An Interpretation of Leibnizian Perceiving a Dissertation Submitted
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Intentionality in Kant and Wittgensetin
Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato Volume 6 Article 5 2006 Intentionality in Kant and Wittgensetin Ryan Feldbrugge Minnesota State University, Mankato Follow this and additional works at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Feldbrugge, Ryan (2006) "Intentionality in Kant and Wittgensetin," Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato: Vol. 6 , Article 5. Available at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/jur/vol6/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research Center at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato by an authorized editor of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. Feldbrugge: Intentionality in Kant and Wittgensetin INTENTIONALITY IN KANT AND WITTGENSTEIN Ryan Feldbrugge (Philosophy) Dr. Richard Liebendorfer, Faculty Mentor, Philosophy How is thought about and experience of a world possible? This has been the framing question of the present work and it is generally understood as the problem of intentionality. The more specific problem dealt with has been whether or not intentionality has an internal structure that can be made explicit through science, particularly cognitive science. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant outlines an internal, mental structure that, when imposed on our sensory data, makes thought about and experience of a world possible, which can be viewed as highly anticipatory of modern cognitive science. On the other hand, there are a number of philosophers who have it that the structure of intentionality cannot be made explicit nor can it be understood within science, notably Ludwig Wittgenstein. -
Perception Is Truth
Perception is Truth... WHEN IT COMES TO LEASING AND SHOPPING REPORTS What is the truth? This age old question has some very deep implications that go way beyond the point of this training tip. Yet, the question reminds us that two people can experience the same incident and walk away with completely different perceptions of what actually happened. Sometimes, just like beauty, "truth” is in the eye of the beholder. It is a matter of perception. Shopping report information is a vivid example of the fact that perception is reality. Occasionally, an EPMS shopper remembers a specific leasing presentation somewhat differently than the on-site professional who was shopped and later evaluated in a written format. The shopper reports that the leasing consultant was a bit distracted and indifferent, not very friendly, or “didn’t seem interested in meeting my needs”. Yet, that individual’s supervisor cannot believe that this very friendly and warm staff member could ever come across in any way but delightful, enthusiastic and professional! “Everyone loves her!” the supervisor explains. Sometimes the gap between what the leasing professional believes about her presentation and what the shopper describes comes down to perception. Regardless of what really (or not really!) happened, the perception of the shopper – and that of the typical rental prospect – is the only “truth” that really matters! Leasing is all about perception, isn’t it? Fellow onsite associates may say, “He is the friendliest guy you’ll ever meet! We love him!” But if this “friendliest guy” is perceived as unfriendly, to that prospect he is unfriendly! “You know, Sara is really nice once you get to know her!” This may be “true”; but the reality is the prospect is unlikely to spend enough time “getting to know” Sara to override their initial impression. -
Levels And/Or States of Consciousness Level Label Definition Ascending Mental State Statements
Appendix X: Book- Transformative Educator’s Guide to Mindful Practice: Daily reflections and exercises for Peace of Mind, Excellence and Teaching from the Heart----By John Shindler Levels and/or States of Consciousness At any one point in time our mental activity is defined by what we could call a “state of consciousness.” And any particular state could be located on a continuum/level – from low - lost in our ego and victim thinking to high - seeing reality clearly and feeling a sense of ease and oneness. We may stay in a particular state for a moment or for weeks or more. The thinking and mental messages that define the levels is outlined in the table below. At the bottom is the victim level in which we feel that things are against us and we cannot be OK with our situation the way that it is, we feel things and others should be different, and our current lot is unfair in the vast configuration of things. The next level up is defined by the active state of trying to control our world with effort, manipulation, overcoming our situation, and basically trying to win the game of life. The top level is defined by a letting go of the controlling attitude and opening to more conscious thinking and coming into alignment with our true nature and the world around us. For each level, we can identify the kinds of mental and/or spoken statements that would represent the thinking at and within that level. Level Label Definition Ascending Mental State Statements Aligned/ At this level of consciousness • I feel as sense of oneness with everything Aware/ one feels a sense that • I just forget myself and get into the flow and fundamentally life is in order. -
