Morphological Description of Subtidal Sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) Inhabiting Preselected Sites in Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Philippines

Manila Journal of Science 11 (2018), pp. 81-103

Joan Philyn C. Tan, Florie Lou G. Zuniega, Wilfredo Roel Licuanan, and Florencia G. Claveria*

Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922, Manila, Philippines

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study presents findings on the survey of sponges inhabiting nine preselected sampling stations along the coastline of Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Philippines, and a comparison of data with those earlier reported in the same location in 1995. Collection sites were determined using a global positioning system (GPS) device. Specimens were examined based on shape, color of live and preserved specimens, consistency, feel of surface texture and presence of structures like microhispid projections, spines, conuli, presence of apertures/holes and distribution, and size of ostia and osculum. The 24 specimens collected all belong to Demospongiae, of which 21 sponges were classified as belonging to 10 families, namely,Microcionidae, Axinellidae, Halichondriidae, Callyspongiidae, Chalinidae, Niphatiidae, Petrosiidae, Irciniidae, Chondropsidae, Clionidae, and 14 genera. The sponge identified was dominated by Family Chalinidae comprising seven specimens of Genus Haliclona collected in five different sites representing 29.2%n ( = 7) of the collection. Only three species were identified and verified, namely, Chalinula nematifera, Callyspongia (Cladochalina) samarensis, and Xestospongia testudinaria. A close monitor of the underlying factors affecting species diversity, including loss, re-emergence, and/or emergence of new species at Talim Bay is highly recommended.

Keywords: Sponges; Spicule types; Family Chalinidae; Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Philippines

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sponges are ecologically essential components Procedure I of coral reefs owing to their biomass and ecological importance (Van Soest et al., 2017; Sponges were collected in the De La Salle Bell, 2008; Grzimek, 1974). They also contain Marine Biological Station, Lian, Batangas, natural and medical properties (Corfield, 1938; situated about 20 m from the shoreline of Concepcion et al., 1994; Hooper, 1997). Many Talim Bay, positioned between 13.58" and types of habitats (i.e., coral reefs, mangrove, 14.01" north latitude and 120.36" and 120.38" muddy, sandy, and rubble) can support sponge east longitude of Batangas (Santos & Sarion, species diversity in the country (Pangan et 2008) (Fig. 1). The study site comprised nine al., 2007; Villaroman, 1996). In the country, sampling stations along the coastline of however, the dominance of Demospongiae Talim Bay, namely, Clubhouse 2A, Galvez sponges has been recorded in the Batangas 5A, Inner Talim 6A, Middle Duenas Reef, area (Villaroman, 1996; Caberoy, 1981) and Layag-layag 3A, Outer Talim 7A, Toroso 4A, Cebu (Longakit, 2005). Several Haliclona spp. Roces Mangrove Waterway, and Roces. Actual have been identified in Cebu (Longaki, 2005) sites were recorded using a global positioning and Tayabas Bay, Luzon (Caberoy, 1981) system (GPS). but not in Janao Bay, Batangas (Villaroman, The sponges were collected via snorkeling 1996). Although many probate collections or scuba diving. No transect line was employed. are known (Longakit et al., 2005; Levi, 1959; Spotted sponges at the collection site were Villaroman, 1996), the database of sponges in photographed in situ and then removed the country is wanting, and to our knowledge, carefully with the use of a fine knife using there is no documentation of similar works in gloves. The sponges at depths that the Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas. proponents could not cover were collected by Spicule morphology is useful in professional divers (please refer to annotations phylogenetic reconstructions (Butler, 1961) in figures). For encrusted sponges, the removal and in the taxonomy of particular genera of the basal membrane was usually not done (Kelly, 2001; Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; due to the difficulty in removing that portion. In George & George, 1979; Erpenbeck & such a case, the specimens that were removed Worheide, 2007). Only few Philippine sponge constituted the representation of the sponge species have been analyzed with respect as a whole. To avoid mismatch, the sponges to variation in spicules (Caberoy, 1981; collected were designated their respective Hooper et al., 2000). With the rampant field numbers and were immediately placed practice of dynamite fishing and unregulated in separate covered containers filled with harvesting of marine species by fisher folks 95% ethanol. Each specimen collected was and increasing rate of water pollution photographed after fixation, and a close-up owing to the influx of garbage, Talim Bay in documentation of surface details followed Lian, Batangas, Philippines, has obviously thereafter. undergone marked degradation in marine life. In this paper, we present our findings Procedure 2 of sponges in preselected sites in Talim Bay, Lian, Matuod, Batangas, and compared Specimens that were collected were examined them to the undocumented earlier findings with emphasis on the following pertinent data of Elmero et al. (1995) in similar sites in and taxonomic characteristics (Hooper & Van Talim Bay. 1

Morphological Description of Subtidal Sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) Inhabiting Preselected Sites in Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Philippines

Tables 1-3Figures 1-23 MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 83

Figure 1. Map of Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, showing the nine

Figurestations 1. Map where of Talim sponges Bay, wereLian, collected.Batangas, showing(Source: the Google nine stationsEarth andwhere sponges werehttp://www.chanrobles.com/comap.htm) collected. (Source: Google Earth and http://www.chanrobles.com/comap.htm) Soest, 2002; Kelly, 2001; Longakit, 2005): glass slide. Spicules were poured in small external surface features, which included 1) amounts onto a clean glass slide, allowing shape (encrusted, circular, cylindrical, tube, the aqueous solution to dry before applying vase, fan, chimney-like, others); 2) color of the a mounting medium, and then covered. live and preserved specimens; 3) consistency Specimens were allowed to dry before (hard, elastic, compressible, soft, others); 4) feel microscopic examination. In cases when a of surface texture and presence of structures mounting medium was not employed, after like microhispid projections, spines, conuli, washing with ethanol, a small amount of others; and 5) presence of apertures/holes distilled water was placed directly on a glass (distribution and size of ostia and osculum). slide, covered, and examined. A tissue section from the each of the The sponge tissue section was placed on a sponges collected with intact ectosomal and glass slide and teased carefully with forceps choanosomal regions was cut using a clean or probes. To maintain the integrity of the scalpel, and the samples obtained were skeletal arrangement composed of intact immediately placed in microcentrifuge tubes. spicules held together by organic materials An adequate amount of sodium hypochlorite like fibers and/or spongin, overteasing was or bleach was added to dissolve the organic avoided and specimens were examined components and to facilitate separation of microscopically in 95% ethyl alcohol. skeletal materials that lasted 30 min to Spicule length and width were measured an hour (Hooper, 2000). Dissolved spicules using a calibrated ocular micrometer. The were washed with distilled water several larger and smaller spicules were measured times, and ethanol was added to avoid the under a magnification of 20× and 40×, preparation from turning crystalline, as respectively. To ascertain the validity of a well as to hasten drying when placed on a spicule form or type in a particular specimen, 84 MANILA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 11 (2018)

