compact bone surrounding teeth is partially broken by performing corticotomy and then, flexural or tensile force is induced between a bracket assembly and a skeletal anchorage plate. The bracket assembly serves as an orthodontic appliance so that the several teeth can be rapidly moved and thereby corrected in unison in their irregularities. The effect of the procedure is that orthodontic treatment time can be shortened and a result that is similar to that obtained by performing orthognathic surgery under general anesthesia can be accomplished under local anesthesia. In implementing orthodontic treatment, in the case of a patient whose adulthood is attained, a tooth extracting operation is generally conducted for the purpose of converting an inferior aesthetic look this treatment is particularly applicable in the case of a protrusive occlusion of anterior teeth into a superior one. Conventionally, an arch wire passes through an orthodontic appliance such as a bracket, a tube or the like, which is rigidly secured to a surface of a tooth, and then, flexural or tensile force is induced between teeth or between the tooth and an extra oral appliance. The force then moves the tooth toward the desired position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current
In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with orthodontics, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into
74 Orthodontics the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on orthodontics.
You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning orthodontics. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above. 75
CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to orthodontics. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on orthodontics include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies
The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on orthodontics:
• Orthodontic Applications of Osseointegrated Implants Source: Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2000. 232 p. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $116.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153563. Summary: Applying the principles of osseointegration (the direct bone anchorage of a dental prosthesis for permanent tooth replacement), clinicians are able to predictably replace missing teeth with excellent long term esthetic and functional results. This textbook describes the relationship of osseointegrated implant therapy in orthodontics including treatment planning, presurgical orthodontic preparation, tooth replacement, and implant orthodontic anchorage. Ten chapters provide a bioengineering background, experiments, clinical trials, and suggestions for clinical application, as well as some long 76 Orthodontics
term results in clinical orthodontics. Other topics include implant considerations in the growing child, and the comprehensive management of implant anchorage in the multidisciplinary patient. Each chapter is illustrated with full color and black and white photographs and radiographs; a subject index concludes the text.
• Ehrlich and Torres Essentials of Dental Assisting. 3rd ed Source: Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2001. 688 p. (CD-ROM). Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721688632. Summary: In the typical dental setting, the clinical dental assistant participates in patient care activities, infection control procedures, preparation of dental materials, exposing and processing dental radiographs (x rays), and assisting with specialized procedures. This textbook is designed to help students prepare for state examinations and the Dental Assisting National Board examination. The text includes thirty chapters in ten sections: the profession, the sciences, infection control and hazardous materials, dental treatment, patient care, dental radiography, preventive dentistry, restorative dentistry, specialized dentistry, and preparation for employment. Specific topics include the professional and legal aspects of dental assisting, dental anatomy, disease transmission, infection control, management of hazardous materials, surface disinfection, treatment room preparation, instrument processing, clinical dentistry, moisture control, dental examinations, medical emergencies, pain and anxiety control, radiation safety and production of X rays, intraoral radiographic techniques and film processing, preventive care, coronal polishing and sealants, instruments, restorative materials, restorative procedures, impression materials and laboratory procedures, prosthodontics, periodontics, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, the job search, and examination preparation and test taking. Each chapter includes a list of Key Terms, goals for the student to achieve, information in table and figure formats, a section of Ethical Implications, and exercises to check the student's comprehension of the material covered. The text concludes with a list of competency forms, a set of study cards that can be detached from the book, and an updated glossary of terms. The text is accompanied by a CD ROM disk of several interactive practice experiences, involving case scenarios and questions relating to these scenarios, a quiz game, and an illustrated dictionary. Each of the 25 cases in the CD contains a patient's photograph, personal history, medical history, charting, and radiographs.
• Oral Rehabilitation with Implant-Supported Prostheses Source: Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 1999. 364 p. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $138.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 086715358x. Summary: The implant-supported prosthesis is a dental specialty that has grown rapidly in the last few years, as much in the use of new accessories as in the research and study of long term results. This textbook covers oral rehabilitation with implant- supported prostheses. Ten chapters address the single tooth restoration, the nonsurgical treatment of open bites, implants and orthodontics, biomechanics, occlusion and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in implant therapy, esthetics in oral rehabilitation, Books 77
esthetic, phonetic and occlusal factors, implant-supported mandibular overdentures, phonetics and the implant-supported prosthesis, and anatomic considerations. Much of the material is supported with extensive figures, radiographs, and full color photographs. The textbook concludes with a bibliography and a subject index. 299 references.
• The complete guide to better dental care Source: New York, NY: Facts on File. 1997. 288 pp. Contact: Available from Facts on File, Inc, 11 Penn Plaza, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10001. Telephone: (800) 322-8755 or (800) 678-3633 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.factsonfile.com. $12.95, paper; $28.55, cloth. Summary: The purpose of this book is to help foster communication between dental professionals and their patients. Divided into three parts, the book discusses the consumer and the general dentist; the dental specialties; and trends, fears, and issues in dentistry. Topics include how to choose a dentist, preventive care at home, dental x- rays, restorative dentistry, endodontics, pathology, surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics and prosthodontics. Information on dental insurance, managed care, and cost comparisons of dental services based on regional and national surveys, are provided. A glossary, appendices on dental schools in the US and Canada, national and state dental organizations, and an index conclude the book.
• Growing Up Cavity Free: A Patient's Guide to Prevention Source: Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1993. 160 p. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $18.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867152567. Summary: This book is a parent's guide to preventive dentistry techniques for children from birth through adolescence. Eight chapters cover topics including infant oral care, tooth development, fluoride supplements, oral hygiene, proper diet, bad habits, injury prevention, choosing a dentist, orthodontics, and dentistry of the future. The book is written in clear, non-technical language and provides numerous suggestions for parents who want their children to grow up cavity-free. Full-color photographs illustrate many of the dental conditions discussed.
• Fundamentals of Periodontics. 2nd ed Source: Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc. 2003. 684 p. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $82.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154055. Summary: This book is designed as an introduction to the science and art of periodontics for students new to the subject and for clinicians who wish to expand their knowledge. The material is organized as a guide to what must be seen and what must be done to successfully diagnose and treat periodontal diseases. The text offers 39 chapters in four sections: essential information for clinical decision making; clinical management of the periodontal patient in health and disease; restorative and esthetic
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treatment aspects of periodontal therapy; and dental implants. Specific topics covered include pathogenesis, epidemiology, anatomy of the periodontium, histopathology, the physiology of bone, immune responses in periodontal disease, aging of the periodontium, genetics, tobacco use, endocrine disorders, systemic effects of periodontal diseases, infection control and personnel safety, diagnostic considerations, radiography, treatment planning, treating dental plaque-induced gingivitis (gum inflammation), treating attachment loss, treating aggressive forms of periodontal disease, host- modifying therapeutics, referrals to specialists, periodontal maintenance, lesions in the oral mucous membranes and periodontium, restorative procedures, the management of occlusal trauma, esthetic periodontics (periodontal plastic surgery), orthodontics, the biology of implant dentistry, implant surgery, and restorative procedures following implant placement. Each chapter concludes with extensive references; a detailed subject index concludes the volume.
• The ASDC kid's mouth book Source: Chicago, IL: American Society of Dentistry for Children. 1999. 144 pp. Contact: Available from American Society of Dentistry for Children, 210 E. Chicago Avenue, Suite 710, Chicago, IL 60611. Telephone: (312) 943-1244 / fax: (312) 943-5341 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.asdckids.org. $44.00, plus $5.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This book is designed for parents and children as an easy-to- understand guide to children's oral health. Included are explanations of dental terms, procedures, and treatments with accompanying color photographs to aid in understanding. Chapter topics include: tooth development; tooth decay and nursing; dental plaque; preventing mouth diseases; periodontal diseases, oral surgery; trauma to the mouth and teeth and preventing it; sealants; a safe and comfortable patient; emergency treatment, and orthodontics. A glossary and index are provided.
