DOCSLIB.ORG

Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in SHEET FACT Latin America and the Caribbean A Regional Profile AUGUST 2020 BY DIEGO CHAVES-GONZÁLEZ AND CARLOS ECHEVERRÍA-ESTRADA BOX 1 Executive Summary What Is the Displacement Tracking Matrix? According to the Regional Coordination Platform for The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) is a system the Response for Venezuelans (R4V), co-led by the for tracking and monitoring displacement and pop- ulation mobility. Through the DTM, the International International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Organization for Migration (IOM) collect data on UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and migrants’ demographics, economic activities, health composed of more than 150 organizations, as of conditions, access to health services, trip details, and challenges encountered while travelling. June 2020, more than 5 million refugees and mi- grants from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela While the DTM monitors displacement in many had left their country due to the ongoing political world regions, the data presented in this fact sheet and economic crises there, with more than 4 million were collected by IOM to inform United Nations agencies, governments in the region, and nongov- of them migrating to other Latin American and Ca- ernmental actors about this population. ribbean countries. Until 2015, the region had largely been characterized by high levels of emigration, and More information about the DTM instrument and neighboring countries had never experienced mi- the data used in this fact sheet can be found on the DTM website (https://dtm.iom.int) and in the Ap- grant inflows at this scale.1 Since then, receiving pendix. countries have largely maintained an “open-door” approach toward Venezuelans, with significant poli- Given these trends, there is a pressing need for time- cy innovations allowing many to enter, remain on an ly and accurate data on this population’s characteris- interim basis, and receive legal status via existing tics and vulnerabilities. IOM is working to fill this gap visa categories and special regularization programs, by using its Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) to as well as the reception of requests for asylum. How- collect cross-sectoral data via detailed assessments ever, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the region in across countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. early 2020 has added a new layer of complexity. Re- The DTM collects data that have become a first-hand ceiving countries now face the challenge of manag- source of information and a tool for policy design ing a public-health crisis while also addressing the for host and transit countries to manage Venezuelan needs of displaced Venezuelans and the communi- migrant and refugee flows. During times of COVID, ties in which they live. the DTM will continue informing governments, UN VENEZUELAN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN VENEZUELAN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN agencies, and relevant stakeholders by providing what broader than in the first group of countries, data to inform evidence-based decision making. with many stating that they were married or had a partner, or were divorced or separated. In Ecuador, This fact sheet presents a regional profile of Venezu- 74 percent of respondents declared that they were elan migrants and refugees traveling across 11 Latin working, most of them independently and mostly in American and Caribbean countries during 2019 (see the informal economy. Most respondents in Ecuador the Appendix for details). In doing so, this fact sheet reported very limited health insurance coverage sheds light on country-to-country variations in the and an unwillingness to seek assistance to deal with characteristics of these migrants and refugees and stress; they did, however, note that sanitary condi- their experiences as they travel and set up a new life tions in their new country were better than they had in another country. been in Venezuela. This analysis identifies three groups of countries that attract different migrant profiles and in which refu- This analysis identifies three groups gees and migrants describe different living condi- tions and future intentions to travel. The first group of countries that attract different includes Venezuela’s immediate neighbors—Brazil, migrant profiles and in which refugees Colombia, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago—where and migrants describe different living respondents tended to report having low education- conditions. al attainment, most having completed only second- ary school. They also tended to be young and single, The final group of destinations are further away in to report more restricted access to health services the Southern Cone—Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and and mental-health supports, and to express less will- Uruguay—and Costa Rica, where more than 90 per- ingness to ask for assistance with a health problem. cent of respondents expressed their willingness to In Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago, a somewhat stay long term. In Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, larger share of respondents expressed their inten- the proportion of respondents who were age 36 tion to eventually return to Venezuela (17 percent or over was slightly higher (more than 40 percent). and 5 percent, respectively), a pattern that could Across all five countries, respondents reported high suggest pendular migration. Others said they would levels of educational