DOCSLIB.ORG

Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 I. Introduction Pituitary Gland II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Fig 20‐2, Junqueira, 13th ed. Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary anterior a. Divisions i. Pars distalis pituitary ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis posterior b. Cells pituitary i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk pars intermedia ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128 (Hi‐Res): Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes anterior ii. Chromophils pituitary 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary posterior a. Divisions pituitary i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary pars intermedia w/ remnants of Rathke’s pouch Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 103: Anterior Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells posterior i. Chromophobes pituitary ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils pars 2) Basophils intermedia 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk anterior pituitary ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 122: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs pars intermedia A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis anterior pituitary ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils posterior 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils pituitary 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 74: Pituitary, Gomori Trichrome I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions posterior i. Pars distalis pituitary ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells anterior i. Chromophobes pituitary ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128 (Hi‐Res): Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs pars tuberalis A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia anterior iii. Pars tuberalis pituitary b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils pars 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils distalis 2. Posterior Pituitary posterior a. Divisions pars pituitary i. Infundibulum stalk intermedia ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 122: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes the pars distalis accounts for 75% of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis); it is composed primarily of IV. Summary cords of endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries; some reticular CT is also present Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128 (Hi‐Res): Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary anterior a. Divisions pituitary i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils pars 1) Acidophils intermedia 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk posterior ii. Pars nervosa pituitary b. Cells i. Pituicytes the pars intermedia contains basophilic cells between the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary and the IV. Summary pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary; eosinophilic colloid‐filled cysts represent remnants of the hypophyseal pouch (Rathke’s pouch); functional significance of this region is uncertain Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 74: Pituitary, Gomori Trichrome I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts Look here for secretory cells 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia posterior iii. Pars tuberalis pituitary b. Cells anterior i. Chromophobes pituitary ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 74: Pituitary, Gomori Trichrome I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions acidophil i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary basophil chromophobe Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 122: Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis acidophil basophil b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary chromophobes are identified by their pale‐staining cytoplasm and absence of secretory granules; they represent several different types of cells, including stem cells and degranulated cells Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 I. Introduction Slide 74: Pituitary, Gomori Trichrome II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary acidophils have strongly‐staining acidophilic (eosinophilic) cytoplasm; they secrete growth hormone and prolactin (somatotrophs [about half of total cells] and lactotrophs, respectively) Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 I. Introduction Slide 74: Pituitary, Gomori Trichrome II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary basophils (less numerous) have strongly‐staining basophilic cytoplasm; they include: corticotrophs (ACTH and LPH), gonadotrophs (FSH and LH/ICSH), and thyrotrophs (TSH) Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128 (Hi‐Res): Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs infundibulum stalk A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis anterior b. Cells pituitary i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils posterior 2. Posterior Pituitary pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk pars ii. Pars nervosa nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 Slide 128 (Hi‐Res): Pituitary, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes pituicytes, majority of nuclei seen, are glial cells that support the unmyelinated axons that compose majority IV. Summary of posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis); axons release ADH and oxytocin (nothing produced in posterior pituitary); Herring bodies, faintly‐staining eosinophilic accumulations of secretory products in axon terminals (not to be confused with capillaries), might be seen Lab 19 –Pituitary Gland A560 – Fall 2015 I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Slides and Micrographs EMs to Examine A. General structure B. Parts 1. Anterior Pituitary a. Divisions Fig 20‐7: Ultrastructure of somatotropic cells i. Pars distalis ii. Pars intermedia iii. Pars tuberalis b. Cells i. Chromophobes ii. Chromophils 1) Acidophils 2) Basophils 2. Posterior Pituitary a. Divisions i. Infundibulum stalk ii. Pars nervosa b. Cells i. Pituicytes IV. Summary.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glutamine and Glutamic Acid Enhance Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone B Subunit Mrna Expression in the Rat Pars Tuberalis
    383 Glutamine and glutamic acid enhance thyroid-stimulating hormone b subunit mRNA expression in the rat pars tuberalis Sayaka Aizawa, Takafumi Sakai and Ichiro Sakata Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Correspondence should be addressed to I Sakata; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells of the PT compared to the PD. We examined the effects of the pars tuberalis (PT) display distinct characteristics that glutamine and glutamic acid on TSHb expression and aGSU differ from those of the pars distalis (PD). The mRNA expression in PT slice cultures. L-Glutamine and L-glutamic expression of TSHb and aGSU in PT has a circadian rhythm acid significantly stimulated TSHb expression in PT slices and is inhibited by melatonin via melatonin receptor type 1; after 2- and 4-h treatments, and the effect of L-glutamic acid however, the detailed regulatory mechanism for TSHb was stronger than that of L-glutamine. In contrast, treatment expression in the PT remains unclear. To identify the factors with glutamine and glutamic acid did not affect aGSU that affect PT, a microarray analysis was performed on laser- expression in the PT or the expression of TSHb or aGSU captured PT tissue to screen for genes coding for receptors in the PD. These results strongly suggest that glutamine is that are abundantly expressed in the PT. In the PT, we found taken up by PT cells through ATA2 and that glutamic high expression of the KA2, which is an ionotropic glutamic acid locally converted from glutamine by Gls induces TSHb acid receptor (iGluR).