• Contemporary Dental Assisting Source: St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2001. 1008 p. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $52.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801677327. Summary: This book is designed to help dental assistants prepare for the DANB (Dental Assisting National Board) examination and to serve as an adjunct to dental assistants being trained on the job in the dental office setting. The text begins with three chapters on professional dental assisting: history of dentistry; career planning for the professional dental assistant; and dental ethics and jurisprudence. The second and third sections offer 15 chapters on dental sciences, clinical principles, and techniques. Topics covered include anatomy and physiology, tooth morphology, microbiology for the dental assistant, oral disease, radiology and radiation safety, general pharmacology and pain control, dental materials, nutrition and dietary counseling, preventive dentistry, barriers to disease transmission, dental instruments and equipment, concepts of dental chairside assisting, oral diagnosis and treatment planning, and management of dental office emergencies. The book then includes ten chapters on specialty skills: endodontics (root canal therapy); pediatric dentistry; periodontics; malocclusion and orthodontics; oral and maxillofacial surgery and hospital dentistry; fixed prosthetics and temporary crown and bridge; removable prosthetics; complete denture prosthetics; dental implantology; and dental oncology (cancer therapy) and maxillofacial prosthetic treatment. Also Books 79
included are five chapters on advanced functions: clinical operative procedures and rubber dam isolation; matrix band and retainer assembly and wedge placement; finishing and polishing dental restorations; clinical application of dental amalgam restorations; and direct and indirect composite acrylic resin restorative techniques. Step by step procedure boxes in every chapter provide complete instructions for routine to advanced techniques. Evaluation tables accompany all procedure boxes that pertain to duties performed only by the dental assistant. Each chapter also includes a list of key points, a chapter outline, a list of learning objectives, key terms defined in the margins, points for review, and self study questions to help readers test themselves on content comprehension. The text includes over 1000 photographs and illustrations, and concludes with a detailed subject index.
• Complete Guide to Children's Dental Care: From Prenatal Through Teens Source: Southampton, NY: Health Monitor Press. 1993. 139 p. Contact: Available from Health Monitor Press. P.O. Box 2700, Southampton, NY 11969. (516) 287-3140; Fax (516) 287-3136. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963599801. Summary: This book is designed to provide parents with a comprehensive overview of how to care for their children's teeth, from infancy through adolescence. Twelve chapters cover topics including tooth development, tooth anatomy, pregnancy, teething, primary and permanent teeth, dental plaque, tooth decay and its prevention, the importance of oral hygiene, baby bottle tooth decay, dental care, the use of fluoride and sealants, dental radiography (X-rays), food and nutritional concerns, dental emergencies, and orthodontics. Each chapter features answers to common questions and concerns that parents may have. The book concludes with a glossary of terms and a subject index. Numerous black-and-white photographs illustrate the text.
• As You Get Older: Information for Teens Born with Cleft Lip and Palate Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Cleft Palate Foundation. 2002. 20 p. Contact: Available from Cleft Palate Foundation. 104 South Estes Drive, Suite 204, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. (800) 24-CLEFT or (800) 242-5338 or (919) 933-9044. Fax (919) 933-9604. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cleftline.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure helps teenagers understand some of their health care choices for care of their cleft lip or cleft palate, and encourages them to educate themselves to be good health care consumers. Readers are encouraged to work closely with their parents and the entire cleft palate team to make good choices in each individual situation. Topics covered include getting braces (orthodontics), the options for surgery, jaw surgery, appliances for the mouth, speech considerations, health concerns for the ears, nose and throat, and social relationships. The brochure concludes with the stories of three teens who have cleft lip or palate. A brief list of resources and the contact information for the Cleft Palate Foundation (800-242-5338 or www.cleftline.org) is provided. 4 figures.
• Compendium of Curriculum Guidelines Source: Washington, DC: American Dental Education Association (ADEA). 1994. 354 p. Contact: Available from American Dental Education Association (ADEA). 1625 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036-2212. (202) 667-9433. Fax
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(202) 667-0642. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.adea.org. PRICE: $18.00 for members; $36.00 for non-members; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This Compendium of curriculum guidelines is compiled by the American Dental Education Association (ADEA). The ADEA develops curriculum guidelines for predoctoral education, postdoctoral non-specialty education, dental hygiene education, dental assisting education, and continuing education programs. The guidelines are intended as a curriculum development aid. In each of these levels of education, specific curriculum outlines and recommendations are provided. Topics covered include anatomy, behavioral science, biochemistry, dental materials, community dentistry, diagnosis, medical emergencies, endodontics, ethics, forensic dentistry, geriatric dentistry, special needs dentistry, implant dentistry, infectious diseases, nutrition, occlusion, orthodontics, pain control, pathology, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, pharmacology, physiology, practice administration, preventive dentistry, prosthodontics, radiation, substance abuse, surgery, and temporomandibular disorders.
• Complete Guide to Dental Health: How to Avoid Being Overcharged and Overtreated Source: Yonkers, NY: Consumer Reports Books. 1991. 315 p. Contact: Available from Consumer Reports Books. 101 Truman Avenue, Yonkers, NY 10703. (914) 378-2000. PRICE: $22.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0890434360. Summary: This cost-conscious guide provides information that consumers can use to assess their dental needs and those of their children. The author, a practicing dentist for over 20 years, discusses guidelines and costs for common dental procedures. Topics covered include proper home care and prevention of dental problems; gold, silver amalgam, and porcelain fillings; frequency of X rays; diagnosing gum disease; local and general anesthesia; special precautions for children; and bleaching and veneering. The author outlines the costs, benefits, and risks of alternative treatments, suggesting ways to save time and money on such procedures as orthodontics, extractions, and bridges. Each chapter includes questions for readers to ask their own dentists. Charts provide information on a range of fees for common procedures and explain how unnecessary add-ons increase the bill. An appendix provides Consumer Reports recommendations on toothbrushes, dental flosses, and other products. A glossary and subject index conclude the volume. (AA-M).
• Dental Health for Adults: A Guide to Protecting Your Teeth and Gums Source: Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. 2003. 52 p. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Publications. P.O. Box 421073, Palm Coast, FL 32142-1073. (800) 829-9045. Website: www.health.harvard.edu/SHR. PRICE: $16.00 for subscribers; $24.00 all others. Summary: This document is a new special health report from Harvard Medical School. The report outlines a prevention program that can address tooth decay and gum infection. The report describes oral health problems, medications and treatments, and restoration options for damaged teeth. Topics include the basics of mouth anatomy and physiology; home care of the teeth, including brushing, flossing, mouth rinses, fluoride, and treating bad breath (halitosis); working with the dentist, including the dental check up, X rays, types of dentists, and the role of dental insurance; dealing with dental anxiety; general health and its impact on oral health, and vice-versa; plaque diseases, including tooth decay and cavities, choosing a material to fill the cavity, gum disease, gingivitis, periodontitis; pulp diseases, including root canal therapy and tooth Books 81
extraction; dealing with dental emergencies; tooth replacements, notably bridges, dentures, and dental implants; orthodontics; and cosmetic dentistry. The booklet concludes with a glossary of terms and a resource section that lists organizations and publications. A final section includes a listing of and order for form other Special Health Reports on a wide range of topics.
• The handbook: Pediatric dentistry. (2nd ed.) Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 1999. 316 pp. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60611-2663. Telephone: (312) 337-2169 / fax: (312) 337- 6329 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aapd.org. Summary: This handbook is written as a quick clinical reference aid for practitioners. Chapter topics include infant oral health, dental development, oral pathology, fluoride, radiology, periodontal disease, pulp therapy, restorative dentistry, trauma, and growth and development/orthodontics. Additional chapters include information on legal issues, recordkeeping, infection control guidelines, behavior management and sedation, and pain control. Further chapters include hospital planning and admission, medical emergencies, common disorders and diseases, special needs patients. Also provided is an oral medicine formulary, tables for temperature conversion, kilograms - pounds, common abbreviations, Glasgow coma scale, and metric equivalents. A section describing common laboratory tests is provided, along with an index.
• Handbook: Pediatric Dentistry. 2nd ed Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 1999. 316 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. AAPD Lockbox, 190 East Delaware Place, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 337-2169. Fax (312) 337-6329. Website: www.aapd.org. PRICE: $30.00 for members; $35.00 for nonmembers, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This handbook on pediatric dentistry was conceived as a clinical aid for practitioners to use as a quick reference at the dental chairside, in hospitals, or when access to more detailed information is not available. It is not intended to be exhaustive in coverage, nor address the entire scope of pediatric dental practice. The approaches to dental and medical care for selected conditions represent those commonly employed, but clinicians using the book should be aware of geographical differences and changing patterns of care. Twenty-seven chapters cover infant oral health; dental development, morphology, eruption and related pathologies; oral pathology, oral medicine, and syndromes; fluoride; radiology; periodontal diseases; pulp therapy in primary and permanent teeth; restorative dentistry; trauma; growth and development and orthodontics; legal issues; recordkeeping; infection control guidelines for exposure determination and prevention; behavior management; pain control; hospital dentistry; medical emergencies; allergic and immunologic disorders; childhood cancer; cardiovascular disease; endocrine disorders; hematologic (blood) disorders; infectious diseases; nephrologic (kidney) disorders; neurological and neuromuscular disorders; respiratory disorders; and special patients, including those affected by developmental disorders, child abuse and neglect, substance abuse, eating disorders, pregnancy, and suicide. The information in each chapter is presented in outline form and charts, for ease of access. Three additional chapters offer an oral medicine formulary; a set of tables; and a review of laboratory tests and expected results. A subject index concludes the handbook.