attainment, with approximately move to another destination, frequently mentioning half or more having completed a college or graduate Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and Chile. However, the degree. The proportion of respondents who said majority in all four countries (and more than 95 per- they were economically active was larger in Argenti- cent of those in Brazil and Guyana) expressed their na and Costa Rica, but more limited in Paraguay and intention to stay in those countries. Uruguay. Whereas in Argentina and Costa Rica, less than one-quarter of respondents described sending The second group of receiving countries—Ecuador resources back to Venezuela, between one-third and and Peru—are nearby but do not immediately bor- roughly half of those in Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay der Venezuela. Respondents in these countries also said they did so; among those who did, most sent tended to be young, but a notable proportion re- cash remittances. ported holding a technical degree or higher (41 per- cent in Ecuador and 35 percent in Peru). Although Across all of the countries in this analysis, respon- more than half of respondents were single, the dents reported holding a variety of migration status- spectrum of relationships they described was some- es, reflecting differences in the profile of migrants MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE | 2 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE | 3 VENEZUELAN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN VENEZUELAN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN each country attracts as well as the diverse policy ious conditions during their journeys. The COVID-19 instruments countries have designed to manage mi- pandemic that swept into the region in early 2020 gration from Venezuela. Whereas Brazil, Costa Rica, has added to the risks, with potentially fatal conse- Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago had granted a con- quences for refugees and migrants, especially those siderable proportion of respondents humanitarian who are elderly or have chronic health conditions. visas or recognized them as refugees (depending on As of June 2020, the Regional Coordination Platform the country), most respondents in Argentina, Chile, for the Response for Venezuelans (R4V) estimated Guyana, Paraguay, and Uruguay declared that they that 5.1 million Venezuelans were living abroad, 4.3 had entered the country regularly using a tourist million of whom were in other Latin American and visa or were in the process of regularizing their sta- Caribbean countries.2 tus. Ecuador seems to have the largest proportion of irregular migrants of the sampled countries, and Co- Since 2017, the International Organization for Migra- lombia constitutes an outlier with a large share of re- tion (IOM) has recorded both significant increases spondents declaring no particular status. In contrast, in migration from Venezuela to other countries in notable shares of respondents in Argentina, Brazil, the region—particular to Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru Paraguay, and Uruguay described having attained through border crossings along the Andean Re- 3 residency. gion —and shifts in the patterns of movement. Ef- fective policy planning and implementation require These findings have important policy implications governments in the region to continuously monitor for countries across the region, particularly in the these rapidly evolving trends and the characteristics context of the challenges the COVID-19 pandemic of refugees and migrants arriving at their borders. has imposed on Venezuelan migrants, receiving communities, and governments. They suggest, among other things, the regional advantages of con- Effective policy planning and tinuous efforts to regularize refugees and migrants implementation require governments from Venezuela and the need to balance national security considerations with flexibility when design- in the region to continuously monitor ing policies to slow the spread of the virus while these rapidly evolving trends. protecting vulnerable migrants at entry points. For instance, countries may find it beneficial to couple Rich and trustworthy information about the demo- strict
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Foreign Driver's License from Treaty Countries
    FOREIGN DRIVER’S LICENSES FROM TREATY COUNTRIES Drivers from treaty countries are allowed to legally drive in Michigan on a foreign driver’s license if the license is printed in English or accompanied with an English translation. Under Michigan law, the driver doesn’t need to show proof of legal presence. • Albania • Ecuador • Macao • San Marino • Algeria • Egypt • Madagascar • Senegal • Argentina • El Salvador • Malawi • Serbia • Australia • Fiji • Malaysia • Seychelles • Austria • Finland • Mali • Sierra Leone • Bahamas • France • Malta • Singapore • Bangladesh • Gambia • Maruitius • Slovak Rep. • Barbados • Georgia • Mexico • Slovenia • Belgium • Germany • Monaco • South Africa • Belize • Ghana • Montenegro • Spain • Benin • Greece • Morocco • Sri Lanka • Botswana • Grenada • Namibia • Suriname • Brazil • Guatemala • Nicaragua • Swaziland • Bulgaria • Guyana • Netherlands • Sweden • Burkina Faso • Haiti • New Zealand • Syrian Arab Rep. • Cambodia • Honduras • Niger • Tanzania • Canada • Hong Kong • Nigeria • Thailand • Central • Hungary • Norway • Togo African Rep. • Iceland • Panama • Trinidad & • Chile • India • Papua New Tobago • China (Taiwan) • Ireland Guinea • Tunisia • Columbia • Israel • Paraguay • Turkey • Congo • Italy • Peru • Uganda • Congo • Jamaica • Philippines • United Arab Democratic Rep. • Japan • Poland Emirates • Costa Rica • Jordan • Portugal • United Kingdom • Cote d’Ivoire • Korea • Romania • Uruguay • Cuba • Kyrgyz Rep. • Russian • Vatican City • Cyprus • Laos Federation • Venezuela • Czech Rep. • Lebanon • Rwanda • Vietnam Rep. • Denmark • Lesotho • St. Lucia • Western Samoa • Dominican • Lithuania • St Vincent & • Zambia Republic • Luxembourg the Grenadines • Zimbabwe FOREIGN DRIVER’S LICENSES FROM NON-TREATY COUNTRIES Drivers from non-treaty countries are allowed to legally drive in Michigan on a foreign driver’s license if: • The driver’s license is printed in English or accompanied with an English translation, and • The driver can show proof of legal presence.