Crossing and Draining the Marshes North and East Of

CROSSING AND DRAINING THE MARSH AREAS NORTH AND EAST OF PENALLY

Tony Galvin

19th century view of the School Lane track over Penally Marsh

With the melting of the ice after the last Ice Age sea levels rose flooding large areas of the lands surface and forming a new coastline. This process took many tens of thousands of years and here in Penally in historical times the new coastline formed a significant barrier to the movement of people and goods. The parish was surrounded on three sides by sea. To the south was the Bristol Channel but surrounding the village on the east and north was a network of drowned valleys of the rivers Alun and Ritec.

Knightson Brook Scotsborough Lake GUMFRESTON

River Ritec SAINT FLORENCE TENBY

The Ridgeway

THE EXTENT OF TIDAL ESTUARIES AROUND PENALLY PENALLY IN THE MIDDLE AGES River Alun Before the 16th century the extent of the blown sand east of Penally is conjecture

These tidal estuaries formed a natural obstacle to travel in the direction of Tenby (the nearest town) and to points further north and east. Crossing could only be achieved by boat or by fording the rivers a low tide. From a navigational perspective the estuaries were not ideal as the rivers feeding the drowned valley system were small with small catchment areas. This only provided sufficient water flow to keep quite narrow river channels open. The remainder of the estuary areas were susceptible to silting and depending on the state of the tide either wide stretches of shallow water, mud or sand cut off the channels from the surrounding land. This limitation only permitted the use of sea going vessels at one or two points within the estuary system. However, small boats would have had access to the shoreline at high tide. Another natural barrier that altered the estuary system quite early on in historical times was the accumulation of blown sand forming a line of dunes to the east of Penally from Giltar towards Tenby. These dunes turned the river Alun northward to join the river Ritec before reaching the sea under the cliffs of Tenby.

The history of crossing and draining the marsh can be addressed in the following phases. 1. A Natural Barrier Before the 15th Century 2. Gumfreston Quay and Trefloyne Bank 15th to 18th Century 3. Civil War – Attack on Trefloyne 1644 4. Penally Marsh 17th Century 5. Tenby Marsh Bridge circa 1720 6. Sea Embankment and Holloway Bridge 1800-1850 7. Railway Embankments and Culverts 1860-1900 8. Modern Times 20th Century

A NATURAL BARRIER

Before the settlement of the area by the Normans and Flemings in the 12th Century the isolated communities were self-contained and had little need to travel far. The small population of Penally, centred on minor religious houses, may have crossed the estuary occasionally to trade with agricultural surplus at the small commercial centre of Tenby. Equally, it may have been easier to take that trade west to Manorbier. At this time the estuary of the Ritec and its tributaries were in their natural state and could be navigated from Penally’s northern shoreline using small boats at high tide. In the mid 19th century, probably whilst extracting silt for brick making near Hoyles Mouth, an ancient dugout was found. The vestiges of what could be quay walls have been identified as far up as Saint Florence but the size of vessels using them must have been small. In fact, it is unlikely that there was sufficient volume of goods to justify the use of sea going vessels at farm or mill quays further up the estuary. By the 13th and 14th centuries it was much more likely that seagoing loads were consolidated by merchants at Tenby. Without a boat, travellers had to cross by fording the rivers at low tide. The two principle crossings were probably from Holloway along the route now taken by Marsh Road, or over the river Alun to the beach and across the Ritec as it entered the sea. Both of these routes remained the only options for carts or coaches until the dawn of the 19th Century. Later, as Norman settlement developed and trade increased, routes between the settlements became important. One such route linked the administrative centre of Pembroke, via the Bishops Palace at Lamphey and the castle at Manorbier, to the port of Tenby. Much of this route followed the ancient Ridgeway into the parish of Penally, but here it confronted the obstacle of the estuary or Holloway Water as it came to be known. The direct route into Tenby could only be achieved twice per day at low water. The alternative was to pass north of the estuary. Right up to the coming of the Tudors and the rise in the importance of Tenby, it is quite likely that Penally’s focus was westward towards the manorial headquarters of Manorbier and the regional headquarters of Pembroke. If this was the case, local crossing of the Ritec was not a major issue. Villagers could still cross the Alun easily enough to reach the sea for fishing and shellfish gathering.

