List of Entries

Abduction . See Serial Correlation Access Autoethnography Accounts Autoregression. See Serial Correlation Action Research Average Active Interview Adjusted R-Squared. See Goodness-of-Fit Bar Graph Measures; Multiple Correlation; R-Squared Baseline Adjustment Basic Research Aggregation AIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Bayes’ Theorem, Bayes’ Rule Algorithm Alpha, Significance Level of a Test Bayesian Simulation. See Markov Chain Alternative Hypothesis Monte Carlo Methods AMOS (Analysis of Structures) Behavior Coding (ANCOVA) Behavioral Sciences Analysis of (ANOVA) Behaviorism Analytic Induction Bell-Shaped Curve Anonymity Bernoulli Applied Qualitative Research Best Linear Unbiased Estimator Applied Research Beta Archival Research Between-Group Differences Archiving Qualitative Data Between-Group Sum of Squares ARIMA Bias Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem BIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Artifacts in Research Process Bimodal Artificial Intelligence Binary Artificial Neural Network. See Neural Network Binomial Distribution Association Binomial Test Association Model Biographic Narrative Interpretive Method (BNIM) Assumptions Biographical Method. See Life History Method Asymmetric Measures Asymptotic Properties Bipolar Scale ATLAS.ti Biserial Correlation Attenuation Bivariate Analysis Attitude Measurement Bivariate Regression. See Simple Attribute Correlation (Regression) Attrition Block Design Auditing BLUE. See Best Linear Unbiased Estimator Authenticity Criteria BMDP Autobiography Bonferroni Technique

vii viii THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Bootstrapping Cluster Bounded Rationality Cochran’s Q Test Box-and-Whisker Plot. See Boxplot Code. See Coding Box-Jenkins Modeling Codebook. See Coding Frame Boxplot Coding Coding Frame CAIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Coding Qualitative Data Analysis Coefficient CAPI. See Computer-Assisted Coefficient of Determination Capture-Recapture Cognitive CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Cohort Analysis Data Analysis Software) Carryover Effects Collinearity. See Multicollinearity CART (Classification and Regression Trees) Column Association. See Association Model Cartesian Coordinates Commonality Analysis Case Communality Case Control Study Comparative Method Case Study Comparative Research CASI. See Computer-Assisted Data Collection Comparison Group Catastrophe Theory Competing Risks Categorical Complex Data Sets Categorical Data Analysis Componential Analysis CATI. See Computer-Assisted Data Collection Computer Simulation Causal Mechanisms Computer-Assisted Data Collection Causal Modeling Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing Causality Concept. See Conceptualization, CCA. See Canonical Correlation Analysis Operationalization, and Measurement Ceiling Effect Conceptualization, Operationalization, Cell and Measurement Censored Data Conditional Likelihood Ratio Test Censoring and Truncation Conditional Logit Model Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation Census Adjustment Confidence Interval Confidentiality . See Measures Confirmatory of Central Tendency Centroid Method Consequential Validity Ceteris Paribus Consistency. See Parameter Estimation CHAID Constant Change Scores Constant Comparison Chaos Theory Construct Chi-Square Distribution Construct Validity Chi-Square Test Constructionism, Social Chow Test Constructivism Classical Inference Content Analysis Classification Trees. See CART Context Effects. See Order Effects Clinical Research Contextual Effects Closed Question. See Closed-Ended Questions Contingency Coefficient. See Symmetric Measures Closed-Ended Questions Contingent Effects List of Entries ix