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 3 1998 Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse Estelle T. Lau State University of New York at Buffalo Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Estelle T. Lau, Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse, 3 MICH. J. RACE & L. 417 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol3/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAN MONEY WHITEN? EXPLORING RACE PRACTICE IN COLONIAL VENEZUELA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY RACE DISCOURSE Estelle T. Lau* The Gracias al Sacar, a fascinating and seemingly inconceivable practice in eighteenth century colonial Venezuela, allowed certain individuals of mixed Black and White ancestry to purchase "Whiteness" from their King. The author exposes the irony of this system, developed in a society obsessed with "natural" ordering that labeled individuals according to their precise racial ancestry. While recognizing that the Gracias al Sacar provided opportunities for advancement and an avenue for material and social struggle, the author argues that it also justified the persistence of racial hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Suriname Republic of Suriname
    Suriname Republic of Suriname Key Facts __________ OAS Membership Date: 1977 Head of State / Head of Government: President Desire Delano Bouterse Capital city: Paramaribo Population: 597,927 Language(s): Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (native language), Caribbean Hindustani, Javanese Religions: Protestant 23.6%, Hindu 22.3%, Roman Catholic 21.6%, Muslim 13.8%, other Christian 3.2%, Winti 1.8%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 1.7%, none 7.5%, unspecified 3.2% Ethnic Groups: Hindustani 27.4%, "Maroon" 21.7%, Creole 15.7%, Javanese 13.7%, mixed 13.4%, other 7.6%, unspecified 0.6% Currency: Surinamese dollar (SRD) Gross domestic product (PPP): $8.688 billion (2017 est.) Legal System: civil law system influenced by the Dutch civil codes. The Commissie Nieuw Surinaamse Burgerlijk Wetboek completed drafting a new civil code in February 2009. Political system: Suriname is a presidential republic. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the National Assembly, where they go on to serve five-year terms without any term limits. The president will serve the Chief of State and the Head of Government. The National Assembly that elects people to these offices consists of 51 members who are directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote. These members also serve five-year terms. The High Court of Justice of Suriname consists of four members, as well as one court president and vice president. Each of these members are to be appointed by the national president in consultation with the National Assembly, the State Advisory Council, and the Order of Private Attorneys.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation of Venezuelans Who Have Returned and Are Trying to Return to Their Country in the Context of Covid-19
    SITUATION OF VENEZUELANS WHO HAVE RETURNED AND ARE TRYING TO RETURN TO THEIR COUNTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 SEPTEMBER 2020 OFFICE TO ADDRESS THE CRISIS OF VENEZUELAN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES OF THE OAS GENERAL SECRETARIAT SITUATION OF VENEZUELANS WHO HAVE RETURNED AND ARE TRYING TO RETURN TO THEIR COUNTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 OAS General Secretariat Office to Address the Crisis of Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees of the OAS General Secretariat ([email protected]) María Fernanda López Luisa Marín Ernesto Romero David Smolansky Contributors: Valery Fierro Valentina Vethencourt Cover photograph: María Elisa Ramírez © (2020) Organization of American States. All rights reserved under the International and Pan-American Convention. Reproduction and citation of its content is authorized provided the source is cited. SITUATION OF VENEZUELANS WHO HAVE RETURNED AND ARE TRYING TO RETURN TO THEIR COUNTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 The absence of a democratic system, systematic human rights violations, food shortages, precarious health systems, the electricity crisis, widespread violence and economic collapse are some of the main causes that have led to more than 5.200.000 Venezuelans1, (including pregnant women, children, adolescents, people with disabilities and the elderly) being forced to flee their country since 2015. The Venezuelan migration crisis has generated enormous challenges for transit and receiving countries which, with the support of the international community and civil society organizations, have made every effort to guarantee the free enjoyment and exercise of the human rights of Venezuelan migrants and refugees, observing jus cogens and working to ensure the full dignity and non-discrimination of this population, which is in a situation of manifest weakness.