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• Dental Secrets: Questions You Will Be Asked On Rounds, In the Clinic, On Exams, On Boards Source: Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus, Inc. 1994. 247 p. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus, Inc. Medical Publishers, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. (800) 962-1892 or (215) 546-7293; Fax (215) 790-9330; http://www.hanleyandbelfus.com. PRICE: $36.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560530634. Summary: This mini-textbook is presented in question and answer format as a review for examinations, rounds, and clinical discussions. The authors note that the format permits a lack of formality not available in a standard textbook; consequently, the reader will note smatterings of humor throughout the book. The authors address 14 subject areas: patient management and the dentist-patient relationship, treatment planning and oral diagnosis, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, periodontology, endodontics, restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, oral surgery, pediatric dentistry and orthodontics, infection and hazard control, dental public health, and legal issues and ethics in dental practice. The book includes numerous black and white photographs. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M).
• Pediatric dentistry: Infancy through adolescence. (3rd ed.) Source: Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. 1999. 675 pp. Contact: Available from W. B. Saunders Company, 625 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Telephone: (215) 238-7800 or (800) 545- 2522. $69.00. Summary: This textbook begins with extensive basic dental information pertinent to all pediatric patient age levels. The remainder of the book is divided into four sections by developmental age. Those sections are (1) conception to age three, (2) primary dentition years ages three to six years, (3) the transitional years from six to twelve, and (4) adolescence. Each section begins with a chapter about the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes experienced during the age span. Age specific dental problems, treatments, and preventatives are covered in subsequent chapters within each section. Congenital abnormalities and orthodontics are also included.
• Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry Source: Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. 1997. 973 p. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone +45 33 12 70 30; Fax +45 33 12 93 87; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.munksgaard.dk. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 8716120604. Summary: This textbook provides a wealth of information on clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Thirty-three chapters cover topics including the anatomy of the periodontium, epidemiology of periodontal disease, dental plaque and calculus, microbiology of periodontal disease, pathogenesis of periodontitis, early onset periodontitis, necrotizing periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, endodontics and periodontics, systemic disorders and the periodontium, tumors and cysts of the periodontium, examination of patients with periodontal disease, advances in periodontal diagnosis, treatment planning, cause-related periodontal therapy, antiseptics and antibiotics in periodontal therapy, access therapy in periodontal surgery, mucogingival therapy, regenerative periodontal therapy, esthetics in periodontal Books 83
therapy, treatment of furcation-involved teeth, occlusal therapy, technical aspects of crown and bridge therapy, orthodontics and periodontics, supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), osseointegration, peri-implant mucosa, radiographic examination, surgical site, alveolar bone formation, and rehabilitation by means of implants. Full- color photographs, radiographs and line drawings illustrate each chapter. Extensive references are also provided with each chapter. A subject index concludes the volume.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers
Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “orthodontics” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “orthodontics” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “orthodontics” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
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• Biomechanics in Clinical Orthodontics by Ravindra Nanda (Editor), Larry McGrew (Editor); ISBN: 0721627846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721627846/icongroupinterna • Biomechanics in Orthodontics by Michael R. Marcotte; ISBN: 1556641680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556641680/icongroupinterna • Bone Remodeling Orthodontics by Jaw Repositioning and Alveolar Growth by Leon Kussick (1987); ISBN: 0867151587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867151587/icongroupinterna • Braces: A Consumers Guide to Orthodontics by G. Ray Callahan (2000); ISBN: 1588208095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588208095/icongroupinterna • Color Atlas of Acid Etch Technique in Pedodontics and Orthodontics (Dental Techniques) by John J. Murray, T. G. Bennett; ISBN: 0884165442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884165442/icongroupinterna • Contemporary Orthodontics by William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields; ISBN: 1556645538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556645538/icongroupinterna • Current Controversies in Orthodontics by Birte Melsen (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0867151749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867151749/icongroupinterna • Dentofacial growth and development/orthodontics by Vincent DeAngelis; ISBN: 0683026887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683026887/icongroupinterna • Edgewise Orthodontics by Raymond C. Thurow; ISBN: 0801649471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801649471/icongroupinterna • Esthetic Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery by David M. Sarver; ISBN: 0815179979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815179979/icongroupinterna • Facial Harmony: Standards of Orthognathic Surgery and Orthodontics by Rijnko Brons; ISBN: 0867153318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867153318/icongroupinterna • Foundation Orthodontics by Moyers (1998); ISBN: 080168126X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080168126X/icongroupinterna • Garden of Orthodontics by Giuseppe Cozzani; ISBN: 0867153881; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867153881/icongroupinterna • Handbook of Orthodontics; ISBN: 081516002X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081516002X/icongroupinterna • Handbook of Orthodontics by Robert E. Moyers; ISBN: 0815160038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815160038/icongroupinterna • Interceptive Orthodontics by Andrew Richardson; ISBN: 0904588211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904588211/icongroupinterna • Invisible Orthodontics: Current Concepts and Solutions in Lingual Orthodontics by Giuseppe Scuzzo, Kyoto Takemoto (2003); ISBN: 3876521815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3876521815/icongroupinterna Books 85
• LANCER ORTHODONTICS, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597455597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597455597/icongroupinterna • Lingual Orthodontics by Rafi Romano (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1550090402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550090402/icongroupinterna • Minor Surgery in Orthodontics by Jean-Paul, D.D.S Schatz, Jean-Pierre, D.D.S. Joho (1992); ISBN: 0867152486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867152486/icongroupinterna • New Vistas in Orthodontics 1985 by Lysle E. Johnston (Editor); ISBN: 0812109538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812109538/icongroupinterna • Oral Surgery, Orthodontics and Restorative Dentistry (Health Building Note) (1993); ISBN: 0113214057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113214057/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics by Thomas M. Graber, Swain; ISBN: 0801619661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801619661/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics by Spiro J. Chaconas; ISBN: 0884161552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884161552/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics; ISBN: 0884165876; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884165876/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics and Occlusal Management by William Christie Shaw; ISBN: 0723610002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723610002/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics and Periodontics by Hosel, et al; ISBN: 086715148X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086715148X/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics for Dental Students by J.H. Gardiner, et al; ISBN: 0195645685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195645685/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics for undergraduates by Henry Perry Hitchcock; ISBN: 0812104390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812104390/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics in an Aging Society, Monograph No. 22 (Craniofacial Growth Ser.) by Achenbaum, et al (1989); ISBN: 0929921186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929921186/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics in Daily Practice by Jacob Amos Salzmann; ISBN: 0397503245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397503245/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics in daily practice; possibilities and limitations in the area of children's dentistry by Rudolf Hotz; ISBN: 3456003676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3456003676/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics in dental practice by Viken Sassouni; ISBN: 0801643007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801643007/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques by Thomas M. Graber (Editor), Robert L. Vanarsdall (Editor); ISBN: 0815193637; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815193637/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics: Picture Test Atlas by Claire Nightingale, et al; ISBN: 072361072X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072361072X/icongroupinterna