Continuous Variable Democratic Research and Evaluation Contrast Coding Demographic Methods Control Dependent Interviewing Control Group Dependent Observations Convenience Sample Dependent Variable Conversation Analysis Dependent Variable (in Experimental Research) Correlation Dependent Variable (in Nonexperimental Research) Correspondence Analysis Descriptive . See Univariate Analysis Counterbalancing Design Effects Counterfactual Determinant Covariance Determination, Coefficient of. See R-Squared Covariance Structure Determinism Covariate Deterministic Model Cover Story Detrending Covert Research Deviant Case Analysis Cramer’s´ V.See Symmetric Measures Deviation Creative Analytical Practice (CAP) Diachronic Cressie-Read Diary Criterion Related Validity Dichotomous Variables Critical Discourse Analysis Difference of Difference of Proportions Critical Hermeneutics Difference Scores Critical Incident Technique Dimension Critical Pragmatism Disaggregation Critical Race Theory Discourse Analysis Critical Realism Discrete Critical Theory Discriminant Analysis Critical Values Discriminant Validity Cronbach’s Alpha Disordinality Cross-Cultural Research Dispersion Cross-Lagged Dissimilarity Cross-Sectional Data Distribution Cross-Sectional Design Distribution-Free Statistics Cross-Tabulation Disturbance Term Cumulative Frequency Polygon Documents of Life Curvilinearity Documents, Types of Double-Blind Procedure Danger in Research Dual Scaling Data Dummy Variable Data Archives Duration Analysis. See Event History Analysis Data Management Durbin-Watson Statistic Debriefing Dyadic Analysis Deception Dynamic Modeling. See Simulation Decile Deconstructionism Ecological Fallacy Deduction Ecological Validity Degrees of Freedom Deletion Delphi Technique Effects Coding Demand Characteristics Effects Coefficient x THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Efficiency Extrapolation Eigenvalues Extreme Case Eigenvector. See Eigenvalues; Factor Analysis Elaboration (Lazarsfeld’s Method of) F Distribution Elasticity F Ratio Emic/Etic Distinction Face Validity Emotions Research Factor Analysis Empiricism Factorial Design Empty Cell Factorial Survey Method (Rossi’s Method) Encoding/Decoding Model Fallacy of Composition Endogenous Variable Fallacy of Objectivism Epistemology Fallibilism EQS Falsificationism Error Feminist Epistemology Error Correction Models Feminist Ethnography Essentialism Feminist Research Estimation Fiction and Research Estimator Field Experimentation Eta Field Relations Ethical Codes Field Research Ethical Principles Fieldnotes Ethnograph File Drawer Problem Ethnographic Content Analysis Film and Video in Research First-Order. See Order Ethnographic Tales Fishing Expedition Ethnography Fixed Effects Model Ethnomethodology Floor Effect Ethnostatistics Focus Group Ethogenics Focused Comparisons. See Structured, Ethology Focused Comparison Evaluation Apprehension Focused Interviews Evaluation Research Forced-Choice Testing Event Count Models Forecasting Event History Analysis Foreshadowing Event Sampling Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Exogenous Variable Fraud in Research Expectancy Effect. See Experimenter Free Association Interviewing Expectancy Effect Expected Frequency Frequency Polygon Expected Value Friedman Test Function Experimental Design Fuzzy Set Theory Experimenter Expectancy Effect Expert Systems Game Theory Explained Variance. See R-Squared Gamma Explanation Gauss-Markov Theorem. See BLUE; OLS Explanatory Variable Geisteswissenschaften Exploratory Data Analysis Gender Issues Exploratory Factor Analysis. See Factor Analysis General Linear Models External Validity Generalizability. See External Validity List of Entries xi

Generalizability Theory Imputation Generalization/Generalizability in Qualitative Research Independence Generalized Additive Models Independent Variable Generalized Independent Variable (in Experimental Research) Generalized Least Squares Independent Variable (in Nonexperimental Research) Generalized Linear Models In-Depth Interview Geometric Distribution Index Gibbs Sampling Indicator. See Index Gini Coefficient Induction GLIM Inequality Measurement Going Native Inequality Process Goodness-of-Fit Measures Inference. See Grade of Membership Models Inferential Statistics Influential Cases Graphical Modeling Influential Statistics Grounded Theory Informant Interviewing Group Interview Informed Consent Instrumental Variable Growth Curve Model . See Interaction Effect; Guttman Scaling Statistical Interaction Interaction Effect Halo Effect Intercept Hawthorne Effect Internal Reliability Hazard Rate Internal Validity Hermeneutics Internet Surveys Heterogeneity Interpolation . See Heteroskedasticity Interpretative Repertoire Heteroskedasticity Interpretive Biography Heuristic Interpretive Interactionism Heuristic Inquiry Interpretivism Hierarchical (Non)Linear Model Hierarchy of Credibility Interrater Agreement Higher-Order. See Order Interrater Reliability Interrupted Time-Series Design Historical Methods Interval Holding Constant. See Control Intervening Variable. See Mediating . See Homoskedasticity Variable Homoskedasticity Intervention Analysis Humanism and Humanistic Research Interview Guide Humanistic Coefficient Interview Schedule Hypothesis Interviewer Effects Hypothesis Testing. See Significance Testing Interviewer Training Hypothetico-Deductive Method Interviewing Interviewing in Qualitative Research Ideal Type Intraclass Correlation Idealism Intracoder Reliability Identification Problem Investigator Effects Idiographic/Nomothetic. See Nomothetic/Idiographic In Vivo Coding Impact Assessment Isomorph Implicit Measures Item Response Theory xii THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Jackknife Method Logical Empiricism. See Logical Positivism Logical Positivism Key Informant Logistic Regression Kish Grid Logit Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Logit Model Kruskal-Wallis H Test Log-Linear Model Longitudinal Research Lowess. See Local Regression Laboratory Experiment Lag Structure Macro Lambda Mail Latent Budget Analysis Main Effect Latent Class Analysis Management Research Latent Markov Model MANCOVA. See Multivariate Analysis of Covariance Latent Profile Model Mann-Whitney U Test Latent Trait Models MANOVA. See Multivariate Latent Variable Marginal Effects Latin Square Marginal Homogeneity Law of Averages Marginal Model Law of Large Numbers Marginals Laws in Social Science Markov Chain Least Squares Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods Least Squares Principle. See Regression Matching Leaving the Field Matrix Leslie’s Matrix Matrix Algebra Level of Analysis Maturation Effect Level of Measurement Maximum Likelihood Estimation Level of Significance MCA. See Multiple Classification Analysis Levene’s Test McNemar Change Test. See McNemar’s Life Course Research Chi-Square Test Life History Interview. See Life Story Interview McNemar’s Chi-Square Test Life History Method Life Story Interview Mean Square Error Life Table Mean Squares Likelihood Ratio Test Measure. See Conceptualization, Operationalization, Likert Scale and Measurement LIMDEP Measure of Association Linear Dependency Measures of Central Tendency Linear Transformation Median Test Link Function Mediating Variable LISREL Member Validation and Check Listwise Deletion Membership Roles Literature Review Memos, Memoing Lived Experience Meta-Analysis Local Independence Meta-Ethnography Local Regression Metaphors Loess. See Local Regression Method Variance Logarithm Methodological Holism Logic Model Methodological Individualism List of Entries xiii