    [Show full text]
  • Doralzuelan: an Emerging Identity of the Venezuelan Immigrant in Southern Florida
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository Doralzuelan: An Emerging Identity of the Venezuelan Immigrant in Southern Florida by Blanca Romero Pino A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Approved June 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Karen Adams, Chair Matthew Prior Doris Warriner ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY August 2018 ABSTRACT The steady influx of Venezuelan immigrants to the United States has resulted in the creation of a close-knit community of these immigrants in the city of Doral, Florida, now nicknamed Doralzuela given the strong imprint Venezuelan have left in this city. This study aimed at gaining understanding on how the process of immigration and settlement in the context has affected Venezuelan immigrants’ identity, their perception and use of English and Spanish in daily interactions, and how, or if, their bonds with the home country has affected their incorporation to the host society. The study followed a qualitative design. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed following Riessman’s (2008) notion of dialogic narrative analysis. Six themes emerged from the data; (re)configuration of the self, the role of social networks, negotiating identity through language, issues of assimilation, transnational identity, and Doralzuela, the new Venezuela. These themes were discussed, and multiple and distinct views on each theme were identified. i DEDICATION To my family, for giving me their unconditional love To Shea, for being my rock To Venezuela, for being my source of inspiration ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe my eternal gratitude to so many people who have helped me, not on the completion of this thesis, but throughout my entire master’s program.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuelan Migration, Crime, and Misperceptions: a Review of Data from Colombia, Peru, and Chile
    Venezuelan Migration, Crime, and ISSUE BRIEF Misperceptions A Review of Data from Colombia, Peru, and Chile SEPTEMBER 2020 BY DANY BAHAR, MEAGAN DOOLEY, AND ANDREW SELEE allow for this to be done in exactly the same way in Executive Summary all three countries). The sudden, large-scale movement of nearly 5.2 For the most part, analysis of data from 2019 sug- million Venezuelans out of their country, most since gests that Venezuelan immigrants commit substan- 2014, with more than 4.2 million of them settling in tially fewer crimes than the native born, relative to other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, their share in the overall population, signaling that has raised concerns about how this is affecting re- public perceptions on newcomers driving up crime ceiving communities, with some politicians and pun- rates are misleading. dits claiming that these new arrivals are leading to a rise in crime. Yet few studies have been conducted In Chile, for example, only 0.7 percent of people in- in the region that examine whether and what type dicted for crimes in 2019 were Venezuelan nationals, of link may exist between immigration and crime, in even though Venezuelans made up 2.4 percent of part because immigration at this scale is a relatively the population. Similarly, in Peru, where this analysis uses imprisonment data as a proxy for crime rates, new phenomenon in most Latin American countries, 1.3 percent of those in prison were foreign born—of and this particular mass migration is so recent.1 any nationality—as of 2019, whereas Venezuelan na- This issue brief explores data in the three countries tionals make up 2.9 percent of the country’s overall population.