20 spicules of a specific type or form were Figs. 2–22). The collection largely comprised measured. Spicules were documented and the Family Chalinidae of Genus Haliclona photographed for purposes of comparison. (n = 7 specimens) collected in five different Identification was based on the gross sites and one specimen of Chalinula (Table 2). morphology, texture and form, skeletal Only tree species were identified and verified, arrangement, and particularly the spicule type namely, Chalinula nematifera, Callyspongia or form. The taxonomic keys used were those (Cladochalina) samarensis, and Xestospongia on Systema Porifera by Van Soest et al. (2017), testudinaria. Hooper and Van Soest (2002), Bergquist (2001), and Caberoy (1981). Taxonomic Description of the Sponges

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 Diagnosis: Growth appearances tubular, The 24 specimens were all demospongiae. massive, lobate, branching, flabellate, cup- Twenty-one (21) specimens identified belong shaped, excavating, and others; inorganic to 10 families and 14 genera (Tables 1 & 2; skeleton either absent or present; if present,

Table 1. Summary of 21 Sponges Collected From Nine Sampling Stations in Talim Bay and Identified According to Families and Genera

Family Genera Species

Microcionidae Clathria (n = 1) UI

Axinellidae Axinella (n = 1) UI

Halichondriidae Ciocalypta (n = 2) UI

Chalinidae Haliclona (n = 5) UI Haliclona (Gellius) (n = 1) Halichona (Sigmadocia) (n =1) UI Chalinula nematifera

Niphatiidae Niphates (n = 1) UI

Petrosiidae Xestospongia (n = 2) UI

Xestospongia testudinaria Petrosia (Strongylophora) (n = 1)

Irciniidae Sarcotragus (n = 1) UI

Chondropsidae Phoriospongia (n = 1) UI

Clionidae Spheciospongia (n = 1) UI

Note: UI = unidentified. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 85

Table 2. Site Distribution of 24 Sponges Collected From Nine Stations in Talim Bay

Sampling sites Genus Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clathria 1 1

Axinella 1 1

Ciocalypta 2 2

Callyspongia 1 1

Callyspongia (Cladochalina) 1 1

Haliclona 1 1 1 1 1 5

Haliclona (Gellius) 1 1

Haliclona (Sigmantocia) 1 1

Chalinula 1 1

Niphates 1 1

Petrosia (Strongylophora) 1 1

Xestospongia 2 2

Sarcotragus 1 1

Phoriospongia 1 1

Spheciospongia 1 1

Unidentified species 1 1 3 1

Legend: 1 (Clubhouse 2A) 4 (Layaglayag) 7 (Torso 4A) 2 (Galvez 5A) 5 (Mdidle Duenas Reef) 8 (Roces Mangrove waterway) made of sponging fibers alone or jointly with composed of styles or anisoxeas spicules in siliceous spicules generally separated into erect bundles. megacleres or microscleres. Genus Clathria Schmidt, 1862 Family Microcionidae Carter, 1875 Sponges generally stand erect; skeleton Diagnosis: Sponges have encrusting, composed of horny fiber cord by styles and lamellate, fan-shaped, and branching growth echinated by smaller spined styles. forms; skeleton tangential, isodictyal, reticulate, or plumose, never radial; subectosomal region poorly developed; ectosomal skeleton usually 86 MANILA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 11 (2018)

Diagnosis: roundish to tree-like growth Family Axinellidae Carter, 1875 form, rough texture, whole sponge easily Diagnosis: Sponges encrusting, fan-shaped, compressible; whole sponge not attached to and branching growth forms; red, orange, or coral substrate, only a portion of it; in situ, yellow colored; texture velvety or microhispid; color light orange, and when preserved, dark skeletal arrangement plumoreticulated. mocha; oscules few and irregularly arranged and measured around 1-mm dm; skeletal Genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 structure enclosed in sponging fibers forming Sponges generally ramose, bushy, or sparse, paratangential tracts and composed lamellate pattern; megascleres are styles of spinous (acanthose) average measurement and oxea; skeletal arrangement usually 75 μm long and 6.6 μm across; smooth styles plumoreticulated in the extra-axial region and with average measurement 173 μm long and indistinctly reticulated in axial region. 4.1 μm wide; with protruding acanthostyles on the sides.

FigureFigure 2. 2.Clathria Clathria sp. inin situ situ(A) (A) and and fixed fixed (B) (B).Spicules: Spicules: acanthostyle acanthostyle (C) and (C) smooth and smooth style (D) Skeletal arrangement (E) Annotations: Single specimen, TAL-GAA-002 (DLSU Z.C. 002), styleGalvez (D). 5A, Skeletal Talim Bay, arrangement Lian, Batangas, (E).Anno 14°22'16.8"North,120°37'60.1"East,tations: Single specimen, MayTAL-GAA-002 3, 2009, (DLSU Z.C. 002), 4 m deep;Galvez collected 5A, by Dr.Talim W. Licuanan. Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°22'16.8"North,120°37'60.1"East, May 3, 2009, 4 m deep; collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

7 MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 87

FigureFigure 3.Axinella 3. Axinella sp. in situ sp. (A)in situ and (A)fixed and (B). fixed Spicules: (B) bluntSpicules: tip oxeasblunt (C) tip and oxeas styles (D).(C) Skeletal and styles arrangement (D) Skeletal (E).Annotati arrangementons: Single (E) Annotations: specimen, TAL-TOA-001 Single specimen, (DLSU Z.C.), TorsoTAL-TOA-001 4A, Talim Bay,(DLSU Lian, Z.C.), Batangas, Torso 4A,13°58'30.7"North, Talim Bay, Lian, 120°36'56.8"East,May Batangas, 13°58'30.7"North, 120°36'56.8"East,May 7, 2009, 6.3 m deep; 7, 2009, 6.3 m deep; collected by Dr. W. Licuanan. 8 collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

Diagnosis: Irregular growth form but without separations in between; smooth texture in between the microhispid projections; attached to a coral substrate; color yellow in situ and orange when preserved; oscules irregularly arranged and dispersed throughout sponge undersides; skeletal structure compressed axially and plumoreticulated in extra-axial region; megascleres are styles and oxeas.