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• Orthodontics: State of the Art, Essence of the Science by Lee W. Graber (Editor); ISBN: 0801619424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801619424/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics: The State of the Art by University of Pennsylvania Schoo International Orthodontic Conference; ISBN: 0812277678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812277678/icongroupinterna • Orthodontics; Principles and Practice by Touro M. Graber; ISBN: 0721641822; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721641822/icongroupinterna • Principles and Practice of Orthodontics (1988); ISBN: 0443025339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443025339/icongroupinterna • Principles and Practice of Orthodontics (Churchill Livingstone Dental Series) by James Richard Ewart Mills; ISBN: 044303608X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044303608X/icongroupinterna • Problem Solving in Orthodontics: Goal-Oriented Treatment Strategies by Charles J., Dds, MS Burstone, Michael R., Dds, Msd Marcotte; ISBN: 0867153539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867153539/icongroupinterna • Removable Appliance Fabrication: A Text for Technicians, Students, and Practitioners of Orthodontics by Emil Witt, et al (1988); ISBN: 0867151803; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867151803/icongroupinterna • Retention and Stability in Orthodontics by Ravindra Nanda (Editor), Charles J. Burstone (Editor); ISBN: 0721643426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721643426/icongroupinterna • Self-assessment of current knowledge in orthodontics : a selection of case histories and multiple choice questions with referenced answers by Donald T. Rosenbloom; ISBN: 0874882443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874882443/icongroupinterna • So You're Getting Braces: A Guide to Orthodontics by Alvin Silverstein, Virginia B. Silverstein; ISBN: 0397317867; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397317867/icongroupinterna • Straight Teeth: Orthodontics and Dental Care for Everyone by Robert Lawrence. Holt; ISBN: 068808625X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068808625X/icongroupinterna • Surgical Orthodontics II by R. Greebe; ISBN: 9053832319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9053832319/icongroupinterna • Surgical Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment by D. B. Tuinzing, et al (1993); ISBN: 9053831797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9053831797/icongroupinterna • Textbook of Orthodontics by Samir E. Bishara (Editor), W B Saunders; ISBN: 0721682898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721682898/icongroupinterna • Textbook of Orthodontics by T. Foster (1990); ISBN: 0632026545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632026545/icongroupinterna • Textbook of Orthodontics (1990); ISBN: 0801616328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801616328/icongroupinterna Books 87
• Textbook of Orthodontics: Interactive Software by C. D. Stephens; ISBN: 072361041X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072361041X/icongroupinterna • The activator in interceptive orthodontics by Egil P. Harvold; ISBN: 0801620945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801620945/icongroupinterna • The Future of Orthodontics by Carrie Carels (Editor), et al; ISBN: 9061869048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061869048/icongroupinterna • The Masters of Functional Orthodontics by Aurelio Levrini, Lorenzo Favero (2003); ISBN: 0867159502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867159502/icongroupinterna • The Periodontium and Orthodontics in Health and Disease by Peter A. Heasman, et al; ISBN: 0192625608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192625608/icongroupinterna • Understanding Orthodontics by Harold T. Perry, David P. Forbes (1997); ISBN: 0867153156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867153156/icongroupinterna • What Do You Know About Orthodontics/Pedodontics (Test Your Knowledge Series: No. Q-93) by Jack Rudman (1997); ISBN: 0837370930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0837370930/icongroupinterna • Who Was Who in Orthodontics With a Selected Bibliography of Orthodontic History by Norman, Dds. Wahl, Dds MS Wahl (2002); ISBN: 1403368287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403368287/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index
The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 • A manual of practical orthodontics, by W. J. Tulley and A. C. Campbell. Author: Tulley, W. J. (Walter Jack); Year: 1963; Bristol, Wright, 1965 • Current orthodontics, by eight teachers: J. S. Beresford [et al.]. Author: Walther, D. P. (David Philippe); Year: 1964; Baltimore, Williams; Wilkins, 1966 • Edgewise orthodontics. Author: Thurow, Raymond C.,; Year: 1956; St. Louis, Mosby, 1966 • Education for orthodontics in general practice. Edited by William R. Proffit and Louis A. Norton. Author: Norton, Louis A.; Year: 1964; [Lexington, Dept. of
7 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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• Orthodontics for dental students [by] T. C. White, J. H. Gardiner [and] B. C. Leighton. Author: White, T. C. (Thomas Cyril); Year: 1966; London, Staples [1967] • Orthodontics. Author: Sheppe, Joseph H.,; Year: 1965; [n.p.] c1965 • Orthodontics; principles and practice. Author: Graber, T. M. (Thomas M.),; Year: 1964; Philadelphia, Saunders, 1966 • Practice of orthodontics. Author: Salzmann, J. A. (Jacob Amos); Year: 1964; Philadelphia, Lippincott [c1966] • Preventive orthodontics and limited treatment procedures; manual. Author: Glauser, Russell O.; Year: 1965; [Washington] U. S. Division of Indian Health, 1967 • Symposia on: I. Interceptive orthodontics; T. M. Graber, consulting editor. II. Problems of oral and facial pain; R. Gordon Agnew, consulting editor. Author: Agnew, Robert Gordon, Symposium on problems of oral and facial pain.; Year: 1966; Philadelphia, Saunders, 1959 • Symposium on orthodontics. Author: Spengeman, Walter G.; Year: 1965; Philadelphia, Saunders, 1968
Chapters on Orthodontics
In order to find chapters that specifically relate to orthodontics, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and orthodontics using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on orthodontics:
• All About Orthodontics Source: in Moss, S.J. Growing Up Cavity Free: A Parent's Guide to Prevention. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1993. p. 127-136. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $18.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867152567. Summary: This chapter on orthodontics is from a parent's guide to preventive dentistry techniques for children from birth through adolescence. Topics covered include the use of orthodontic treatment to improve appearance, medical reasons for orthodontic therapy, occlusion, malocclusion, preventive orthodontics, space maintainers, monitoring the child's mouth, becoming aware of bad mouth habits, exercises to prevent orthodontic problems, choosing an orthodontist, cost issues, the use of removable versus fixed appliances, and oral hygiene during orthodontics. The author encourages parents to seek the advice of dental professionals who are specially trained and experienced in dental and facial development.
• Path to the Straight and Narrow: Orthodontics Source: in Greenberg, K.B. Complete Guide to Children's Dental Care: From Prenatal Through Teens. Southampton, NY: Health Monitor Press. 1993. p. 121-129. Books 89
Contact: Available from Health Monitor Press. P.O. Box 2700, Southampton, NY 11969. (516) 287-3140; Fax (516) 287-3136. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963599801. Summary: This chapter, from a book designed to provide parents with a comprehensive overview of how to care for their children's teeth, addresses orthodontics. Topics covered include the role of the orthodontist; malocclusions and why they need to be corrected; oral problems; development problems (including speech development); signs of a malocclusion; factors influencing malocclusions including hereditary factors, developmental irregularities, oral habits, tooth eruption patterns, premature tooth loss, prolonged delays in tooth eruption, congenitally missing teeth, and supernumerary teeth; and correcting malocclusions. The author focuses on providing practical information and answers to common questions that parents may have. 4 figures.
Directories
In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to orthodontics have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:8
• ASDA 1997-1998 guide to postdoctoral programs. (7th ed.) Source: Chicago, IL: American Student Dental Association. 1997. 2 v. Contact: Available from American Student Dental Association, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 1160, Chicago, IL 60611. Telephone: (312) 440- 2795 / fax: (312) 440-2820. $20.00 for members; $30.00 per volume for nonmembers; plus $5.00 shipping and handling per volume. Summary: This directory lists post-doctoral dental programs. Volume 1 covers general practice residencies and advanced education in general dentistry. Volume two covers dental public health, endodontics, oral pathology, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Information about how to apply, how to prepare a curriculum vitae, and accreditation is included.
• Indiana Directory: Dental Care for People with Disabilities Source: Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Board of Health. 199x. 30 p. Contact: Available from Indiana State Board of Health. Division of Dental Health, 1330 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46206-1964. (317) 633-8417; FAX, (317) 633-0776. PRICE: Single copy free. Reproducible with permission and credit noted. Summary: To help promote the oral health of people with disabilities in Indiana, information regarding physical access to dental facilities and dentists' willingness to accept Medicaid coverage has been compiled in this directory. Dentists listed in the directory are divided by County of practice with codes assigned to specify information regarding the physical facilities of the office, whether Medicaid is accepted, and to
8 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “orthodontics” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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indicate whether each dentist is a general practitioner or dental specialist. Specialities covered include general practice; oral and maxillofacial surgery; endodontics; orthodontics; pediatric dentistry; periodontics; prosthodontics; and oral pathology.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on orthodontics. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings
An excellent source of multimedia information on orthodontics is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “orthodontics” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on orthodontics:
• Your Family's Dental Health: A Patient's Video Guide to Dentistry Source: Waco, TX: Health EDCO. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from HEALTH EDCO. P.O. Box 21207, Waco, TX 76702-1207. (800) 299-3366 ext. 295 or (817) 776-6461 ext. 295; Fax (817) 751-0221. PRICE: $80.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This patient education videotape is designed to improve patient compliance and educate and motivate dental patients. Twelve segments cover the following topics: X-rays, brushing and flossing, fluoride, orthodontics, dentistry for children, emergency care, dental specialties, prenatal care, snacking and nutrition, dental labs, and geriatric care. The videotape is recommended for viewing by patients while they wait in the dentist's office. (AA-M).
• Dental Care Source: Evanston, IL: Altschul Group Corporation. 1994. (videocassette). 92 Orthodontics
Contact: Available from Altschul Group Corporation. 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100, Evanston, IL 60201-9971. (800) 323-9084 or (828) 328-6700; Fax (847) 328-6706; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.agcmedia.com. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 7884. Summary: This videotape program presents an overview of dental health. The composition of the tooth and its role in the body are detailed. Viewers are shown the dental development from birth to old age. The proper care of teeth and preventive devices for sports activities are demonstrated. Orthodontics is explained, and techniques for treating dental abnormalities are shown. Periodontal disease, plaque, tartar, and gingivitis are defined and described. The video program stresses preventive measures, including proper brushing style, use of dental floss, and proper nutrition. The program is one in a series of self-health videos in which, by emphasizing lifestyle and environmental factors that increase the risk of illness, the prevention of disease is motivated. The programs also illustrate the impact of health problems on individuals and society. Each program in the series provides viewers with a better understanding of bodily functions and helps them to detect signs or symptoms of illness. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ORTHODONTICS
Overview
In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover orthodontics.