Consciousness
Consciousness Jon Opie* School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia *Correspondence: [email protected] Understanding consciousness and its place in the natural world is one of the principal targets of contemporary philosophy of mind. Australian philosophers made seminal contributions to this project during the twentieth century which continue to shape the way philosophers and scientists think about the conceptual, metaphysical and empirical aspects of the problem. After some scene setting, I will discuss the main players and their work in the context of broader developments in the philosophy of mind. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, scientific psychology set itself the task of systematically exploring the mind, understood as the conscious activity that accompanies perception and thought. Labs in Germany and the United States began the tedious work of determining the structure of experience via the reports of trained subjects operating under carefully controlled stimulus conditions. The hope was that the phenomena revealed by this means might eventually be correlated with activity in the central nervous system. Many philosophers considered this project misguided. The logical positivists, who insisted that a statement is only meaningful if one can specify observable conditions that would render it true or false, rejected the view that psychological predicates such as „pain‟ have any subjective content. A statement like „Paul has a toothache‟ is merely an abbreviation for a list of physical events (such as Paul weeping, Paul‟s blood pressure rising, etc.) which collectively exhaust the meaning of the statement (Hempel 1980). Ryle (1949) and Wittgenstein (1953) regarded the so called „mind-body problem‟ as the result of a misuse of ordinary language. -
Expressions of Mind/Body Dualism in Thinspiration
MIND OVER MATTER: EXPRESSIONS OF MIND/BODY DUALISM IN THINSPIRATION Annamarie O’Brien A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2013 Committee: Dr. Marilyn Motz, Advisor Dr. Rebecca Kinney Dr. Jeremy Wallach © 2013 Annamarie O’Brien All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Marilyn Motz, Advisor Thinspiration images, meant to inspire weight-loss, proliferate online through platforms that encourage the circulation of user-generated content. Despite numerous alarmist critiques in mass media about thinspiration and various academic studies investigating ‘pro-anorexia’ sites, surprisingly little attention has been given to the processes of creation and the symbolic potential of thinspiration. This thesis analyzes the formal hybridity of thinspiration, and its use as an expressive medium. The particularities of thinspiration (including its visual characteristics, creative processes, and exhibition) may be considered carefully constructed instances of self- representation, hinging on the expression of beliefs regarding the mind and body. While these beliefs are deeply entrenched in popular body management discourse, they also tend to rely on traditional dualist ideologies. Rather than simply emphasizing slenderness or reiterating standard assumptions about beauty, thinspiration often evokes pain and sadness, and employs truisms about the transcendence of flesh and rebellion against social constraints. By harnessing individualist discourse and the values of mind/body dualism, thinspiration becomes a space in which people struggling with disordered eating and body image issues may cast themselves as active agents—contrary to the image of eating disorders proffered by popular and medical discourse. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my thesis committee chair, Dr. -
Knowledge As a Mental State Forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Epistemology
Jennifer Nagel – September 28, 2011 Knowledge as a mental state Forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Epistemology ABSTRACT: In the philosophical literature on mental states, the paradigmatic examples of mental states are beliefs, desires, intentions, and phenomenal states such as being in pain. The corresponding list in the psychological literature on mental state attribution incluDes one further member: the state of knowledge. This article examines the reasons why developmental, comparative anD social psychologists have classifieD knowleDge as a mental state, while most recent philosophers--with the notable exception of Timothy Williamson-- have not. The disagreement is traced back to a difference in how each side unDerstanDs the relationship between the concepts of knowledge anD belief, concepts