Family Halichondriidae Gray, 1867 Diagnosis : Sponges have spicules showing diverse shapes of oxeotes and stylotes; skeletal arrangement paratangential or palisade-like.

Figure 4. Ciocalypta sp.1 in situ(A) and Figure 4.Ciocalypta sp.1 in situ(A)and fixed (B).Spicules: fusiformoxeas (C). Skeletal Genus Ciocalypta Bowerbank, 1862 fixed (B) Spicules: fusiformoxeas (C) arrangement (D).Annotations: Single specimen, TAL-ROW-003 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces Sponges typically with smooth texture, Skeletal arrangement (D) Annotations: Mangrove Waterway, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, fairly transparent exterior, lacking visible Single specimen, TAL-ROW-003 (DLSU oscules, and finger-shaped fistules; basal mass13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, Z.C.), Roces Mangrove MayWaterway, 8, 2009, 1mTalim deep; collected by Ms. C. generally covered in soft sediment with Samson.the Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North, finger-shaped-fistules rising above sediment; 120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; spicules are styles and/or oxeas; skeletal collected by Ms. C. Samson. arrangement tangential.

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Diagnosis: Fistulose growth form, with Family Callyspongiidae De Laubenfels, different lengths, easily compressible, 1936 transparent, smooth, may be rough at some Diagnosis: Growth forms encrusting, parts; lays on a soft substrate; light yellow vase-shaped, tubular, or branching; texture green in situ and turned light brown when smooth, firm, or resilient; surface smooth or fixed; oscules invisible, but sponge evidently naturally sculptured into conules, ridges, or perforated and dispersed throughout the spines to the exterior; skeletal arrangement body; skeletal arrangement paratangential in two-dimensional tangential reticulation of or palisade-like. primary and secondary sponging fibers with Diagnosis: Fistulose growth form but spicules of oxeas and/or strongyles. thicker in width, easily compressible and ripped, with few small microhispid-like Genus Callyspongia Duchassaing & projections on the surface, colored yellow green Michelotti, 1864 in situ and dark yellow when fixed, oscules Sponges differ significantly in growth invisible, skeletal arrangement paratangential form from massive to ramose, foliaceous to 9 or palisade-like. infundibuliform, repent to erect and others;

Figure 5. Ciocalypta sp.2in situ(A) and fixed (B) Spicules: palmate isochela Figure 5.Ciocalypta(C;note<20 counts),sp.2in oxeasitu(A) (D) and and style fixed(F) Skeletal (B). arrangementSpicules: palmate(E) isochela Annotations: Single specimen, TAL-ROW-005 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces Mangrove (C;note<20Waterway, counts), Talim oxea Bay, (D),Lian, andBatangas, style 13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East,(F). Skeletal arrangement (E).Annotations : Single specimen, TAL-ROW-005May 8, 2009, 1mdeep; (DLSU collected Z.C. by), Ms.Roces C. Samson.Mangrove Waterway, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, 1mdeep; collected by Ms. C. Samson.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 89

Figure 6. Callyspongia sp. in situ (A) and fixed (B) Spicules: oxeas Figure 6.Callyspongia(C) Skeletal arrangement sp. in situ (D) (A)Annotations: and fixed Single (B).Spicules: specimen, oxeas (C). Skeletal arrangementTAL-ROW-001 (D). Annotations:(DLSU Z.C.), Roces Single Mangrove specimen, Waterway, TAL-ROW-001 Talim Bay, Lian, (DLSU Z.C.), Roces Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, Mangrove Waterway,1m deep; collected byTalim Ms. Cai Samson.Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; collected by Ms. Cai Samson. spongin frequently seen; skeletal arrangement Genus Callyspongia (Cladochalina) is two-dimensional tangential reticulation Schmidt, 1870 of primary, secondary, and at times tertiary Sponges usually branched, tubuliform, or spiculo-fibers with spicules of oxeas and/or vase-like growth form; masses of branches, strongyles. with a general base and irregularly distributed Diagnosis: Erect to tubular growth form, oscula; surface may be conulose or spiny; medium compressible, and may be tough to texture elastic, fragile, and breakable when tear; attached to soft substrate and texture evaporated; possesses megascleres oxeas rubber-like; color brown in situ and cream or strongyloxeas in varying forms; skeletal yellow when fixed; oscules located on top of arrangement tangential, primary, secondary, the stalks; skeletal arrangement has sponging and tertiary fibers in one plane with three sheath, with regularly arranged primary sizes of irregular meshes. paucispicular and connecting unispicular Diagnosis: Masses of branches evident and fibers. with twig-like appearance; yellow in situ; fixed