GUMFRESTON QUAY AND TREFLOYNE BANK

The first instances of man made improvements to the estuary were embankments, causeways and bridges centred on the quay and mill situated at the bottom of Gumfreston Hill. It is not clear when individual elements were built but the range of dates must run from the 15th to 17th Centuries. Most historians say that ‘they could be medieval’.

Knightson Scotsborough Brook Lake

Causeway Mill GUMFRESTON Heywood Lane

Gumfreston Quay

Marsh Road

Trefloyne Tidal ‘Great Marsh’ Bank Ford reclaimed land GUMFRESTON CAUSEWAY AND QUAY AND TREFLOYNE BANK

Trefloyne Developments from the 15th to 18th Centuries

The causeway and bridge which carries the Gumfreston road over Knightson Brook and Scotsborough Lake was referred to by George Owen in a 1598 in a list of Pembrokeshire bridges. He described it as having ‘one arch and very long’. (ref.1) The quay is the only one in the estuary system, apart from the Pill at Tenby, which would have been capable of taking small sea-going vessels. It comprises a substantial quay wall crossing the Knightson Brook with a low bridge arch. The masonry of the bridge arch shows evidence that it may have contained a sluice gate. This quay may have been contemporary with the building of 15th century Scotsborough House nearby.

GUMFRESTON QUAY IN 2012 An embankment runs from this quay directly to the Tenby shoreline. Whilst this provides a direct route from Tenby to the Gumfreston quay it also forms a reservoir in which the waters of Knightson Brook and Scotsborough Lake could be collected behind the sluice gate and released at low tide to flush the silt from the navigable channel. These developments were all to do with transport or trade and nothing to do with land drainage and reclamation. However, Trefloyne Bank (now the Nabbs footpath) seems to have been roughly contemporary with the Gumfreston developments but its original purpose was land drainage. It runs from the bottom of Holloway Hill, Penally northward over the Ritec to Upper Nabbs Meadow, Gumfreston close to the Quay. As such this provided the first ‘dry’ crossing from Penally to Tenby for pedestrians and horses. It was built and maintained by the Trefloyne estate. At the beginning of the 18th Century the tenancy of Trefloyne was demonstrated as being uneconomic due, in part, to the fact that the maintenance of the bank and bridge was the tenants’ responsibility. In 1714 Phelps the tenant renegotiated his lease with the owner Sir John Philips of Picton Castle. One change was the provision that his landlord should ‘repair the Sea Bank about the Great Marsh and so much of the New Bridge as belongs to him.’ Phelps helping with carts when necessary. (ref. 2) After 1714, work on the bank was done on the landlords behalf by Evan Williams, bailiff of the manor, who in 1715 was allowed 3s 6d for mending ‘the frith about Trefloyne Bank’. ‘Frith’ or ‘freeth’ is a Pembrokeshire dialect word, derived from Middle English, meaning a wattle or brushwood fence. This was perhaps used to stabilise the bank margins or perhaps to keep cattle off the bank. Then in 1717 Williams was allowed 11s 8d for ‘a new floodgate at the bridge on Trefloyne bank’ and another 10s for repairing the bank itself. THE NABBS BRIDGE IN 2012

The floodgate at the bridge when closed would prevent the sea from coming up into the Great Marsh at high tide keeping the newly drained fields dry and when open would permit the waters of the marsh to flow out. We have here early 18th Century references to ‘new’ bridge and ‘new’ floodgate which may imply that the original construction was 17th Century or earlier. It is probable that the ‘New Bridge’ was the one that was extensively renovated in recent years. This renovation replaced the masonry arch with a modern concrete slab. The original lower masonry still has what appears to be the slot for the floodgate. The bank and bridge construction restricted navigation in the upper Ritec valley to small boats capable of passing the floodgate and small bridge arch.

As the land was consolidated on both the Penally and the Gumfreston banks of the Ritec it was possible to construct footbridges across the much narrowed river channel. A 19th century map shows a footpath with footbridge crossed from Gumfreston to Penhoyle farm, Penally. A ford was in use opposite Hoyle’s Mouth and two further footbridges were in use further up river near East Tarr farm. All these have since disappeared. (ref. 3) Access to the old ford may have used the remnants of a much earlier bank. ACCESS TO THE OLD FORD NEAR HOYLES MOUTH IN 2012

The 1840 Tythe Map shows about 40 acres of reclaimed land added to the Trefloyne estate. (ref. 4) The earliest view we have of the bank is in the background of a Charles Norris drawing dated 1836. This shows a low rounded structure crossing the entire estuary but without any trees or vegetation. This suggests that it was either part of the land grazed or kept clear for ease of access and maintenance.