which are unDerstooD in both Disciplines to be closely linkeD. Psychologists anD philosophers other than Williamson have generally have disagreed about which of the pair is prior and which is derivative. The rival claims of priority are examineD both in the light of philosophical arguments by Williamson anD others, anD in the light of empirical work on mental state attribution. One striking feature of research into mental state ascription or ‘mindreading’ is the extent to which it has involved cooperation between psychology and philosophy. Contemporary empirical work on mindreading is often traced back to a 1978 target article in comparative psychology, an article which raised the question of whether chimpanzees attribute mental states to themselves and others (Premack & Woodruff, 1978). Three of the most influential responses published with that article were written by philosophers, each of whom drew attention to the importance of probing the capacity to represent states of ignorance and false belief (Bennett, 1978; Dennett, 1978; Harman, 1978). -
Food for Thought About Words for Thoughts: Why Mental State Vocabulary Should Be on Our Radar by Lauren Lowry Hanen SLP and Clinical Staff Writer
Food for thought about words for thoughts: Why mental state vocabulary should be on our radar By Lauren Lowry Hanen SLP and Clinical Staff Writer With so many goals to address in order to help the children on our caseloads, something like “mental state words” may not be high on your list. You may think that this is a goal only for older children or children on the autism spectrum. However, this special group of words that describe our thoughts and feelings may develop earlier than you think and may be relevant for many of the children with whom you work. What are mental state words? This class of vocabulary includes words that describe the contents of someone’s mind or general cognitive processes (Barnes & Dickinson, 2018). Understanding mental state words gives children the ability to analyze others’ goals and motives and how these relate to the child's own goals and motives (Bretherton & Beeghly, 1982). An early study about the development of mental state words by Bretherton et al. (1982) described them according to different categories: Types of Mental State Words (Bretherton et al., 1982) Perceptual – includes words related to the five senses, pain, and temperature, such as “see”, “look”, “watch”, “cold”, “hurt”, etc. Physiological – includes words related to hunger, thirst, and states of consciousness, such as “hungry”, “tired”, “sick”, “wake up”, etc. Emotional and affective – these include both positive and negative words related to feelings, such as “like”, “love”, “cry”, “kiss”, “hug”, “funny”, “happy”, “angry”, “nice”, etc. Volition and ability – words related to desires, needs, and abilities, such as “want”, “need”, “have to”, “hard”, “can”, etc. -
Studies on Collingwood, History and Civilization
Studies on Collingwood, History and Civilization Jan van der Dussen Studies on Collingwood, History and Civilization Jan van der Dussen Heerlen , The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-20671-4 ISBN 978-3-319-20672-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20672-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951386 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Acknowledgements The following four essays are reproduced from their original publication. -
Perception and Law Enforcement
Perception and Law Enforcement Lt. Norman Hale White County Sheriff Department School of Law Enforcement Supervision Session XXXII Criminal Justice Institute Introduction Since the beginning, perception has been used by everyone. When man first said I am naked, I need clothing. The perception was I am naked. Without understanding why things are the way they appear man was fearful of the world around him. Superstitions overwhelmed man and his thoughts. It was an effort to explain the unexplainable. This is the perception of man and his surroundings. Early man worshiped nature in an attempt to change what was happening. At one time, it was believed that a man lived in the moon. This was based on the face seen on the moon. More resonantly, many believed there was or had been life on Mars, because of a photo taken as a satellite passed Mars showing a face on the surface (face on mars). This raised a large stir among people and the scientific community. It was not until some time later when a new photo was taken by a passing satellite, that the face on Mars proved to be a mountain and the face was formed by shadows cast across the surface of the mountain (face on mars). The attempt to understand how things are perceived goes back before the Egyptians were building pyramids. Modern man has devoted an extensive amount of time to studying perception and how it affects man. As the understanding of perception increases, the mystery that caused many superstitions is solved and man is no longer fearful. -
Ludwig.Wittgenstein.-.Philosophical.Investigations.Pdf