News Services and Press Releases
One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on orthodontics is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire
To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health
The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to orthodontics. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “orthodontics” (or synonyms).
The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date 94 Orthodontics at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
Business Wire
Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire
Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines
Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “orthodontics” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to orthodontics, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
BBC
Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “orthodontics” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles
Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on orthodontics: Periodicals and News 95
• Management of the Cleft Lip-Palate Patient Source: AAOMS Surgical Update. p. 1-6. Winter 1992. Contact: Available from American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). Committee on Public Information, 9700 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, IL 60018-5701. (800) 366-6725 or (847) 678-6200; Fax (847) 678-6286 or (630) 241-9805; http://www.aaoms.org. Summary: This issue of Surgical Update examines the types of cleft conditions and available treatment regimens, and offers guidelines for dealing with some of the special challenges confronting the dentist and the cleft team. Topics include the diagnostic classification of cleft lip and palate; dentofacial considerations in the infant; pre-primary dentition, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition; surgical orthodontics; treating patients who did not experience early and continuous dental intervention, who present with various dental problems; and controversial issues in this area, including timing for total cleft palate closure and the real benefits of early maxillofacial orthopedic treatment. The author conclude that a coordinated team effort, which provides the earliest possible diagnosis, preventive and treatment regimens with ongoing evaluation and maintenance, can vastly improve function, esthetics, and overall quality of life for these patients. 8 figures.
Academic Periodicals covering Orthodontics
Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to orthodontics. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering orthodontics that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES
Overview
In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines
Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: • Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/ • National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html • National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c- 714a9f7c8d25 • National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm • National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375 • National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9 These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes. 100 Orthodontics
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/ • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ • National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/ • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm • National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm • Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ • National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp • Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 101
NIH Databases
In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 • Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html • HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html • NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html • Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ • Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html • Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html • Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ • Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html • Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html • Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html • MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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• Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html • Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “orthodontics” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result:
• Cross Infection Control in Dentistry: A Practical Illustrated Guide Contact: Mosby-Yearbook Europe Ltd., Torrington Place, London. Mosby - Year Book, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63146. Summary: This manual presents guidelines on preventing disease transmission in dentistry practice. It outlines methods of infection control and universal precautions, with emphasis on personal protection, the aseptic technique, disinfection, and management of instruments. The manual says that infections of particular concern in dentistry include Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the hepatitis infections, cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, syphilis, and herpes simplex type I. General objectives and strategy in infection control are outlined, along with procedures for patient screening. The manual takes a special look at prosthetics and orthodontics, endodontics, radiology, and oral surgery. A section of step-by-step illustrations is included.
The NLM Gateway12
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
12 Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. 13 The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Physician Resources 103
Results Summary
Category Items Found Journal Articles 28334 Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual 998 Consumer Health 821 Meeting Abstracts 2 Other Collections 4 Total 30159
HSTAT14
HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quick- reference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “orthodontics” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17
Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 16 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 17 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 18 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases
In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: • CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/. • Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES
Overview
Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on orthodontics can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources
The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to orthodontics. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health
The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus
The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to orthodontics. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “orthodontics”: 106 Orthodontics
• Guides on orthodontics Orthodontia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/orthodontia.html
• Other guides Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Cosmetic Dentistry http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cosmeticdentistry.html Health Occupations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthoccupations.html Tooth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to orthodontics, the following was listed: • General/Overviews About Orthodontics Source: American Association of Orthodontists http://www.braces.org/about/faq/faq_adults.cfm Braces and Orthodontics: Frequently Asked Questions Source: American Dental Association http://www.ada.org/public/topics/braces_faq.asp
• Specific Conditions/Aspects Braces and Retainers Source: InteliHealth, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine http://www.simplestepsdental.com/SS/ihtSS/r.WSIHW000/st.32226/t.31911/pr.3 .html Braces for Adults Source: Academy of General Dentistry http://www.agd.org/consumer/topics/adult_braces/main.html Gap between Teeth: Orthodontic Treatment Source: InteliHealth, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine http://www.simplestepsdental.com/SS/ihtSS/r.WSIHW000/st.32578/t.32584/pr.3 .html What Is Malocclusion? Source: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry http://www.aapd.org/publications/brochures/maloccl.asp
• Children Early Orthodontic Care Source: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry http://www.aapd.org/publications/brochures/earlyortho.asp Patient Resources 107
Early Orthodontics May Mean Less Treatment Later Source: InteliHealth, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine http://www.simplestepsdental.com/SS/ihtSS/r.WSIHW000/st.32578/t.31898/pr.3 .html Learning about Braces Basics Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/grow/body_stuff/braces.html Reality of Retainers Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/grow/body_stuff/retainers.html Space Maintenance Source: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry http://www.aapd.org/publications/brochures/space.asp
• Organizations American Association of Orthodontists http://www.braces.org/ American Dental Association http://www.ada.org/ National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/
• Teenagers All about Orthodontia Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/medical_care/braces.html Will Our Braces Get Stuck If We Kiss? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/question/just_girls/bracekiss.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID)
CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on orthodontics. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search
108 Orthodontics options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:
• Orthognathic Surgery: Reshaping Your Face With Orthodontics and Corrective Jaw Surgery Source: San Bruno, CA: Staywell Company. 1998. 16 p. Contact: Available from Staywell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 333-3032. PRICE: $1.95 plus shipping and handling; quantity discounts available. Order Number 1369. Summary: Orthognathic surgery shapes a patient's face by straightening the teeth with orthodontics and repositioning the jaws with corrective jaw surgery. This full-color, illustrated patient education brochure presents a guide to orthognathic surgery. Topics covered include the total treatment time to expect; how to know when a patient is ready for orthognathic surgery; the structure of the face; diagnostic tests that evaluate the bite and jaws; pre-procedure care, notably orthodontic care; the surgical experience; postoperative care and recuperation; and follow-up care.
• Interceptive Orthodontics: Straighten Up Source: Chicago, IL: American Society of Dentistry for Children. 1990. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Society of Dentistry for Children. 875 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 4040, Chicago, IL 60611-1901. Voice (800) 637-ASDC; Fax (312) 943-5341. PRICE: $40.00 per 100 copies (nonmembers); $28.00 per 100 copies (members); shipping and handling additional. Item B1190. Summary: This brochure on interceptive orthodontics is published by the American Society of Dentistry for Children as part of a series of 12 brochures on dental health for children. Interceptive orthodontics is a means of treating bite problems as a child's face, teeth, and other oral structures are developing. Topics covered include the methods used in interceptive procedures, including removable or fixed devices, and timing the procedures. The brochure includes a list of the other items in the series. 2 figures.
• Adult Orthodontics: Helping You Look and Feel Your Best Source: San Bruno, CA: Staywell Company. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from Staywell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 333-3032. PRICE: $1.35 plus shipping and handling; quantity discounts available. Order Number 1447. Summary: This full-color, illustrated patient education brochure presents a guide to orthodontics for adults. Topics covered include determining whether or not orthodontics are appropriate; understanding the anatomy of the mouth and jaw and occlusion and malocclusion; evaluating the teeth and planning treatment; how braces work to move the teeth; the types of braces, including metal, plastic, ceramic, and removable braces and headgear; how fixed braces are built and applied; and the importance of the patient, orthodontist, and other healthcare providers working together as a team.
Patient Resources 109
Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: • Facts about Orthodontics Summary: Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that specializes in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. Source: American Association of Orthodontists http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7787
• Facts about Orthodontics in Growing Children Summary: Why should children have an orthodontic screening no later than age 7? By age 7, enough permanent teeth have come in and enough jaw growth has occurred that the dentist or orthodontist can identify Source: American Association of Orthodontists http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7788
The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to orthodontics. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: • AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats • Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm • Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/ • Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html • Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/ • Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/ • WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations
There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to orthodontics. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with orthodontics.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC)
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about orthodontics. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations
The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.
The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “orthodontics” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database
Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “orthodontics”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “orthodontics” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
Patient Resources 111
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “orthodontics” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES
Overview
In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation
Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library
The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada
In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20 Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html. 114 Orthodontics libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: • Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/ • Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute) • Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm • California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html • California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html • California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html • California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation) • California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://www- med.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/ • California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp • California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html • California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/ • California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/ • California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/ • California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarys- ca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html • California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/ • Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/ • Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/ • Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21 Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html. Finding Medical Libraries 115
• Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml • Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm • Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html • Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm • Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp • Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/ • Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm • Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html • Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/ • Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm • Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/ • Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/ • Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical Library- Shreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/ • Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm • Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html • Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm • Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/ • Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/ • Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10 • Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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• Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html • Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp • Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp • Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/ • Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html • Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm • Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp • Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/ • Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html • Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/ • Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm • Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/ • Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html • Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm • Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330 • Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula) • National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html • National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) - provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/ • National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/ Finding Medical Libraries 117
• Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm • New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/ • New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm • New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm • New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/ • New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html • New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/ • New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html • New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/ • Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm • Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp • Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/ • Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/ • Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml • Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html • Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html • Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml • Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp • Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm • Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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• South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp • Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/ • Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/ • Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES
The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: • ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html • MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp • Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ • Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html • On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/ • Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp • Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories
The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: • Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical • MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html • Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/ • Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ORTHODONTICS DICTIONARY
The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU].