CIVIL WAR – ATTACK ON TREFLOYNE 1644

In 1644 the Parliamentary garrison at Pembroke sent a small force under Rowland Laugharne of St. Brides against the Royalists at Tenby under the Earl of Carbery. The first objective of the parliamentarians was royalist Trefloyne, held by Thomas Bowen. There are two incidents from this action which tells us something of the Ritec crossings at that time First, there is a tradition that the Gumfreston field name, ’scape if you can, relates to this incident when, after seeing the Parliamentarian force approaching from Pembroke via the Ridgeway, a serving girl ran across to Trefloyne to warn them. (ref. 5) This may suggest that even in the mid 17th century the land was sufficiently drained above Trefloyne Bank to allow direct crossing between the parishes by foot. Secondly, when Lord Carbery led a troop from Tenby to engage with Laugharne who was besieging Trefloyne, he had to cross the ford at Holloway Water. The parliamentary guns opened fire on the approaching troop and drove them back in confusion. Many men and horses were lost in crossing the marsh. Carbery may have misjudged the tide, but it implies that crossing Holloway Water was not at all straightforward. (ref. 6)

PENALLY MARSH

Whilst the natural geographic shoreline to the east of Penally would coincide with the present day by-pass road, within recorded history the sea has always been held at bay by sand dunes. The effect of these dunes has been to alter the natural eastward progress of the river Alun by pushing it northward around Black Rock and into the Ritec estuary. This tended to choke the flow of the small river and formed a marsh in front of the village. Use of the river as a navigation south of Black Rock was probably out of the question for centuries. It is much more likely that boats arriving at Penally would use the sheltered beach under Giltar Point. The nature of the land between the village and the beach; sandy burrow, sedge and rough grazing has been relatively unchanged since the 16th century. In the early 1600s the manorial court records show that two farms Fallowfield and Court House shared these lands.

PENALLY MARSH AND ROUTES TO THE BEACH Holloway

The likely situation from the 16th to 19th centuries based on a 1618 report and a 1760 estate map.

Reclaimed Marsh Ridgeway Sand “The Road over Dunes the Whitesands to Tenby” PENALLY

“A Road from Penally to Tenby”

Reclaimed Marsh River Alun

“The Road from Manorbier to Tenby”

Between the records for 1601 and 1618 there had been a sharp reduction in the acreage farmed particularly by Court House farm. In August 1618, a very detailed survey of Manorbier and Penally was commissioned by the council of Charles, Prince of Wales. Two commissioners duly reported the findings of a jury of 18 local men, all tenants of the manor. What they had to say was decidedly disturbing. Two estates in Penally were particularly threatened by the sea, Fallowfield and Court House, both later combined in Penally Court Farm. (ref.7) Fallowfield contained 64 acres and had lost 30 acres of burrows. The Court House estate containing 80 acres had suffered even more. ‘The sea hath overcome the lowe land and the burrows of the said Court house of Penally to the number of 60 acres or thereabouts viz. From a certain place there whereon an old Eldern tree did growe neere unto the place called the point of Gilter, and from thence the land is quite consumed unto a place called the Pill lake (Ritec estuary), and right over against a place there called the blacke hall (Black Rock) and soe there remayneth but a smale quantitie of Burrow land belonging to that mesuage, and that the sea is come within 40 paces unto the lower firme land of the said messuage and lowe meadowes thereof and is very like in fewe years to overcome and drowne the lowe grounde and soe run into the firm land to the quantitie of a myle in length of thereabouts.’ This inundation of the sea is likely to have been part of the devastation caused on the coasts of the Bristol Channel by the supposed tsunami or tidal surge of January 1607. However the crisis passed, the sand dunes regenerated and a 1760 map of the Court Farm lands shows an area virtually identical to those described 160 years previous and also to the present day. (ref. 8) The crossing of the river Alun and the burrows as a route to the beach and Tenby is well illustrated in the 1760 map. The track from Court Farm to the beach is marked ‘A Road from Penally to Tenby’. At the beach this joins the ‘The Road over the Whitesands to Tenby’. Another road is shown coming from Manorbier over the cliffs and down the beach at Giltar, this is labelled ‘The Road from Manorbier to Tenby’. This access to Tenby across the beach still entailed fording the Ritec as it entered the sea. In 1858 a footbridge was erected over the river at the top of the beach. This was intended to allow ‘Tenby people to walk uninterrupted to Giltar’ and was paid for by public subscription. The following year the course of the river was altered by high spring tides and the new bridge was left high and dry eventually to disappear beneath the sand.