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitation of Corticotrophs in the Pars Distalis of Stress-Prone Swine Beverly Ann Bedford Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1976 Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine Beverly Ann Bedford Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Bedford, Beverly Ann, "Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine" (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17953. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17953 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine by Beverly Ann Bedford A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degr~e of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Veterinary Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology Major: Veterinary Anatomy ., Signatures have been redacted for privacy ' I Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii :E5 ll I q7(p ,g3r TABLE OF CONTENTS c,J. Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Pituitary Gland 4 General morphology 4 Development 5 Blood supply 7 Staining techniques 7 Pars distalis 13 . Pars tuberalis 25 ·pars intermedia 28 Process of secretion 36 Neurohypophysis 41 Porcine Stress Syndrome 45 MATERIALS AND MET!iODS' 52 RESULTS 56 DISCUSSION 64 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 85 APPENDIX 86 1111408 1 INTRODUCTION As early as 1953, there came reports (Ludvigsen, 1953; Briskey et al., 1959) of pale soft exudative (PSE) post-mortem porcine muscu- lature which later stimulated research into the mechanisms responsible for this condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • PITUITARY CONTROL of the OVINE CORPUS LUTEUM Jouy-En
    PITUITARY CONTROL OF THE OVINE CORPUS LUTEUM R. DENAMUR, J. MARTINET and R. V. SHORT * Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Lactation, Centre Mattonai de Recherches £ootechniques, Jouy-en-Josas, France, and f A.R.C. Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry and Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Madingley Road, Cambridge, England {Received 22nd December 1971) Summary. The functional activity of ovine CL was assessed by their weight, DNA and RNA content, and the concentration of progesterone in ovarian venous blood. If sheep were hysterectomized on Days 9 to 12 of the oestrous cycle, the CL were maintained in a fully functional state until at least Day 60, but their activity had begun to decline by Day 128 to 135. When hysterectomized sheep were hypophysectomized, there was a significant decline in luteal activity within 48 hr, regardless of whether or not the pituitary stalk and pars tuberalis were left intact. The CL had almost completely stopped secreting progesterone within 4 days of hypophy- sectomy. Hysterectomized, hypophysectomized animals were therefore used in a series of experiments to test the luteotrophic properties of sheep pituitary gonadotrophins. Doses of up to 5 mg FSH/day were unable to prevent complete luteal regression; similarly, doses of up to 5 mg LH/ day were also without effect. When mixtures of FSH and LH were given, the results were no better. However, prolactin in doses of up to 1000 i.u./ day was invariably able to maintain functional CL for 12 days, although at a considerably reduced level of activity. When prolactin was com- bined with a small dose of LH (0\m=.\25mg/day), the CL were maintained at a level of activity comparable to that seen in hysterectomized animals before hypophysectomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Iodine Deficiency As Cause of Neoplasia in Thyroid and Pituitary of Aged Rats
    203 CHRONIC IODINE DEFICIENCY AS CAUSE OF NEOPLASIA IN THYROID AND PITUITARY OF AGED RATS. F. BIELSCHOWSKY. From the, Hugh Adam Cancer Research Department of the Medical School and the New Zealand Branch of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, University of Otago, Dunedin. Received for publication April 7, 1953. JUDGING from the literature, adenomata occur more frequently in the pitu- itaries than in the thyroids of aged rats. At the routine autopsies of 154 albinos of the Wistar strain, 41 of which were males, 86 intact and 27 spayed females, 24 cases of adenoma of the pituitary were discovered. Seven of these occurred in the males, 16 in the intact females and only one in an ovariectomised animal. The average age of these rats was 2 years. Adenomata of the thyroid were found in 5 animals, 4 times in combination with neoplastic lesions of the pituitary. Post-mortem examinations performed on old rats of a more recently acquired hooded strain have furnished three additional cases of tumours of thyroid and pituitary. The paper describes the findings in these 8 rats, and endeavours to interpret the pathogenesis of the neoplastic lesions found in the two endocrine glands as a sequel to chronic iodine deficiency. MATERIALr AND METHODS. Like all our stock rats, the animals described in this paper were kept during their lifetime in a room separated from the experimental animals and had there- fore no contact with goitrogenic or carcinogenic agents. The diet consisted of a dry mixture of bran 30 per cent, pollard 35 per cent, meat meal 15 per cent, maize meal 15 per cent and bone flour 5 per cent, supplemented by wheat and kibbled maize, and once weekly by green vegetables and cod liver oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothalamic Control of the Adenohypophysis James A
    Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal Volume 7 | Number 2 Article 9 6-1959 Hypothalamic Control Of The Adenohypophysis James A. Orr Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Medical Specialties Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Orr, James A. (1959) "Hypothalamic Control Of The Adenohypophysis," Henry Ford Hospital Medical Bulletin : Vol. 7 : No. 2 , 102-112. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal/vol7/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal by an authorized editor of Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS* IAMES A. ORR, M.D.** The anterior pituitary gland, adenohypophysis or lobus glandularis, is the portion of the pituitary gland derived from Rathke's pouch of the embryo. It is divided into three parts: The pars tuberalis, the pars intermedia and the pars distalis. (Figure 1). Optic chiasma Mammillary body Median eminence Q. Infundibular O stem -c Pars tuberalis Infundibular o process >- Pars intermedia 0) o 2 c o Pars distalis Figure 1 Diagram of a sagittal section through the pituitary gland of a rabbit. (Harris^) Over a hundred years ago, Bougery' described a nerve supply to the pituitary gland originating from the sympathetic plexus around the carotid artery. Since 1920, when first information concerning hormonal activities of the adenohypophysis was obtained, the nerve supply of this part of the pituitary has been the subject of extensive investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Histo-Architecture of Neurohypophysis with Special Reference to Herring Bodies in Madras Red Sheep 1*S
    International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 5, No 3, 2016, 1564 – 1569 2277-663X (P) HISTO-ARCHITECTURE OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HERRING BODIES IN MADRAS RED SHEEP 1*S. Paramasivan and 2Geetha Ramesh 1Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, 2Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India E-mail: [email protected] (*Corresponding Author) Abstract: A study on the pituitary gland was carried out to record the histoarchitecture and occurrence of Herring bodies in 30 Madras red sheep. The tissues were processed for histological observations and were stained with standard histological and histochemical techniques. The neurohypophysis consisted of median eminence, infundibular stem, and infundibular process or pars nervosa in all the age groups. The median eminence was divided into zona interna and zona externa. Infundibular stem appeared as a narrow middle segment of the neurohypophysis which comprised of nerve fibres, pituicytes and blood vessels. The infundibular cavity was the extension of the third ventricle covered by the wall of the infundibular stalk and lined by a single layer of ependymal cells. The pars nervosa of neurohypophysis was an expanded terminal part comprised of the unmyelinated axons, blood vessels and pituicytes. The axons of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract are atypical as they showed Herring bodies which appeared as small distinctly granulated vesicles to large globular bodies varied in size from 12 to 120 µm in median eminence and infundibular stem and increased in size upto 200 µm in pars nervosa.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Endocrine System
    Anatomy of Endocrine system Introduction, Pituitary gland and Thyroid gland Prepared by Dr. Payal Jain Endocrine System I. Introduction A. Considered to be part of animals communication system 1. Nervous system uses physical structures for communication 2. Endocrine system uses body fluids to transport messages (hormones) II. Hormones A. Classically, hormones are defined as chemical substances produced by ductless glands and secreted into the blood supply to affect a tissue distant from the gland, but now it is understood that hormones can be produced by single cells as well. 1. epicrine a. hormones pass through gap junctions of adjacent cells without entering extracellular fluid 2. paracrine a. hormones diffuse through interstitial fluid (e.g. prostaglandins) 3. endocrine a. hormones are delivered via the bloodstream (e.g. growth hormone Different endocrine glands with cell Organ Division arrangement Cell arrangement/morphology Hormone Hypophysis Adenohypophysis Pars distalis Cells in cords around large-bore capillaries: Acidophils Growth hormone, prolactin Basophils ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH Pars intermedia Mostly basophilic cells around ACTH, POMC cystic cavities Pars tuberalis Narrow sleeve of basophilc cells LH around infundibulum Neurohypophysis Pars nervosa Nerve fibers and supporting cells Oxytocin and (pituicytes) vasopressin (produced in hypothalamus) Infundibulum Nerve fibers (traveling from hypothalamus to pars nervosa) Pancreas Islet of Langerhans Irregularly arranged cells with Insulin, glucagon many capillaries Follicles: Simple
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine System
    Endocrine System Dr. Rajaa Ali Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands . Most of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland has the typical organization of endocrine tissue. The cells are organized in clumps and cords separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries of relatively large diameter. These cells respond to signals from the hypothalamus and synthesize and secrete a number of pituitary hormones . Four hormones of the anterior lobe—adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroidstimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)—are called tropic hormones because they regulate the activity of cells in other endocrine glands throughout the body. The two remaining hormones of the anterior lobe, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), are not considered tropic because they act directly on target organs that are not endocrine. The cells within the pars distalis vary in size, shape, and staining properties. The cells are arranged in cords and nests with interweaving capillaries. Histologists identified three types of cells according to their staining reaction, namely, basophils (10%), acidophils (40%), and chromophobes (50%) Pars Intermedia. The pars intermedia surrounds a series of small cystic cavities that represent the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch fig.(2). The parenchymal cells of the pars intermedia surround colloid-filled follicles. The cells lining these follicles appear to be derived either from folliculo-stellate cells or various hormone-secreting cells, pars intermedia have vesicles larger than those found in the pars distalis.. The pars intermedia contains basophils and chromophobes (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System and the Pituitary Gland