3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (- 122 Orthodontics
COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage Dictionary 123
causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthrosis: A disease of a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH]
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Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Dictionary 125
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Centric Relation: The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH]
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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Community Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the Dictionary 127 standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH]
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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Amalgam: An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc. [NIH] Dental Anxiety: Abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH] Dental Facilities: Use for material on dental facilities in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Dictionary 129
Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dental Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentist-Patient Relations: The psychological relations between the dentist and patient. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dentition, Primary: The teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Diagnosis, Oral: Examination of the mouth and teeth toward the identification and diagnosis of intraoral disease or manifestation of non-oral conditions. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH]
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Education, Dental: Use for articles concerning dental education in general. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electromagnetics: Phenomena involving magnets, electric currents through conductors and the electric and magnetic fields thus produced, as in electric motors. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal). [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or Dictionary 131 plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Finite Element Analysis: A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the
132 Orthodontics chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forensic Dentistry: The application of dental knowledge to questions of law. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Geriatric Dentistry: The branch of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of older people. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste Dictionary 133 afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health- related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Harmony: Attribute of a product which gives rise to an overall pleasant sensation. This sensation is produced by the perception of the product components as olfactory, gustatory, tactile and kinaesthetic stimuli because they are present in suitable concentration ratios. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH]
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Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Design and Construction: The architecture, functional design, and construction of hospitals. [NIH] Hospital Planning: Areawide planning for hospitals or planning of a particular hospital unit on the basis of projected consumer need. This does not include hospital design and construction or architectural plans. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Dictionary 135
In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisor: Anything adapted for cutting; any one of the four front teeth in each jaw. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU] Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH]
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Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Jurisprudence: The application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased Dictionary 137
visual acuity. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetics: The study of magnetic phenomena and magnetic fields. Magnetism produced by electric currents is electromagnetics. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mandibular Condyle: The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. [NIH]
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Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Dictionary 139
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are
140 Orthodontics unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthodontic Brackets: Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets. [NIH] Orthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion). [NIH] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Dictionary 141
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathology, Oral: A dental specialty concerned with pathology of the oral cavity. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH]
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Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Dictionary 143
Polymethyl Methacrylate: Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Dentistry: The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to
144 Orthodontics indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15- hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19- hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Prosthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses. [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Dictionary 145
Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Ramus: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rationalize: To attribute one's actions to rational and creditable motives without adequate analysis of the true and unconscious motives. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]
146 Orthodontics
Recuperation: The recovery of health and strength. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Root Canal Therapy: A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, root canal preparation is available. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Dictionary 147
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Change: Social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society, such as education, family, religion, and industry become modified. It includes both the natural process and action programs initiated by members of the community. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]
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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by Dictionary 149 clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Surgery, Oral: A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Movement: Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth. [NIH] Tooth Socket: A hollow part of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible where each tooth fits and is attached via the peridontal ligament. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or
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animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Dictionary 151
Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
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153
INDEX