EARLY 19TH CENTURY VIEW SHOWING THE TRACK FROM COURT FARM TO THE BURROWS.

EARLY 19TH CENTURY VIEW SHOWING COURT FARM TRACK AND THE RIVER ALUN. The river Alun continued to reach the sea by flowing around Black Rock and joining the Ritec above Salterns. The outlet was so choked by sand that winter flooding was common in front of Penally. During the 18/19th centuries attempts were made to divert much of the flow of the river via an outfall directly to the sea close to Giltar; this eventually allowed the complete blockage of the natural channel at Black Rock. The outfall remains the only route to the sea for the river Alun.

TENBY’S MARSH BRIDGE

In 1714 the Tenby Bailiff’s instructed that a bridge be built across the Ritec to link Tenby to Penally and Manorbier. This took the form of a small single arch spanning the low water channel of the river and giving access to Holloway marshes on the Penally side. Whilst this enabled the river to be crossed easily at all states of the tide, it was not a ‘dry’ crossing as the high tide still flooded the marshes twice a day. Putting permanent structures across a river ends its use for navigation. This structure restricted the use of the Ritec to all but the smallest boats. At this time only Tenby Pill was still in use by sea going vessels. This bridge is believed to be the scene of a notorious murder on the night of 23rd November 1721 when George Marchant of Manorbier was beaten to death by Thomas Athoe and his son after a longstanding feud. .

TENBY MARSH BRIDGE AFTER THE STORM OF 1836. (C. Norris) Tenby Windmill in the background.

The line of the path from the bridge to dry land near Black Rock can be seen in Charles Norris paintings of the early 19th century. This is likely to be material tipped to both raise the path and form an early field boundary. This crossing point was almost completely superseded by the building of Holloway Bridge one hundred years later. It remains in its original form to this day.

TENBY MARSH BRIDGE IN 2012 SEA EMBANKMENT AND HOLLOWAY BRIDGE

Holloway Water at the start of the 1800s was sketched and painted by the artist Charles Norris which shows how it looked before the great changes of 19th Century got started. The Marsh Road, for centuries the main Tenby to Pembroke road, crossed the river Ritec or Holloway Water by means of a ford. Edward Donovan described it 1804 when, travelling from Pembroke, he came down from the Ridgeway to the shore of Holloway Water. (ref. 9) “There is at all times a narrow current through the marshes, along which the superabundant waters of an inland stream are discharged into the sea, but at high water, when the flood is enlarged by the briny tribute of the Severn, the passage to Tenby by fording, as usual at other times, becomes impracticable, or at least dangerous to attempt. The foot passenger passes over the creek in perfect security when the water is at moderate height by stepping over a number of large stones that are placed across the bed of the stream for that purpose.”

EARLY 19TH CENTURY PLAN OF TENBY AND HOLLOWAY WATER by the Ordnance Survey

EARLY 19TH CENTURY VIEWS OF HOLLOWAY WATER AT LOW TIDE (C. Norris)

View looking west from the Tenby shore towards the Ridgeway with Marsh Farm on the right. A possible early demarcation of the foreshore is seen as an exposed line of material coming from the Penally shore. This is the line of the path from Marsh Bridge.

View of the mouth of the Ritec looking south east towards Caldey and showing where the river had to be forded when coming over the beach from Penally. This is the location of the South Beach car park today.

View in the opposite direction showing the cliffs below what is now Queen’s Parade. In the distance is the line of Marsh Road and on the horizon a building on Heywood Lane. The 1811 embankment and the present railway embankment cross roughly where the figures are in the foreground. Holloway Farm had been in the possession of the Owen family of Orielton since 1723. By 1811, Sir John Owen, on the advice of the agriculturist Charles Hassell, had constructed an embankment from Black Rock to the Tenby shore near Queens Parade. (ref. 10) This crossed the rivers Alun and Ritec and created the second ‘dry’ crossing from Penally to Tenby for pedestrians and horses. Flood gates were installed and ships in the Ritec were a thing of the past. However, a storm in 1836 broke down about 200 yards of wall and it was not rebuilt until 1840. In the meantime at least one timber ship was brought up to the Pill to unload. Sir John’s objective was to create more pasture land for his farm. In 1821, to add to his holding, Sir John Owen purchased the marsh on the Tenby side of the Ritec from the ‘Mayor, Bailiffs and Burgesses of Tenby’ for £80. The 1840 Tythe Map shows a total of around 40 acres of reclaimed land, rough grazing still liable to regular flooding at spring tides or after heavy rain. (ref.10) In 1822 Charles Mathias of Lamphey Court purchased Sir John’s Penally properties which included Holloway Marsh.