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Figure 7. Callysponiga (Cladochalina) samarensisin situ (A) and fixed (B). FigureSkeletal 7.Callysponiga arrangement (Cladochalina) (C) Spicules: oxeas samarensis (D) Annotations:in situ Single(A) and specimen, fixed (B).Skeletal arrangementTAL-ITA-001 (C). Spicules: (DLSU Z.C.), oxeas Inner (D).Anno Talim 6A,tations: Talim Bay,Single Lian, specimen, Batangas, TAL-ITA-001 (DLSU20°14'18.9"North, Z.C.), Inner 130°40'17.9"East,Talim 6A, Talim May Bay,3, 2009, Lian, 6 m deep; Batangas, collected by20°14'18.9"North, Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan. 130°40'17.9"East, May 3, 2009, 6 m deep; collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan. remains yellow but turned out noodle-like frequently connected by unispicular secondary and somewhat transparent; very soft texture lines. and compressible; with megascleres oxea; without microscleres; skeleton shows primary, Genus Haliclona Grant, 1836 secondary, and tertiary fibers in one plane Generally have cushion-shaped, oscular forming irregular meshes. mounds or chimneys, branching, tube-shaped, Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867 repent ramose, and rarely thinly encrusting; natural color purple, violet, yellowish, green, Diagnosis : Sponges with encrusting, cushion- black, white, or orange; consistency differs shaped, ramose, or tubular growth forms; from soft or fragile to firm, elastic, or brittle; consistency soft to rather firm or spongy; surface varies from smooth or even to hispid; usually with oscular chimneys or mounds; oscules located in oscular mounds or chimeys; color purple, pink, violet, brown, or green; skeletal arrangement regular, tangential, with megascleres oxeas or strongyle; unispicular, or isotropic reticulation; with microscleres if present, microxeas or sigmas; megascleres oxeas or strongyles; microscleres, skeletal arrangement reticulation of uni-, if present, are sigmas or toxas; spongin pauci-, or multispicular primary lines typically present, restricted to nodes of

spicules as skeletal support.

12 13

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 91

Figure 8. Haliclona sp.1 in situ (A) and fixed Figure 9. Haliclona sp. 2 in situ (A) and Figure8.Haliclona sp.1 in situ (A) and fixed (B).Spicules: oxeas Figu(C). reSkeletal 9.Halicl ona sp. 2 in situ (A) and fixed (B).Spicules: oxeas (C). Skeletal (B) Spicules: oxeas (C) Skeletal arrangement fixed (B) Spicules: oxeas (C) Skeletal arrangement (D). Annotations: Single specimen,TAL-ROW-004 (DLSUarra Z.C.ngement 004), (arrangementD ). Annotations:Single (D) specimen,Annotations:Single TAL-OTA-001 (DLSU Z.C.), Outer Roces Mangrove(D) Annotations:Waterway, SingleTalim specimen,TAL-Bay, Lian, TalimBatangas, 7A, Tali mBay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'17.9"North, 120°36'06.0"East, May 6, 3°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; collected by J. Tan. specimen, TAL-OTA-001 (DLSU Z.C.), ROW-004 (DLSU Z.C. 004), Roces Mangrove2009 , 4–5 mdeep; collected by Ms. Cai Samson.Photographed by Dr. W. Licuanan. Outer Talim 7A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14 Waterway, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'17.9"North, 120°36'06.0"East, May 3°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992"East, May 6, 2009, 4–5 mdeep; collected by Ms. Cai 8, 2009, 1m deep; Samson.Photographed by Dr. W. Licuanan. collected by J. Tan.

Diagnosis: Appearance seaweed-like; with

crater-like oscules scattered loosely in the body;

compressible and ripable; in situ specimen olive green, when preserved, yellow-orange;

spicules slightly bent oxeas with pointed tips; skeletal arrangement unispicular, with

pointed tips of oxeas connected by spongin in triangular forms.

Diagnosis: Hair-like sponge attached to substrate; spongy texture, with visible

small perforations/holes; oscules regularly distributed throughout the body with about

1-cm spacing; easily compressible and tear; grayish/dark brown in situ and mocha when fixed; skeletal arrangement in triangular form. Figure 10.FigureHaliclona 10. sp.3Haliclona in situ (Asp.3) and in fixe situd (B).Spicu(A) andles: fixed oxeas (C). Skeletal arrangement(B) Spicules:(D).Annotat oxeasions: Sing(C) leSkeletal specime n,arrangement TAL-CHA-003 (DLSU Z.C.), Clubhouse 2A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°00'17.8"North, 120°36'58.1"East, May 2, 2009, 4–5(D) m d eep;Annotations: collected by Dr. Single W. Licuanan specimen,. TAL- CHA-003 (DLSU Z.C.), Clubhouse 2A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°00'17.8"North, 120°36'58.1"East, May 2, 2009, 4–5 m deep; collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

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Diagnosis: Tubular growth form, with fades away when fixed; skeletal arrangement spongy texture, easily compressible but not is one spicule long, isotropic and without a easily torn and with microhispid-like surface; multispicular tract. oscules are distributed on top through stalk- Diagnosis: Sponge with soft texture and like chimneys; in situ, purplish, and when slimy feel; live specimen colored dark violet fixed, brownish to light yellow; skeletal and when fixed turned darker; evident 15 arrangement with linked-long spicules. protruding oscules with different diameters; Diagnosis: Encrusting growth form, spongy spicules present are oxeas conical with pointed texture, easily compressible and torn; oscules tips; skeletal arrangement long single/mono irregularly distributed on top of the sponge spicules. 15 with different diameters; blue in situ and color

Figure 11.Haliclona sp. 4 in situ (A) and fixed (B).Skeletal arrangement (C). Spicules: oxeas (D).Annotations: Single specimen, TAL-TOA-002 (DLSU Z.C.), Torso 4A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'30.7"North, 120°36'56.8"East, May 7, 2009, 6.3 m deep; collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan. FiguFigurere 11.11. HaliclonaHaliclona sp. sp. 4 in4 situin (A)situ and (A fixed) and (B) fi xSkeletaled (B).Ske arrangementletal arra (C)ngement Spicules: ( C).

Spicoxeasu les:(D) Annotations:oxeas (D).Annota Singletions specimen,: Single TAL-TOA-002 specimen, TAL-TOA (DLSU -Z.C.),002 (DLS TorsoU 4A, Z.C.), Talim Tor so

4A,Bay, T alimLian, Bay,Batangas, Lian, 13°58'30.7"North, Batangas, 13°58'30.7"Nor 120°36'56.8"East,th, 120°36' May5 6.8"East,7, 2009, 6.3 M may deep; 7, 200 9, collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan. 6.3 m deep; collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan.