    The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the pituitary gland Dr. Zsuzsanna Tóth Semmelweis University, Dept. of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Homeostatic integration within the hypothalamus Endocrine system The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system- neuroendocrine system Neurosecretion is a special feature in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system release of neurohormones neurosecretory cell Ernst and Berta Scharrer, 1928 Béla Halász Halasz-knife János Szentágothai Identification of different neurohormones and the specific nuclei where they are produced ADH containing fibers and accumulation of ADH in the Miklós Palkovits posterior pituitary, sagittal section Palkovits M: Isolated removal of hypothalamic or other brain nuclei of the rat. Brain Res 59:449-450 (1973) Paraventricular nucleus Median eminence ADH accumulation right to the knife cut ADH immunohistochemistry, rat hypothalamus demonstrates the direction of the transport coronal section Hypothalamic nuclei and areas Anterior region n. anterior n. preopticus med. and lat. • n. paraventricularis n. supraopticus n. suprachiasmaticus Medial region • Periventricular zone Medial zone n. ventro- and dorsomedialis • n. infundibularis (arcuatus) Lateral zone dorsolateral hypothalamic area medial forebrain bundle Posterior region n. hypothalamicus posterior corpus mamillare contributes to the HTH system Neurosecretory cells are the magno- and parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamus The pituitary is connected with the hypothalamus via the infundibulum Blood supply: Superior hypophyseal artery –
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Diseases 1 Pituitary Gland
    ENDOCRINE DISEASES 1 PITUITARY GLAND NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND tions have been reported (3). Ectopic pituitary adenomas may arise from these pharyngeal Embryology pituitary nests (14). The human pituitary gland consists of the The hormone-producing cells of the anterior adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, and pituitary can be recognized fairly early in develop- can be recognized grossly by the third month of ment (2,16). Corticotropin (ACTH) cells can be fetal development (1,4,6,10,11,17). The adeno - recognized by 5 weeks, growth hormone (GH) hy po physis develops from Rathke’s pouch, cells by 8 weeks, and the alpha subunit of glyco- which starts to form around the fourth and fifth protein hormone by 9 weeks of gestation. Thyroid- fetal weeks from an evagination of the sto mateal stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating ectoderm. This ectoderm grows upward, detaches hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the buccal cavity, and comes to lie in a de- cells can be detected by 12 weeks of gestation. pression of the sphenoid bone, the anlage of the Prolactin (PRL) cells are detected starting around sella turcica. The neurohypophysis is formed by 12 weeks and increase in number to term. the merging of the infundibular process of the Recent advances in molecular biology have primitive diencephalon with Rathke’s pouch. isolated and characterized various transcription The three parts of the neurohypophysis include factors, which are proteins that regulate cell the infundibulum, the infundibular stem, and differentiation and proliferation by binding the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is formed to DNA in the cell nucleus (Table 1-1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Pineal Gland, Via Melatonin, Protects DNA, Coordinates the Endocrine System with the Immune System and Controls the Timing of Reproduction
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2001 The Pineal Gland, via Melatonin, Protects DNA, Coordinates the Endocrine System with the Immune System and Controls the Timing of Reproduction Craig L. Anthony Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Anatomy Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4342 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Craig Lincoln Anthony entitled "The Pineal Gland, via Melatonin, Protects DNA, Coordinates the Endocrine System with the Immune System and Controls the Timing of Reproduction" has been approved by his committee as satisfactory completion of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science. T. Sneden, Interim Dean, School of Graduate Studies Date o,r ''?i'"'c. l J.b; . r y The Pineal Gland, via Melatonin, Protects DNA, Coordinates the Endocrine System with the Immune System and Controls the Timing of Reproduction A thesis submitted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Craig Lincoln Anthony Virginia Commonwealth Univ. 1994-1999 Director: Dr. Hugo Seibel Department of Anatomy Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia August, 2001 II Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank several people. I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]