3 Atrophy, 33, 123 3-dimensional, 29, 121 B A Bacteria, 122, 123, 128, 137, 138, 142, 148, Acrylonitrile, 121, 146 150 Actin, 5, 16, 121 Bacteriophage, 123, 142, 150 Adjustment, 48, 56, 72, 121 Bacterium, 123, 126 Adolescence, 11, 23, 77, 79, 82, 88, 121 Base, 49, 50, 56, 63, 67, 123, 128, 136, 147 Adverse Effect, 121, 147 Base Sequence, 123, 147 Aeroembolism, 121, 123 Bends, 67, 123 Agar, 121, 142 Biochemical, 123, 144 Agenesis, 21, 121 Bioengineering, 10, 19, 75, 100, 123 Air Sacs, 121 Biomechanics, 14, 32, 45, 76, 84, 124 Algorithms, 121, 124 Biotechnology, 24, 87, 94, 101, 124 Alpha Particles, 121, 145 Blastocyst, 124, 127 Alternative medicine, 41, 44, 94, 121, 126 Blood pressure, 124, 125, 134, 139, 147 Alveolar Process, 33, 49, 121, 146, 149 Blood vessel, 124, 125, 136, 147, 148, 149, Alveoli, 57, 121, 129 150, 151 Amino Acids, 121, 122, 141, 144, 146, 150 Body Fluids, 124, 130, 147 Ampulla, 122, 130 Body Image, 12, 124 Anabolic, 16, 20, 122 Bone Cements, 124, 143 Anaesthesia, 122, 135 Bone Resorption, 4, 15, 18, 124 Anal, 17, 122, 131, 137 Bowel, 122, 124 Anaphylatoxins, 122, 126 Brachytherapy, 124, 136, 145, 151 Anatomical, 122, 134 Branch, 69, 71, 109, 117, 124, 132, 141, 143, Anemia, 122, 126 144, 148, 149 Anesthesia, 73, 80, 122 Bronchioles, 121, 124 Angulation, 67, 122 Bruxism, 61, 124 Anomalies, 7, 18, 122, 140 Buccal, 22, 54, 124, 148 Antibacterial, 122, 129, 148 C Antibiotic, 122, 148 Calcium, 124, 126, 130, 141, 149 Antibodies, 122, 134 Capillary, 66, 124, 151 Antibody, 122, 126, 134, 135, 136, 139, 145, Capsules, 125, 131 151 Carbon Dioxide, 125, 131, 146 Antigen, 122, 126, 134, 135 Carcinogen, 125, 150 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 122, 126 Carcinogenic, 125, 135, 140, 143 Anus, 122, 123 Cardiac, 125, 130, 139 Anxiety, 76, 80, 123, 128 Cardiovascular, 81, 125 Aplasia, 33, 123 Cardiovascular disease, 81, 125 Aqueous, 123, 130 Case report, 33, 125 Arachidonic Acid, 123, 143 Caudal, 125, 143 Aromatic, 23, 123, 148 Cell, 4, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 121, 122, 123, Arterial, 123, 134, 144 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 134, 135, 136, Arteries, 123, 124, 127, 138 137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 150, 151 Arterioles, 123, 124 Cell Adhesion, 125, 135 Arthrosis, 61, 123 Centric Relation, 49, 125 Aseptic, 102, 123 Cerebral, 41, 125, 131 Aspiration, 63, 123 Cerebral Palsy, 41, 125 Assay, 18, 123 Cerebrovascular, 125 154 Orthodontics
Cerebrum, 125 Dental Amalgam, 79, 128 Cervical, 55, 56, 125 Dental Anxiety, 80, 128 Cervix, 125 Dental Assistants, 78, 128 Chemotactic Factors, 125, 126 Dental Care, 8, 11, 25, 62, 77, 79, 86, 88, 89, Chromosomal, 22, 125, 142 91, 128, 141 Chronic, 125, 129, 135, 148 Dental Caries, 128, 129 CIS, 16, 125 Dental Facilities, 89, 128 Cleft Palate, 18, 79, 95, 125 Dental implant, 78, 81, 129, 140 Clinical trial, 4, 11, 17, 23, 26, 75, 101, 126, Dental Instruments, 78, 129 145 Dental Materials, 76, 78, 80, 129 Cloning, 124, 126 Dental Plaque, 78, 79, 82, 129 Cobalt, 55, 126 Dentist-Patient Relations, 82, 129 Cofactor, 126, 140, 144 Dentists, 9, 11, 14, 17, 59, 60, 80, 89, 129 Cognition, 21, 126 Dentition, 32, 56, 60, 70, 82, 95, 129 Colloidal, 126, 130, 131 Dentition, Primary, 95, 129 Communicable disease, 126, 150 Dentures, 65, 81, 129, 149 Community Dentistry, 10, 80, 126 Diagnosis, Oral, 82, 129 Competency, 76, 126 Diagnostic procedure, 47, 94, 129 Complement, 20, 122, 126, 135 Direct, iii, 8, 10, 59, 75, 79, 129, 146 Complementary and alternative Disease Progression, 15, 129 medicine, 41, 44, 126 Disease Transmission, 76, 78, 102, 129 Complementary medicine, 41, 126 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 129 Computational Biology, 101, 127 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 129 Conception, 82, 127, 131 Disinfection, 76, 102, 129 Connective Tissue, 17, 18, 127, 137 Distal, 56, 58, 129, 130, 144 Connective Tissue Cells, 127 Dorsal, 129, 143 Consumption, 12, 127, 146 Drug Interactions, 129 Contraindications, ii, 127 Duodenum, 129, 130, 148 Conventional therapy, 127 Dysplasia, 6, 129 Conventional treatment, 17, 127 E Coronary, 125, 127, 138 Eating Disorders, 81, 129 Coronary heart disease, 125, 127 Education, Dental, 80, 130 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 138 Effector, 126, 130 Cortex, 127, 131 Elasticity, 61, 130 Cortical, 73, 127 Electrode, 20, 130 Corticosteroids, 5, 127 Electrolytes, 54, 130 Crowding, 71, 127 Electromagnetics, 130, 137 Crowns, 127, 129 Electrons, 123, 130, 136, 145 Cues, 21, 127 Embryo, 124, 130, 135, 140 Curative, 128, 149 Emergency Treatment, 78, 130 Cyclic, 128, 144 Emulsion, 130, 132, 143 Cytomegalovirus, 102, 128 Endodontics, 7, 9, 10, 18, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, Cytoskeleton, 128, 135 89, 90, 102, 130, 146 D Endoscope, 130 Data Collection, 8, 128 Endoscopic, 17, 130 Databases, Bibliographic, 101, 128 Endotoxins, 126, 130 Decision Making, 77, 128 Environmental Health, 100, 102, 130 Defense Mechanisms, 128, 135 Enzymatic, 124, 126, 128, 130 Degenerative, 128, 133 Enzyme, 130, 137, 140, 144, 146, 151 Deletion, 16, 128 Esophagus, 130, 142, 148 Density, 5, 128, 140 Expander, 50, 130 Dental Abutments, 128, 129 Extender, 131 Index 155
External-beam radiation, 131, 136, 145, Hemostasis, 133, 135 151 Hepatitis, 102, 133 Extracellular, 4, 16, 127, 131, 135, 140, 147, Hepatocytes, 133 149 Hereditary, 89, 133 Extracellular Matrix, 127, 131, 135, 140 Heredity, 132, 133 Extraction, 13, 29, 30, 64, 81, 131 Herpes, 102, 133 F Herpes Zoster, 133 Facial, 25, 30, 56, 60, 84, 88, 109, 131 Heterodimers, 134, 135 Facial Pain, 88, 131 Histology, 16, 134, 142 Family Planning, 101, 131 Homeostasis, 15, 16, 134 Fat, 123, 127, 131, 147 Hormonal, 123, 134 Fatty acids, 131, 143 Hormone, 18, 20, 127, 132, 134, 141, 149 Fetus, 131, 143, 150 Hospital Design and Construction, 134 Fibroblasts, 127, 131, 136 Hospital Planning, 81, 134 Filler, 61, 131 Host, 10, 78, 123, 134 Finite Element Analysis, 32, 131 Hybridomas, 134, 136 Fissure, 125, 131 Hydrogen, 123, 134, 139, 144 Fixation, 17, 131 Hypertension, 125, 134 Fluorescence, 16, 132 I Fold, 22, 131, 132 Id, 39, 43, 109, 116, 118, 134 Forensic Dentistry, 80, 132 Immune response, 78, 122, 134, 151 Formulary, 81, 132 Immune system, 134, 137, 151 Fovea, 131, 132 Immunodeficiency, 102, 134 Friction, 72, 132 Immunohistochemistry, 6, 134 Fungi, 132, 138, 150, 151 Immunologic, 81, 125, 134, 145 G Immunology, 14, 17, 134 Gas, 121, 123, 125, 132, 134, 140 Impairment, 41, 134 Gastrin, 132, 134 Implant radiation, 134, 136, 145, 151 Gene, 5, 7, 16, 18, 20, 22, 87, 124, 132 Implantation, 68, 127, 134 Gene Expression, 7, 18, 20, 132 In vitro, 11, 13, 20, 34, 134, 135 General practitioner, 31, 90, 132 In vivo, 5, 13, 18, 20, 134, 135 Generator, 64, 132 Incision, 135, 136 Genetics, 4, 21, 78, 132 Incisor, 22, 23, 29, 71, 135 Genomics, 7, 132 Indicative, 83, 135, 141, 150 Genotype, 132, 142 Induction, 16, 26, 54, 135 Geriatric, 80, 91, 132 Infancy, 79, 82, 135 Geriatric Dentistry, 80, 132 Infarction, 127, 135, 138 Gland, 132, 137, 141, 148, 149 Infection, 54, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 102, 123, Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 131, 132 125, 128, 134, 135, 137, 148, 150, 151 Governing Board, 133, 143 Infection Control, 76, 78, 81, 102, 135 Grade, 133 Inflammation, 13, 78, 133, 135, 142, 148 Grading, 36, 133 Informed Consent, 12, 32, 135 Graft, 133, 134 Ingestion, 63, 133, 135, 149 Grafting, 133, 134 Initiation, 8, 135 Growth, 10, 19, 50, 60, 66, 81, 84, 85, 109, Initiator, 61, 135 121, 122, 133, 136, 139, 140, 142, 149 Inlay, 135, 146 H Inorganic, 61, 135 Halitosis, 80, 133 Integrins, 15, 135 Harmony, 25, 84, 133 Interleukin-1, 18, 136 Health Behavior, 12, 133 Interleukin-2, 136 Health Status, 23, 133 Interleukin-6, 18, 136 Heart attack, 125, 133 Internal radiation, 136, 145, 151
156 Orthodontics