Marsh Road TENBY River Tenby Ritec Marsh The Pill Bridge Trefloyne Holloway Marsh Holloway Marsh Bridge

Sir John Owen’s 1811 Trefloyne Holloway Embankment

Black EMBANKMENT AND Rock River HOLLOWAY BRIDGE Alun C1830

Early 19th Century developments on Holloway Water PENALLY

Once the estuary was closed to the free flow of sea and ships it was possible to bridge the stream where necessary. The bridge constructed in this period was on the Marsh Road route to Pembroke replacing the tidal ford across Holloway Water. The contract for the work is recorded in the Tenby Council Order Book; “Ordered by the Mayor and Common Council this 23rd day of June 1817. That a contract be entered into with Ambrose Smith, mason for the erecting a bridge over Holloway’s Water agreeable to the plan now submitted by him – for the sum of forty five pounds.” (ref. 11) This provided the first road crossing for travellers to Penally and Pembroke that was independent of the tides. That said, flooding was still a regular occurrence at times of high tides and heavy rains. An account of an incident at the time by Mr. Wilson of Hen Castle states; “The bridge across the Marsh was being built (re-built?), the roadway was finished, and the parapet wall partly built. There was a breach in the sea embankment at which the tide came in and, at springs, came more or less over the bridge. I was riding home one evening when the tide was higher than usual, and I supposed I could go through the water on the bridge at the time, as I had frequently done before. But when about the centre of the bridge, it was so deep that my horse began to feel a buoyancy, got alarmed, sprang over the parapet on the sea side, and I had to swim him, and land near the Holloway Lime- Kiln.” (ref. 12) At the time of this incident the bridge and roadway would have been in the state illustrated below and the roadway on the Pembroke side was considerably below high tide levels.

HOLLOWAY BRIDGE AFTER THE STORM OF 1836. (C. Norris) Crossing the background is the line of Trefloyne Bank and the high ground of Hoyle’s Mouth.

The severe storm that destroyed Sir John Owen’s embankment reeked considerable damage up the estuary. On the 17th of October 1836 Tenby’s Mayor wrote “In consequence of the Embankment being washed away during the severe Gale of Wednesday night last and the public Bridge situated at Holloway’s Water commonly called Holloway Bridge having in consequence been blown up by the great force of Water carried up by reason of the said embankment having been so washed away as aforesaid and the public thoroughfare impeded and the inhabitants of Tenby and all other His Majesties subjects prevented crossing to and fro, and their lives and property endangered by the great accumulation of Water at the said Holloway Bridge and on the flats at both ends thereof. It is this day agreed upon that the Mayor be authorized to make proposals to the County of Pembroke to aid them in uncovering the aforesaid evil by erecting at the expense of the Corporation a raised Road on the present Road as far as the limits of this Borough extends provided the County of Pembroke at their expense will erect a New Bridge in line of the present dilapidated Bridge and a raised road two hundred yards from the said Bridge towards the parish of Penally” (ref. 13) This stretch of road on the Penally side had an annual problem with flooding up to 1950 when the road surface was raised by three feet. A much narrower three arched bridge can still be seen beneath the present concrete structure. RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS AND CULVERTS

The final closure of the whole estuary was the result of railway embankments. Starting in the early 1860s, the Pembroke and Tenby Railway constructed its track across the Penally marshes to Black Rock and over the Ritec via a low embankment and bridge to the Tenby terminus at the Salterns. The service opened in July 1863. The new quarries and limekilns at Black Rock were connected to the main line by a spur running around the southern edge of the marsh.

Pembroke and Tenby Extension Railway 1866

Marsh Road TENBY Tenby Marsh Bridge Trefloyne Holloway Pembroke Holloway Marsh Marsh and Tenby Bridge Railway 1863

Black Rock Quarries and Limekilns Culvert

Black RAILWAY Rock EMBANKMENTS AND CULVERTS.