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS By LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN Translated by G. E. M. ANSCOMBE BASIL BLACKWELL TRANSLATOR'S NOTE Copyright © Basil Blackwell Ltd 1958 MY acknowledgments are due to the following, who either checked First published 1953 Second edition 1958 the translation or allowed me to consult them about German and Reprint of English text alone 1963 Austrian usage or read the translation through and helped me to Third edition of English and German text with index 1967 improve the English: Mr. R. Rhees, Professor G. H. von Wright, Reprint of English text with index 1968, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, Mr. P. Geach, Mr. G. Kreisel, Miss L. Labowsky, Mr. D. Paul, Miss I. 1981, 1986 Murdoch. Basil Blackwell Ltd 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JF, UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be NOTE TO SECOND EDITION reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or THE text has been revised for the new edition. A large number of otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. small changes have been made in the English text. The following passages have been significantly altered: Except in the United States of America, this book is sold to the In Part I: §§ 108, 109, 116, 189, 193, 251, 284, 352, 360, 393,418, condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re- 426, 442, 456, 493, 520, 556, 582, 591, 644, 690, 692. -
François Duchesneau, Leibniz, Le Vivant Et L'organisme, Paris: J. Vrin
François Duchesneau, Leibniz, le vivant et l’organisme, Paris: J. Vrin, 2010. 348 p. Reviewed by Justin E. H. Smith, Concordia University or some time, this reviewer has been championing the translation into English of François Duchesneau’s many books on the natural philosophy of Leibniz. GreaterF availability of his work in the English-speaking world, along with that of Michel Fichant and, more recently, the contributions of Anne-Lise Rey, Raphaële Andrault, and Arnaud Pelletier, would in combination play a powerful role in helping scholars to form a richer picture of Leibniz’s natural-philosophical model of the corporeal world, and of this model’s centrality to his deepest and most mature philosophical project. With the publication of his most recent book, Duchesneau has reconfirmed the urgency of learning about this side of Leibniz. The principal purpose of this review will be simply to summarize the recent book and to impart in a synoptic way the picture of Leibniz it draws for readers who may not have the time or capacity to work through the French text. If I am successful, this synopsis might then serve as an argument for the eventual publication of a translation. Following this, I will conclude by raising a few questions that I see as arising from this rich study, questions that might in turn serve as the germs of future research along the path Duchesneau has carved. Duchesneau’s book has six principal theses. First, he argues that Leibniz is committed to the need for a distinct philosophical account of the living being within the order of nature, as well as of the integrated and functional character of the micromachines that compose it. -
Perceptual Causality, Counterfactuals, and Special Causal Concepts
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 19/10/2011, SPi 3 Perceptual Causality, Counterfactuals, and Special Causal Concepts Johannes Roessler On one view, an adequate account of causal understanding may focus exclusively on what is involved in mastering general causal concepts (concepts such as ‘x causes y’ or ‘p causally explains q’). An alternative view is that causal understanding is, partly but irreducibly, a matter of grasping what Anscombe called special causal concepts, con- cepts such as ‘push’, ‘flatten’,or‘knock over’. We can label these views generalist vs particularist approaches to causal understanding. It is worth emphasizing that the contrast here is not between two kinds of theories of the metaphysics of causation, but two views of the nature and perhaps source of ordinary causal understanding. One aim of this paper is to argue that it would be a mistake to dismiss particularism because of its putative metaphysical commitments. I begin by formulating an intuitively attractive version of particularism due to P.F. Strawson, a central element of which is what I will call na¨ıve realism concerning mechanical transactions. I will then present the account with two challenges. Both challenges reflect the worry that Strawson’s particularism may be unable to acknowledge the intimate connection between causa- tion and counterfactuals, as articulated by the interventionist approach to causation. My project will be to allay these concerns, or at least to explore how this might be done. My (tentative) conclusion will be that Strawson’sna¨ıve realism can accept what interventionism has to say about ordinary causal understanding, and that intervention- ism should not be seen as being committed to generalism.