B C

Figure 12. Haliclona sp. 5 in situ (A) Spicules: oxeas (B) Skeletal arrangement (C) Annotations: Single specimen,TAL-ROC-002 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, Figu13°58'3.8274"North,re 12. Haliclona 120°36'52.992"East,sp. 5 in situ (A). MaySpicules 8, 2009,: oxeas 1m deep;(B). Skeletalcollected byarrangeme J. Tan. nt

(C).Annotations: Single specimen,TAL-ROC-002 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North, 120°36'52.992"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; Figure 12. Haliclonasp. 5 in situ (A). Spicules: oxeas (B). Skeletal arrangement collected by J. Tan. (C).Annotations: Single specimen,TAL-ROC-002 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces, Talim Bay,

Lian, Batangas, 13°58'3.8274"North, 120°36'52. 992"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; collected by J. Tan.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 93

Genus Haliclona (Gellius) Gray, 1867 Diagnosis: Texture somewhat coarse but Sponges generally cushion-shaped or still compressible; peach to cream live and soot submassive sponges; consistency soft, fragile, black when fixed; oscules scattered/dispersed; and/or brittle; may form fistular outgrowths spicules are oxeas with hastate pointed ends, on the exterior; megascleres large oxeas; some slightly bent, some straight; styles with microscleres, when present, are sigmas; hastate appearance, one end pointed the other skeletal arrangement subhalichondrid blunt; skeletal arrangement takes different reticulation. reticulations, with no spongin16 to connect the nodes of spicules.

Figure 13. HaliclonaFigure 13.Haliclona (Gellius) (Gellius) sp. insp. situ in situ(A) (A) andand fixedfixed (B). (B) Spicules: Spicules: C-shaped C-shaped sigma sigma (C) and oxeas (D)(C) Skeletaland oxeas arrangement(D). Skeletal arrangement (E) Annotations: (E).Annotations Single: Single specimen,TAL-ROW-002 specimen,TAL- (DLSU Z.C.),ROW-002 Roces Mangrove(DLSU Z.C.), Waterway, Roces Mangrove Talim Bay,Waterway, Lian, TalimBatangas,13°58'3.8274"No Bay, Lian,17 Batangas,13°58'3.8274"North,120°36'52.992",rth,120°36'52.992", May 8 2009, 1m May deep; 8 2009, collected 1m deep; collectedby J. Tan. by J. Tan.

FigureFigu 14.re 14.HalicHaliclonalona (Sima(Simadocia)docia) sp.i nsp.in situ (A) situ and (A) preser andved preserved (B). Spicules: (B) oxe Spicules:as oxeas (C)(C)a nandd C-shap C-shapeded sigmas sigmas (C, D). (C, Sk D)eletal Skeletal arrangement arrangement (E).Annotat ions:(E) Annotations:Single Single specimen,TAL-ROC-001specimen,TAL-ROC-001 (DLSU (DLSU Z.C.), Z.C.),Roces, Roces,Talim TalimBay, Lian Bay,, Batanga Lian, sBatangas,, 13°58'3.8274"North,13°58'3.8274"N 120°36'52.992"East,orth, 120°36'52.992"East, May May 8, 2 8,009, 2009, 1m de e1mp; collecte deep;d bycollected J. Tan. by J. Tan.

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Diagnosis: Sponge soft texture and oxeas; skeletal arrangement with secondary compressible; colored dark violet live, turned lines in more than one spicule length. dirty brown when fixed; small oscules present but fairly spaced out; spicules present are Family Niphatidae Van Soest, 1980 oxeas with conical ends, some bent and Diagnosis: Encrusting, huge, fan-shaped, others straight; skeletal arrangement has or branching growth forms; texture stiff, rigid, spongin on nodes of spicules forming corners and brittle; usually has chimney-like oscules; or noose. surface smooth or rough, partly hispid, ridged, or spiny; megascleres are oxeas or strongyles Genus Chalinula Schmidt, 1868 of diverse sizes; microscleres, if present, are Sparingly encrusting, cushion-shaped, sigmas or microxeas; skeletal arrangement or unevenly digitate growth forms; texture multispicular and tangential reticulation. comprehensible, smooth surface, somewhat hispid consistency to soft or spongy; oscules distributed in body; spicules, oxeas vary in Genus Niphates Duchassaing & form and size; skeleton rich in spongin. Michelotti, 1864 Diagnosis: Sponge thin encrusting growth Growth forms massive, vase-shape to form; rough texture, slightly compressibility tubular or ramose growth form; surface and tearable; consistency firm but elastic; conulose, spiny, and rigid; oscules irregularly in situ colored violet with white streaks and distributed and a little raised; spongin when fixed turned light green yellow; oscules dominant and cover spicules; megascleres are irregularly distributed and few; spicules are oxeas; microscleres, if present, sigmas; skeletal arrangement forms a tangential network18 and rounded to irregular meshes.

Figure15.Chalinulanematiferain situ (A) and preserved (B). Spicules: oxeas (C). Figure 15. Chalinulanematifera in situ (A) and preserved (B) Spicules: oxeas (C) SkeletalSkeletal arrangement arrangement (D) (D).Annotations: Annotations: Single Single specimen, specimen, TAL-TOA-003 TAL-TOA-003 (DLSU(DLSU Z.C.),Z.C.), Torso 4A,4A, TalimTalim Bay,Bay, Lian, Lian, Batangas, Batangas, 13°58'30.7"North, 13°58'30.7"North, 120°36'56.8"East, 120°36'56.8"East, May May 7, 7, 2009, 6.3 m deep;2009, collected 6.3 mby deep;Dr. W. collected Licuanan. by Dr. W. Licuanan.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 95

FigureFigure 16. 16.Niphates Niphatessp sp.. in in situsitu (A) (A) and andfixed fixed(B) Spicules: (B).Spicules: oxeas (C) oxeasSkeletal (C). Skeletal arrangementarrangement (D) (D).Annotations: Annotations: Single Single specimen, specimen, TAL-DUR-001 TAL-DUR-001 (DLSU Z.C.), (DLSU Middle Z.C.), Middle DuenasReef, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°14'18.9"North, 120°37'53.4"East,May 4, DuenasReef, TalimBay,2009, 9 mLian, deep; Batangas, collected by 13°14'18.9"North, Dr. W. Licuanan. 120°37'53.4"East,May 4, 2009, 9 mdeep; collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