Interstitial, 16, 124, 136, 151 Metastatic, 4, 138 Intracellular, 135, 136, 143, 144 Methacrylate, 50, 138, 143 Invasive, 17, 54, 136 MI, 62, 119, 138 Involuntary, 136, 139, 149 Microbiology, 14, 17, 78, 82, 138 Ions, 123, 130, 134, 136 Microorganism, 126, 138, 151 Irradiation, 55, 136, 151 Mobility, 21, 41, 138 Irrigation, 42, 136 Modeling, 29, 138 Ischemia, 123, 136 Modification, 138, 145 J Molecular, 4, 6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 50, 61, 63, Joint, 18, 23, 61, 76, 121, 123, 125, 136 101, 103, 124, 127, 130, 131, 139, 146 Jurisprudence, 78, 136 Molecule, 18, 122, 123, 126, 130, 139, 142, K 145, 151 Kb, 100, 136 Monitor, 12, 49, 60, 79, 88, 89, 139, 140 Kinetic, 22, 136 Monoclonal, 134, 136, 139, 145, 151 L Monocyte, 18, 139 Labile, 126, 136 Mononuclear, 18, 139 Lag, 15, 136 Morphology, 78, 81, 139 Lenses, 136, 143, 146 Motivations, 11, 139 Library Services, 116, 137 Mucins, 129, 139, 146 Ligament, 45, 137, 149 Mucosa, 83, 139, 148 Ligands, 20, 135, 137 Mutagenesis, 16, 139 Ligation, 70, 137 Mutagens, 139 Lip, 8, 79, 95, 137 Myocardium, 138, 139 Liver, 123, 128, 130, 133, 137 N Localization, 134, 137 NCI, 1, 99, 125, 139 Localized, 128, 131, 135, 137, 142 Necrosis, 135, 138, 139 Longitudinal study, 6, 137 Need, 3, 12, 27, 67, 75, 88, 89, 91, 94, 102, Luciferase, 16, 137 110, 134, 139 Lymph, 125, 137 Neoplastic, 131, 134, 139 Lymph node, 125, 137 Nerve, 51, 122, 132, 139, 146, 148, 150 Lymphatic, 135, 137, 148 Nervous System, 121, 139, 141, 142 Lymphoid, 122, 127, 137 Neuromuscular, 81, 139 M Neutrons, 121, 136, 139, 145 Macrophage, 136, 137 Nickel, 13, 30, 55, 140 Magnetics, 54, 59, 137 Nitrogen, 131, 140 Malnutrition, 123, 137 Nuclear, 126, 130, 139, 140 Mandible, 49, 61, 121, 137, 146, 149 Nucleus, 22, 128, 139, 140, 144, 148 Mandibular Condyle, 125, 137 O Mastication, 66, 138, 150 Odour, 123, 140 Maxillary, 36, 50, 56, 60, 125, 138 Oncogenic, 135, 140 Medial, 58, 138, 146 Oncology, 78, 140 Mediate, 16, 138 Opacity, 128, 140 MEDLINE, 101, 138 Ophthalmology, 131, 140 Membrane, 63, 64, 66, 126, 131, 138, 139, Oral Health, 7, 9, 11, 18, 23, 78, 80, 81, 89, 142, 146, 150 140, 143 Memory, 11, 55, 138 Oral Hygiene, 77, 79, 88, 133, 140 Mental Health, iv, 4, 100, 103, 138, 144 Orofacial, 20, 33, 42, 43, 131, 140 Mental Processes, 138, 144 Orthodontic Brackets, 65, 67, 140 Mentors, 6, 9, 10, 11, 17, 19, 138 Orthopedics, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, Mercury, 128, 138 33, 36, 41, 42, 43, 49, 56, 66, 140 Meta-Analysis, 30, 138 Osseointegration, 75, 83, 140 Metastasis, 138 Ossification, 140 Index 157
Osteoblasts, 6, 15, 16, 20, 140 Postnatal, 18, 143 Osteoclasts, 4, 6, 15, 18, 20, 140 Postoperative, 108, 143 Osteogenesis, 17, 54, 140 Potassium, 130, 143 Osteoporosis, 4, 5, 16, 141 Potentiates, 136, 143 Osteotomy, 17, 141 Practice Guidelines, 103, 143 Outpatient, 14, 141 Prenatal, 79, 88, 91, 130, 143 P Prenatal Care, 91, 143 Palate, 8, 18, 72, 73, 79, 95, 125, 133, 141, Prevalence, 11, 143 148 Preventive Dentistry, 76, 77, 78, 80, 88, 143 Palliative, 141, 149 Progression, 15, 129, 143 Palsy, 41, 125, 141 Progressive, 133, 139, 143 Parathyroid, 18, 20, 141, 149 Projection, 48, 54, 68, 128, 143 Parathyroid Glands, 141 Promoter, 16, 20, 143 Parathyroid hormone, 18, 20, 141 Prone, 54, 143 Particle, 63, 141, 150 Prospective study, 137, 143 Pathogenesis, 7, 10, 21, 78, 82, 141 Prostaglandin, 63, 143 Pathologic, 127, 141, 146 Prostaglandins A, 144 Pathologies, 81, 141 Prosthesis, 75, 76, 128, 144 Pathology, Oral, 10, 81, 82, 141 Prosthodontics, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 25, 30, Patient Advocacy, 8, 141 48, 76, 77, 80, 82, 89, 90, 144 Patient Compliance, 12, 91, 141 Protein Folding, 22, 144 Patient Education, 91, 107, 108, 114, 116, Protein S, 87, 124, 144, 146 119, 141 Proteins, 20, 22, 122, 126, 134, 136, 139, Patient Satisfaction, 13, 141 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151 Pediatric Dentistry, 10, 14, 18, 76, 77, 78, Proteolytic, 126, 144 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 106, 107, 141 Protons, 121, 134, 144, 145 Peptide, 15, 141, 144 Proximal, 49, 56, 129, 144 Perception, 11, 21, 133, 141 Psychiatry, 131, 144 Periodontal disease, 18, 77, 78, 81, 82, 92, Psychology, 35, 144 142 Public Health, 17, 82, 89, 103, 144 Periodontics, 9, 14, 15, 33, 54, 76, 77, 78, Public Policy, 101, 144 80, 82, 85, 89, 90, 142 Pulse, 139, 145 Periodontitis, 80, 82, 142 Q Peripheral Nervous System, 141, 142 Quality of Life, 11, 95, 145 Phallic, 131, 142 Quaternary, 144, 145 Pharmacologic, 122, 142, 149 R Pharynx, 58, 142 Radiation, 76, 78, 80, 121, 131, 132, 134, Phenotype, 6, 20, 142 136, 145, 151 Phosphorus, 124, 141, 142 Radiation therapy, 121, 131, 136, 145, 151 Phosphorylation, 5, 142 Radioactive, 134, 136, 140, 145, 151 Physiologic, 142, 143, 145, 146 Radiography, 12, 76, 78, 79, 145 Physiology, 4, 78, 80, 142 Radiolabeled, 136, 145, 151 Pigments, 126, 142 Radiology, 6, 10, 14, 78, 81, 82, 102, 145 Plants, 125, 139, 142, 149, 150 Radiopharmaceutical, 132, 145 Plaque, 78, 79, 80, 82, 92, 129, 142 Radiotherapy, 124, 136, 145, 151 Plasma, 122, 131, 133, 142 Ramus, 17, 137, 145 Plasmid, 4, 142, 151 Randomized, 11, 23, 145 Polymers, 142, 143, 144, 148 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 23, 145 Polymethyl Methacrylate, 50, 143 Rationalize, 22, 145 Posterior, 60, 122, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, Reagent, 137, 145 143 Receptor, 15, 18, 20, 122, 145 Postmenopausal, 141, 143 Recombinant, 145, 151
158 Orthodontics
Recuperation, 108, 146 Steroids, 127, 148 Refer, 1, 49, 124, 126, 131, 132, 133, 137, Stimulus, 130, 136, 148 140, 146, 151 Stomach, 130, 132, 134, 142, 147, 148 Refraction, 146, 148 Stomatitis, 64, 148 Regimen, 60, 141, 146 Strand, 55, 148 Reliability, 12, 146 Stress, 5, 16, 146, 148 Resorption, 4, 15, 18, 27, 124, 140, 146 Stroke, 100, 125, 148 Respiration, 125, 139, 146 Styrene, 146, 148 Restoration, 51, 62, 76, 80, 127, 144, 146, Subacute, 135, 148 151 Subclinical, 135, 148 Retina, 146 Surgery, Oral, 10, 149 Ribonuclease, 18, 146 Synergistic, 149 Ribosome, 146, 150 Syphilis, 102, 149 Risk factor, 13, 143, 146 Systemic, 6, 78, 82, 124, 135, 136, 145, 148, Rod, 58, 123, 146 149, 151 Root Canal Therapy, 78, 80, 146 T Rubber, 58, 79, 121, 146 Tartar, 92, 149 S Tetany, 141, 149 Sagittal, 49, 56, 146 Therapeutics, 7, 78, 149 Saliva, 63, 64, 146 Thrombosis, 127, 135, 138, 144, 148, 149 Salivary, 128, 129, 146 Thyroid, 141, 149 Salivary glands, 128, 129, 146 Thyroid Gland, 141, 149 Sanitary, 54, 146 Tic, 17, 137, 149 Screening, 22, 102, 109, 126, 147 Tin, 128, 149 Senile, 141, 147 Tooth Loss, 89, 149 Sensor, 60, 147 Tooth Movement, 11, 13, 15, 18, 27, 49, 54, Septic, 123, 147 57, 59, 66, 67, 149 Sequence Alignment, 22, 147 Tooth Socket, 15, 149 Sequencing, 22, 147 Toothache, 64, 149 Serum, 122, 126, 147 Toxic, iv, 148, 149 Sex Characteristics, 121, 147 Toxicity, 129, 138, 149 Shock, 147, 150 Toxicology, 19, 102, 149 Side effect, 5, 121, 147, 149 Toxins, 122, 130, 135, 149 Skeletal, 5, 6, 13, 16, 17, 49, 60, 73, 140, 147 Trace element, 126, 140, 149, 150 Skeleton, 121, 136, 143, 147 Trachea, 142, 149, 150 Small intestine, 129, 134, 147 Training Support, 19, 150 Social Change, 82, 147 Transduction, 4, 150 Social Environment, 145, 147 Transfection, 124, 150 Sodium, 124, 130, 147 Transfusion, 131, 150 Soft tissue, 5, 54, 147 Translating, 17, 150 Somatic, 121, 132, 142, 148 Translation, 17, 150 Specialist, 90, 110, 148 Translational, 17, 150 Species, 129, 139, 148, 150 Trauma, 17, 58, 78, 81, 82, 139, 150 Spectrum, 57, 148 Trees, 146, 150 Spirochete, 148, 149 Trigeminal, 131, 150 Spleen, 128, 137, 148 Tuberculosis, 102, 127, 150 Splint, 61, 148 U Stabilization, 22, 148 Unconscious, 128, 134, 145, 150 Steel, 13, 55, 62, 63, 148 Universal Precautions, 102, 150 Stellate, 18, 148 Urethane, 61, 150 Sterile, 123, 141, 148 Uterus, 125, 150 Sterilization, 65, 148 Index 159
V Vitro, 11, 13, 20, 34, 134, 135, 151 Vaccines, 150, 151 Vivo, 5, 13, 18, 20, 134, 135, 151 Vascular, 135, 149, 150 W Vasodilator, 5, 151 White blood cell, 122, 137, 139, 151 Vector, 4, 57, 150, 151 Windpipe, 142, 149, 151 Venereal, 149, 151 Wound Healing, 135, 151 Venous, 144, 151 X Venules, 124, 151 X-ray, 71, 77, 79, 91, 132, 136, 140, 145, 151 Vestibular, 57, 151 X-ray therapy, 136, 151 Vestibule, 151 Y Veterinary Medicine, 101, 151 Yeasts, 132, 142, 151 Viral, 4, 10, 140, 150, 151 Z Viral vector, 4, 151 Zygote, 127, 151 Virus, 102, 123, 142, 150, 151
160 Orthodontics