    [Show full text]
  • French Guiana
    Country Profile FRENCH GUIANA French Guiana (GF) Geographic Coordinates: 4 00 N, 53 00 W 1 EEZ Extent: 135,048 km 2 (SAUP) Shelf area: 46,741km 2 (SAUP)2 Territorial sea Figure1. COUNTRY MAP Terrestrial extent: 91,000 km 2 Population (2006): 199,509 3 Other countries operating within this: EEZ: Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago, Suriname Brazil, Barbados Total Landings Description Sited along the northern coast of South America, between Brazil and Suriname, French Guiana borders are demarcated by the Oyapock River in the south and east and the Maroni River in the West. An overseas department of France ( département d'outre-mer ). The Fisheries of French Guiana Overview Commercial shrimp fishing, along with forestry are the most important economic activities and export of shrimp accounts for 50% of export earnings (Weidner et al. 1999). Local fisheries are inshore artisanal canoe fisheries, line fisheries for snappers and commercial shrimp trawling. Foreign-flagged vessels were a significant component of the fishery until the 1990s, when French Guiana waters were closed to US and other international fleets. There are no longline fisheries in French Guiana. 1. What fisheries exist in this territory? The shrimp fishery is dominated by commercial operations fishing for penaeid shrimp, with P. subtilis and P.brasiliensis making up 99% of the catch. Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (seabob) shrimp fishey has not been assessed, and is considered insignificant because of the ban on trawling in the 20 m isobath (Charuau and Medley 2001). Most of the boats are equipped with vessel monitoring systems Red snapper fishery 1 World Fact Book CIA 2006 2 SAUP estimate 3 Worldfact Book CIA 2006 2 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Intervention in Venezuela: What's at Stake?
    POLICY BRIEF Russia’s Intervention in Venezuela: What’s at Stake? SEPTEMBER 2019 JOHN E. HERBST and JASON MARCZAK bsent of civil war, Venezuela is suffering the world’s worst humanitarian crisis in recent memory. Malnourished children search for their next meal. Parents lack access to even the most basic medicine for their families. Rampant inflation Amakes money instantaneously worthless, while general lawlessness provides a breeding ground for illicit trade with tentacles that reach from the Americas to Europe and beyond.1 It is an astonishing crash for a country bestowed with the world’s larg- est oil reserves and that was once a beacon of prosperity and a thriving democracy. Today, twenty years after Hugo Chávez became president and six years after his successor, Nicolás Maduro, inherited the presi- dential palace, Venezuela’s breakneck descent into one of the world’s top crises has renewed a push for democratic change. Following Maduro’s assumption of a fraudulent new term in office, much of the world’s attention and optimism turned to Juan Guaidó, president of the National Assembly, and as of January 23, 2019, the interim president of The Adrienne Arsht Latin Venezuela, as now recognized by more than fifty democracies.2 America Center broadens global understanding of regional transformations But Guaidó and other democratic forces face headwinds for reasons through high-impact work that beyond the repression and violence unleashed by the Maduro regime. shapes the conversation among External actors are using Venezuela as a battleground for their own policymakers, the business selfish national interests, bolstering the corrupt and faltering Maduro community, and civil society.
    [Show full text]
  • 11-122. 2000 11
    FERN GAZ. 16(1, 2)11-122. 2000 11 CHECKLIST OF THE PTERIDOPHYTES OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Y. S. BAKSH-COMEAU The National Herbarium of Trinidad and Tobago. Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies Key words: checklist, Trinidad and Tobago pteridophytes, types, habitat, distribution. ABSTRACT Three hundred and two species and eight varieties or subspecies in 27 families and 77 genera of ferns and fern allies are listed. Four new combinations and states are made, and one synonym lectotypified. A serious attempt has been made to establish types; selections of specimens studied are cited. INTRODUCTION Recent studies of ferns in Trinidad and Tobago (Baksh-Comeau, 1996, 1999) have combined a review of the pteridophyte collection at The National Herbarium of Trinidad & Tobago with field surveys undertaken to assess the community status of these plants on both islands. This checklist has been developed as an integral part of those studies, but it is also an essential prerequisite to ongoing research covering a reclassification of the vegetation of the islands and to the preparation of a comprehensive vascular plant flora. The herbarium count and field survey revealed 251 species confirmed by voucher specimens housed in Trinidad. Additional species have been attributed to Trinidad or Tobago in early publications for Trinidad and in Floras and monographs for neighbouring areas. The number of species now believed to be indigenous in these islands is 282. Cultivated species that have escaped, and introductions which have become naturalized number 20. Early reports include Grisebach (1859-64) who listed 106 species; Eaton (1878) approximately 78 of the 150 or so species eventually collected by August Fendler; Jenman (1887) had about 184 species; Anon (1889) listed 206 binomials including a few introduced taxa; Jenman (1898-1909), in an incomplete coverage of the fern flora, described 140 taxa of which 10 were new species; Hart (1908), including some cultivated plants, listed 283 binomials of pteridophytes.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Frontier for Caribbean Conv Ier for Caribbean Convergence