Diagnosis : Erect to branching growth sheltered by a tough crust; megascleres appearance; spiny texture although brittle; oxeas to strongylotes, microscleres, if present, surface rough with mucus produced; oscules smaller oxeas; skeleton arrangement forms irregularly distributed on the intersection of an isotropic reticulation of spicule tracts, in the branches and some on top, with unequal which indefinite primary and secondary tracts diameters;dirty white in situ and turned dark are obvious. olive green when fixed; skeletal arrangement is tangential network of secondary fibers Genus Xestospongia De Laufenbels, 1932 appearing free oxeas. Sponges generally shaped roundish meshes and missing a special ectosomal Family Petrosiidae Van Soest 1980 skeleton, but with isotropic reticulation of Diagnosis : Sponges with massive, volcano, single spicules or spicule tracts; megascleres or vase-shaped and bulging; stony or brittle oxeas, sometimes strongylote and stylote texture indicative of abundance of siliceous forms; without microscleres. spicules over spongin; smooth surface

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Diagnosis: Dark yellow in situ and adobe Genus Petrosia (Strongylophora) when preserved; texture rough and stony; sponge incompressible; oscules scantly Sponges generally have three categories distributed and knot-like in appearance; of oxeas or strongyles, plus centrangulate spicules are bent oxeas some with pointed microxeas; stony texture; spongin absent; ends; skeletal arrangement arranged in megacleres strongyle, oxeas, and/or microxeas; bundles. skeletal arrangement has a thick irregular Diagnosis: Sponge dark yellow in situ, tangential reticulation of free strongyles adobe when preserved; texture rough and and oxeas with unreliable sizes protruding stony; incompressible body; oscules scantly centrangulate microxeas; small sausage- distributed and knot-like in appearance; shaped strongyles apparent. spicules are bent oxeas with pointed ends, and styles; skeletal arrangement is in bundles and forming a circular appearance. 20

Figure 17. Xestospingiatestudinaria in situ (A) and fixed (B) Spicules: oxeas (C) FigureSkeletal 17.Xestospingiatestudinaria arrangement (D).Annotations:in situ Single (A) and specimen,TAL-TOA-004 fixed (B). Spicules: oxeas (DLSU (C). Z.C.), SkeletalTorso arrangement 4A, Talim Bay, (D).Annotations: Lian, Batangas, Si 13°58'30.7"North,ngle specimen,TAL-TOA-004 120°36'56.8"East, (DLSU May Z.C.), 7, Torso 4A, Talim Bay,2009, Lian, 6.3 Batangas, m deep, collected13°58'30.7"North, by Dr. W. Licuanan.120°36'56.8"East, May 7, 2009, 6.3 m deep, collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA,21 ET AL. 97

Figure 18. Xestospongia sp. in situ (A) and preserved (B) Spicules: oxea (C) and style Figure 18.Xestospongia sp. in situ (A) and preserved (B). Spicules: oxea (C), and (D) Skeletal arrangementstyle (D). Skeletal arrangement(E) Annotations: (E).Annotations:Two Two specimen,TAL-TOA-005 specimen,TAL-TOA-005 (DLSU Z.C.), (DLSU Z.C.), Torso 4A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'30.7"North, Torso 4A, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°58'30.7"North, 120°36'56.8"East, May 7, 120°36'56.8"East,2009,6.3 May m 7, 2009,6.3deep;collected m deep;collected by Dr. by Dr. W. W. Licuanan. Licuanan.

Figure 19.Figure Petrosia 19.Petrosia (Strongylophora) (Strongylophora) sp. insp. situ in situ(A) and(A) and fixed fixed (B) (B). Spicules: Spicules: oxeotes oxeotes (C) stylote (D) and strongyles(C), stylote (E)(D), Skeletal and strongyles arrangement (E). Sk (F)eletal Annotations: arrangement Single (F).Annotations: specimen, Single TAL-CHA-002 (DLSU Z.C.),specimen,TAL-CHA-002 Clubhouse 2A, Talim (DLSU Bay, Z.C.), Lian, Clubhouse Batangas, 2A, 14°00'17.8"North, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas,120°36'58.1"East, 14°00'17.8"North,May 2, 120°36'58.1"East, 2009, 4–5 m deep; May collected 2, 2009, by4–5 Dr. m W.deep; Licuanan. collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

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Diagnosis: Sponge dark red brown in unarmored; fibrous skeleton apparent with situ and adobe when preserved; granular very well sponging filaments; consistency appearance and texture rough and stony; firm, hard to compress, and tough, due to incompressible body; xeaotes, stylotes, and the filaments. strongyles present, stylotes sausage-like; Diagnosis: Creeping and digitate growth skeletal arrangement in bundles, forming a forms; surface has small cone-like projections; circular network. light green in situ with a tinge of yellow, dark when preserved; rubbery and compressible; Family Irciniidae Gray, 1867 instead of spicules, spongin fibers present Diagnosis: Sponges generally gigantic, entangled with detritus materials. occasionally scattering, in varying assortment of forms including pad-like, large and cushion- Family Chondropsidae Carter, 1886 like, lobate and digitate; exterior is conulose, Diagnosis: Encrusting, massive, micro-conulose, tuberculate, or smooth; flabellate, or digitate growth appearance, skeleton pithed and concentrically coated with surface usually reticulate or with poresieves, primary and secondary fibers; sponges not with spicular detritus nearby; with easy to tear due to nearby filaments. megascleres strongyles and occasionally styles; microscleres when present are Genus Sarcotragus Schimdt, 1862 arcurate isochelae and sigmas; skeletal Sponge with spreading, finger-shaped, arrangement irregularly plumose. and compact; surface conulose and 23

FigureFigure 20.20. SarcotragusSarcotragus sp. sp.in situ in (A) situ and fixed(A) and(B) Skeletalfixed arrangement(B).Skeletal (C) arrangement Annotations: (C).Annotations:Single specimen, Single TAL-DUR-002 specimen, (DLSU TAL-DU Z.C.),R-002 Middle (DLSU Duenas Z.C.), Reef, Middle Talin DuenasBay, Lian, Reef, Batangas,13°58'49.6"North, 120°37'53.4"East, May 4, 2009, 9 m deep; collected by Talin Bay, Lian, Batangas,13°58'49.6"North, 120°37'53.4"East, May 4, 2009, 9 m Dr. W. Licuanan. deep; collected by Dr. W. Licuanan.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 99