Final Closure of the Estuary in the latter half of 19th Century. PENALLY

Three years later the Pembroke and Tenby Extension Railway laid a track to the Great Western mainline at Whitland from its junction at Black Rock. This entailed a somewhat higher embankment to reach the high level station in Tenby town. This structure was built along the landward edge of the 1811 wall. The river Ritec was confined to a stone culvert beneath the railway. In 1876, as the sand built up, this had to be extended further towards the beach. Various extensions were made over the subsequent century and now the outfall is well below low tide. The confinement of the river in a culvert allowed blown sand to finally form a continuous barrier of dunes from Giltar Point to Tenby. The railway made little difference to the Penally marshes but it further restricted the natural route of the river Alun, and, with the drainage culvert near Giltar, encouraged the final silting up around Black Rock. By the third quarter of the 19th century, Holloway Marsh had stabilised to such an extent that Tenby Races could stage winter steeplechase meetings. These were held at a central position straddling the old bed of the river Alun opposite the Marsh Road.

TENBY RACES ON HOLLOWAY MARSHES 1870 watercolour looking west from Queen’s Parade, Tenby only 4 years after the railway embankment was built.

By 1870 the whole of the estuary system between Tenby and Penally was dry or relatively dry land. Even with the culvert, ordinary tides were still felt as far up the Ritec as Marsh Bridge. At times spring tides and heavy rain caused flooding. Since then there has been little further development of the reclaimed land.

MODERN TIMES

During the 20th Century the nature of the reclaimed land in the Ritec estuary and Penally marsh has remained much as it had in the previous centuries. Penally marsh, in front of the village and as far as Black Rock, cannot have changed since at least the 16th Century. It remains the same rough grazing as was described in the Manorbier Court Roll of 1601. Similarly, the reclaimed land in the upper Ritec valley of today, upstream of Trefloyne Bank, would be recognised by the 18th Century tenants of Trefloyne. Another area of unchanged marsh can be seen in Knightson Brook around the causeway and bridge on the Gumfreston road. The biggest changes have been seen over the area once known as Holloway Water. Here the major development has been the creation of a large caravan and camping park stretching from Holloway Bridge in the west to the track of the old Pembroke and Tenby Railway in the east. Other, smaller developments have been playing fields and a small industrial estate. Visually, over the last 50 or 60 years, this area has been transformed with the growth of thousands of trees. Winter flooding still happens occasionally in some areas, but has been minimised by better control of river and tidal flows. Most of the ancient and not so ancient marsh crossings are still public rights of way and can be used and explored today.

OLD CROSSING RIGHTS OF WAY

1. Gumfreston Causeway and Bridge on the B 4318. 2. Nabbs footpath including Trefloyne Bank and Gumfreston Quay. 1 3. Holloway Bridge and Causeway on the A 4139. 4. Tenby Marsh Bridge off the A 4139 and through the caravan park. 5. The road that passes the industrial estate to the ‘park and ride’ car park follows the track of the Pembroke and Tenby Rly. 6. The 1811 embankment is beneath the lane from Tenby to Black Rock. 7. The path along the old shoreline from Penally School to Black Rock and over the sand dunes. 8. The path from School Lane does not cross the Burrows any more. 9. Court Farm track to the beach

4 5 3

PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY FOLLOWING THE OLD MARSH CROSSINGS FROM PENALLY TO TENBY REFERENCES

(1) Brian Howells (ed) Elizabethan Pembrokeshire (The evidence of George Owen) Pembrokeshire Record Society, 1973 (2) R. F. Walker Trefloyne Bank and the Great Marsh Tenby Observer, 4th December 1992 (3) Ordnance Survey 6” to 1 mile Map, 1887 Pembrokeshire Record Office (4) Penally Church Records Tythe Map, 1842 Pembrokeshire Record Office (5) Brian Charles The Place Names of Pembrokeshire (6) Edward Laws The History of Little England Beyond Wales, 1888 (7) R. F. Walker Coastal Erosion at Penally in the early 17th Century Tenby Observer, c1980 (8) Henry John Survey of Court Farm , 1760 Picton Castle Papers, NLW (9) Edward Donovan Descriptive Excursions trough South Wales and Monmouthshire in the year 1804 (10) Orielton Papers Owners and Tenants of Holloway Farm 1723 – 1846 Pembrokeshire Record Office (11) Tenby Council Order Book 23rd day of June 1817 Tenby Museum (12) Richard Mason Tales and Traditions of Tenby, 1840 (13) Tenby Council Order Book 17th day of October 1836 Tenby Museum