    Caribbean Journal of International Relations & Diplomacy Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2013: pp.5-20 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Frontier for Caribbean Convergence Winston Dookeran Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trinidad & Tobago Abstract : This article elaborates, explains and analyses the notion of Caribbean Convergence. This represents a new way of thinking about integration in the region, and a potential strategy for injecting the process with new life and ene rgy. The article provides a twelve -point action program for Caribbean convergence , which is grounded in a distinctive series of strategies relating to finance, resource clustering, infrastructure, and production integration . Keywords : Caribbean Integration, Regionalism, Convergence, CARICOM This article is about Caribbean development and the integration movement in the light of the new political economy aagendagenda for the future identified in 2008 calling for ‘fresh thinking’. 1 The document presents the framework for a new political and economic life to the process of Caribbean integration. The initiative is not to supplant the Caribbean integration movement, but to add on ttoo it with some innovative ways of moving the process forward that is understo od as ‘Caribbean convergence’ to create an ‘Economy of tthehe Caribbean Sea’. The idea of Caribbean convergence has already been pputut forth and discussed on various occasions over the last coupcouplele of years with positive feedbacks. These feedbacks have provideprovidedd the inputs for the framework developed here which is an innovative approach to revive CARICOM in a different context to make it more relevant to capture on ‘A New Frontier of Caribbean Convergence’. 6 Winston Dookeran Some concerns recently raised by ECLAC were the mechanisms of convergence and the modalities to engage the private sector in CARICOM.
    [Show full text]
  • By Philip R. Woodside U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 8L This
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO By Philip R. Woodside U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 8l This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature* Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsment by the USGS. 1981 CONTENTS Page For ewo r d •————————•———-————————————————•————————•—•————•—— Abstract —• Introduction ——————————————————————————————————————————— 1 Structural Geology ————•—-———————•———•—•—————-———•—•——•—— 4 Introduction -——————————————————————————————————————— 4 Structural Areas of Trinidad ——————————————————————————— 5 The Northern Range ——————————•—————————————————————— 5 The Northern (Caroni) Basin —————————————————————————— 6 The Central Range ————————————————————————————————— 6 The Southern Basin (including Naparima Thrust Belt) ———————— 6 Los Bajos fault ———————————————————————————————— 7 The Southern Range ————————————————————————————————— 9 Shale Diapirs ———————————————————————————————————— 10 Stratigraphy ——————————————————————————————————————————— 11 Northern Range and Northern Basin ——————————————————————— 11 Central Range —————————————————————————————————————— 12 Southern Basin and Southern Range —————-————————————————— 14 Suimnary ————————————————————————————————————————————— 18 Oil and Gas Occurrence ———•——————————•——-——————•————-—•—•— 19 Introduction ————•—•————————————————————————-—— 19 Hydrocarbon Considerations
    [Show full text]
  • Good Liming in Trinidad: the Art of Doing
    Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies Vol. 12, No. 4 (2016) Good Liming in Trinidad: The Art of Doing Something Carmen L. McClish Trinidad and Tobago is a playful culture where locals proudly “lime” often and with great zealousness. This essay describes the elements of liming to further un- derstanding of how and why these events are centered in play. I contend that lim- ing is an activity engaged in by all Trinidadians—men, women and children, from all socio-economic classes, and that it involves both public and private spac- es. These spaces include street corners, beaches, clubs, and private homes. Alt- hough liming has been defined as “idling,” this does not adequately explain these events that often involve at least a few of the following: eating, drinking, dancing, storytelling, and just general merrymaking. What is valued is the ordinary be- coming extraordinary. I posit that liming is play in both the activity and the at- titude based in a mindset of living in the present and practicing one’s freedom. I arrived in Trinidad in August of 2011, I had never been to the Caribbean be- fore, and was immediately hit with the wall of humidity. Soon after with the many stares as “whites” in Trinidad and Tobago are a minority group. I was greeted in Creole, a newfound Trinidadian friend commenting that I “reach,” or arrive. Many things struck me about Trinidad initially but what I knew quickly was that Trinidadians are friendly and gregarious people and that the culture is generally laid back. Although these initial reactions still held true, even after three years in Trinidad, both the culture and the people showed themselves to be more complicated.
    [Show full text]