Genus Phoriospongia Marshall, 1880 Family Clionidae D’Orbigny, 1851 Sponges usually sandy in texture, Diagnosis: Sponges proficient excavators; megascleres subtylostyles or styles, and megascleres tylostyles; microscleres usually microscleres sigmas; skeleton with indistinct lacking, if present include microxeas, radial to plumose arrangement. spirasters, amphiasters, microrhabds, or Diagnosis: In situ salmon pink in color, raphides. yellow brown when preserved; growth form foliose, texture elastic and compressible, Genus Spheciospongia Marshall, 1892 however individual branches incompressible; Sponges in general massive with complex spicules present are tylotes with blunt ends; pore sieves; usually excavated from source/ microscleres present are C-shaped sigmas; origin; megascleres tylostyles however can skeletal arrangement radial, cored by styles, be tailored into styles: tylostrongyles and sand or foreign spicules. strongyles. 24

Figure 21. Phoriospongia sp. in situ (A) and fixed (B) Spicules: subtylostyle (C) and C-shaped Figure 21.sigmaPhoriospongia (D) Skeletal arrangement sp. in situ (E) (A) Annotations: and fixed Single (B). specimen,TAL-GAA-001Spicules: subtylostyle (C) and (DLSU Z.C.), Galvez 5A, Talin Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°00'17.8"North, 120°36'58.1"East, C-shaped sigma May(D). 3, Skeletal 2009, 4–5 marrangemen deep; collectedt by(E).Annotations: Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan. Single specimen,TAL- GAA-001 (DLSU Z.C.), Galvez 5A, Talin Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°00'17.8"North, 120°36'58.1"East, May 3, 2009, 4–5 m deep; collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan.

Figure 22.Spheciospongia sp. in situ(A) and fixed (B).Skeletal arrangement (C). Spicules: subtylostyle (D).Annotations: Single specimen,TAL-ROC-004 (DLSU Z.C.), Roces, Talim Bay, Lian, Batangas, 13°96'77.3"North, 120°61'47.02"East, May 8, 2009, 1m deep; collected by J. Tan. 24

Figure 21.Phoriospongia sp. in situ (A) and fixed (B). Spicules: subtylostyle (C) and C-shaped sigma (D). Skeletal arrangement (E).Annotations: Single specimen,TAL- GAA-001 (DLSU Z.C.), Galvez 5A, Talin Bay, Lian, Batangas, 14°00'17.8"North, 100 MANILA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME 11 (2018) 120°36'58.1"East, May 3, 2009, 4–5 m deep; collected by Dr. Wilfredo Licuanan.

FigureFigure 22. 22.Spheciospongia Spheciospongia sp. sp. inin situ(A)situ(A) and and fixed fixed (B) (B).Skeletal Skeletal arrangement arrangement (C) (C). Spicules:Spicules: subtylostyle (D)(D).Annotations: Annotations: Single Single specimen,TAL-ROC-004 specimen,TAL-ROC-004 (DLSU (DLSU Z.C.), Z.C.), Roces,Roces, Talim Talim Bay, Bay, Lian, Batangas,Batangas, 13°96'77.3"North, 13°96'77.3"North, 120°61'47.02"East, 120°61'47.02"East, May 8,May 8, 2009, 1m deep; collected 2009,by J. 1mTan. deep; collected by J. Tan.

Diagnosis: Knob-shaped in appearance; the genus Haliclona that interestingly live specimen reddish brown, lighter when represented 29.2% (n = 7) of the collection in fixed, with the knob part in black; at the top the current survey. Comparatively, common of sponge are complex incurrent pore sieves; to the present and 1995 surveys, which span a texture has elastic somewhat incompressible; time difference of almost 20 years, are Genera spicules present: tylostyles with knob-like Xestospongia, Clathria, Petrosia, Petrosia and pointed end, slightly bent; skeletal (Strongylophora), Ciocalypta, Callyspongia, arrangement similar to a tangential network. Callyspongia (Cladochalina), and Niphates. The three unidentified specimens The dominance of Demospongiae sponges (Fig. 23) were seagrass-inhabiting encrusted agrees with earlier reports in the Batangas type and colored green in situ, sponge with area (Villaroman, 1996; Caberoy, 1981) and creamy finger-like projections growth form Cebu (Longakit, 2005). Several Haliclona spp. and a sponge brown in situ with flabellated have been identified in Cebu (Longakit, 2005) growth form and dorsally located oscules. and Tayabas Bay, Luzon (Caberoy, 1981), A comparison of the current findings but not in Janao Bay, Batangas (Villaroman, covering nine sampling sites and a one-time 1996), and in the present survey in Talim Bay. collection of 24 specimens contrasted with an There is clearly a marked decline in species earlier unpublished study (Elmido et al., 1995), diversity of sponges in Talim Bay reported in where 75 specimens were pooled from three this study relative to earlier data (Elmido et collection periods, showed both survey a sponge al., 1995). The difference in the distribution of collection all belonging to Demospongiae sponge species is likely considering differences (Table 3). The 1995 collection however in environmental conditions, notwithstanding represented greater species diversity, but with the likely influence of pollution and other the absence of Family Chalinidae including environmental and biological and community- MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 101 driven factors causing degradation of marine important to closely monitor the underlying life in the area where several communities factors affecting sponge survival25 based exists. In view of the documented decline in on species loss and re-emergence and/or species diversity in the present survey, it is emergence of new species at Talim Bay.

FigureFigure 23.Three 23. Three unidentified unidentified sponges. sponges. A. (A) Incrusted Incrusted form andand se agrassseagrassinhabiting in habiting (Roces Mangrove). (B) Sponge with finger-like projection growth pattern (Inner Talim (Roces Mangrove). B. Sponge with finger-like projection growthpattern (Inner Talim Bay). (C) Sponge with flabellated growth pattern showing osculeson top (Clubhouse Bay).2A). C. Annotations: Sponge with One flabellated each from growth Clubhouse pattern 2A, 14°00'17.8"North,showing osculeson 120°36'58.1"East, top (Clubhouse 2A).Annotations:One4.5 m deep; Inner each Talim from Bay, Clubhouse 13°58'35.7"North,120°36'27.8"East, 2A, 14°00'17.8"North, 120°36'58.1"East, 6 m deep, and 4.5 m deep; RocesInner Mangrove,13°58'3.82"North,120°36'52.99"East,Talim Bay, 13°58'35.7"North,120°36'27.8"East, 1 m 6deep. m deep, and Roces Mangrove,13°58'3.82"North,120°36'52.99"East, 1m deep.

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Table 3. Comparison of Current Findings With Those of Elmido et al. (1995)

Parameters Current Findings Elmido et al. (1995) Collection sites • Clubhouse 2A • Reyna • Galvez 5A • Talin Point • Inner Talim 6A • Sampang • Middle Duenas Reef • Layag-layag 3A • Outer Talim 7A • Toroso 4A • Roces Mangrove Waterway • Roces Class Demospongiae Demospongiae Number of families 10 18 Number of genus 14 30 Species • Xestospongia testudinaria • Xestospongia testudinaria • Xestospongia sp. • Xestospongia weidenmayeri • Clathria sp. • Xestospongia sp.l • Axinella sp. • Petrosialignosavar. plana • Ciocalypta sp. 1 and2 • Petrosiasimilis • Callyspongia sp. • Petrosia sp.1 • Callyspongia (Cladochalina) • Ciocalyptaamorphosa samarensis • Clathriafrondifera • Haliclona sp.1, 2, 3, 4,and5 • Niphatesamorpha • Haliclona (Gellius) sp. 1 • Niphates digitalis • Haliclona (Sigmatocia) sp. • Ircinia fasciculate (Pallas) • Niphates sp. • Ircinia ramose • Petrosia (Strongylophora) sp. • Plakortis simplex • Sarcotragus sp. • Raspaliawilkinsoni • Phoriospongia sp. • Acanthellacarteri • Spheciospongia sp • Acanthella sp.1 • Chalinulanematifera • Phakelliacarduus • Suberitesdomuncula • Terpioszeteki • Tertillahirsutam • Cinachyraaustralensis • Adociaimplexiformis • Adocia sp.1 • Sigmadociacoerulea • Sigmadociasymbiotica • Rhizocalinaincrustata • Amphimedonviridis • Amphimedon sp.1 • Callyspongiafallax • Callyspongia vaginalis • Pellinanodosa • Biemnafortis • Liosinagranularis • Myxillacrucifera • Dysideafragilis • Carterospongiafoliascens (Pallas) • Aplysillasulfurea (Schulze) • Ianthellabasta (Pallas) • Dactylospongiaelegans • Verongia sp.1 • Halichondria panacea MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBTIDAL SPONGES CLAVERIA, ET AL. 103

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Hooper, J. N., Kennedy, J. A., & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2000). Annotated checklist of sponges Our appreciation and thanks to Belinda (Porifera) of the South China Sea Region. The Longakit, a spongiologist of the Marine Science Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 8, 125–207. Institute of the University of the Philippines– Hooper, J. N., & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002) Diliman, and to Ms. Cai Samson in assisting Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum us in the collection of some of the sponges from Publishers. greater depths. Kelly, M. (2001). A course guide to sponge taxonomy workshop. New Zealand: NIWA.Levi, REFERENCES C. P. (1959). Spongiares des iles Philippines, principal ment recoltees au vosinage de Zamboanga. Philippine Journal of Science, 88, Berquist, P. (2001). The Porifera. In D. Anderson 509–533. (ed.), Invertebrate zoology (2nd ed.; pp. 10–27). Longakit, M. B., Sotto, F., & Kelly, M. (2005). The Oxford: Oxford University Press. shallow water marine sponges (Porifera) of Butler, P. (1961). Morphological classification of Cebu, Philippines. Science Diliman, 17, 52–74. sponge spicules, with descriptions of siliceous Longalit, M. B. (2005). Taxonomy and distribution spicules from the Lower Ordovician Bellefonte of shallow water marine sponges (Phylum Dolomite in Central Pennsylvania. Journal of Porifera) of Cebu, Philippines (Master’s thesis). Paleontology, 35, 191–200. University of San Carlos. Caberoy, R. A. (1981). The survey of Class Panganm A. M., Uy, F., & Oclarit, J. (2007). Demospongiae in Tayabas Bay. Manila: Antimicrobial properties of some marine Philippine National Museum. sponges. Philippine Scientist, 44, 35–45. Concepcion, G., Caraan, G., Lazaro, J., & Camua, Rubbert, E. E., & Barnes, R. D. (1994). Invertebrate A. (1994). Antibacterial and antifungal activity zoology (6th ed.). Florida: Saunders College demonstrated in some Philippine sponges and Publishing. tunicates. Philippine Journal of Microbiology Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. and Infectious Diseases, 24, 6–19. N. A., Rützler, K., de Voogd , N. J., Alvarez de Corfield, G. (1938). Sponge industry of the Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, Caribbean area. Economic Geography, 14, R., Schoenberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B.. 201–206. Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Díaz, Elmido, S., Tuazon, M., & Villarica, J. (1995). A M.C., Cárdenas, P., & Carballo J. L. (2017). taxonomic study on the sponges found in Talim World Porifera Database.tRetrieved from http:// Bay, Lian, Batangas (Undergraduate thesis). www.marinespecies.org/porifer1. De La Salle University–Manila.Erpenbeck, Villaroman, G.G. (1996). ATtaxonomicSstudy D., & Worheide, G. (2007). On the molecular on theSspongesFfound in Janao Bay, Anilao, phylogeny of sponges. ZooTaxa, 1668, 107–126. Batanga (UndergraduateTthesis). De La Salle George, J. D., & George, J. J. (1979). Marine life. Universit-–Manil6. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Grzimek, H. C. B. (1974). Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Hooper, J. N. (1997). “Sponguide”: Guide to sponge collection and identification. Queensland: Queensland Museum.