Metric Variable Multi-Strategy Research Micro Multivariate Microsimulation Multivariate Analysis Middle-Range Theory Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance Milgram (MANOVA and MANCOVA) Misspecification N (n) Mixed Designs N6 Mixed-Effects Model Narrative Analysis Mixed-Method Research. See Multimethod Research Narrative Interviewing Mixture Model (Finite Mixture Model) Native Research MLE. See Maximum Likelihood Estimation Mobility Table Naturalism Naturalistic Inquiry Model Negative Binomial Distribution Model I ANOVA Negative Case Model II ANOVA. See Random-Effects Model Nested Design Model III ANOVA. See Mixed-Effects Model Network Analysis Modeling Neural Network Moderating. See Moderating Variable Nominal Variable Moderating Variable Nomothetic. See Nomothetic/Idiographic Moment Nomothetic/Idiographic Moments in Qualitative Research Nonadditive Monotonic Nonlinear Dynamics Monte Carlo Simulation Nonlinearity Mosaic Display Nonparametric Random-Effects Model Mover-Stayer Models . See Local Regression Moving Average Mplus Nonparticipant Observation Multicollinearity Nonprobability Sampling Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Nonrecursive Multidimensionality Nonresponse Multi-Item Measures Nonresponse Bias Multilevel Analysis Nonsampling Error Multimethod-Multitrait Research. See Multimethod Normal Distribution Research Normalization Multimethod Research NUD*IST Multinomial Distribution Nuisance Parameters Multinomial Logit Null Hypothesis Multinomial Probit Numeric Variable. See Metric Variable Multiple Case Study NVivo Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) Multiple Comparisons Objectivism Multiple Correlation Objectivity Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Oblique Rotation. See Rotations See Correspondence Analysis Observation Schedule Multiple Observation, Types of Multiple-Indicator Measures Observational Research Multiplicative Observed Frequencies Multistage Sampling Observer Bias xiv THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Odds Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Odds Ratio Pearson’s r. See Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Official Statistics Percentage Frequency Distribution Ogive. See Cumulative Frequency Polygon OLS. See Period Effects Omega Squared Periodicity Omitted Variable Permutation Test One-Sided Test. See One-Tailed Test Personal Documents. See Documents, Types of One-Tailed Test Phenomenology One-Way ANOVA Phi Coefficient. See Symmetric Measures Online Research Methods Philosophy of Social Research Ontology, Ontological Philosophy of Social Science Open Question. See Open-Ended Question Photographs in Research Open-Ended Question Operational Definition. See Conceptualization, Piecewise Regression. See Spline Regression Operationalization, and Measurement Pilot Study Operationism/Operationalism Placebo Optimal Matching Planned Comparisons. See Multiple Comparisons Optimal Scaling Poetics Oral History Point Estimate Order Poisson Distribution Order Effects Ordinal Interaction Policy-Oriented Research Ordinal Measure Politics of Research Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Polygon Organizational Ethnography Polynomial Equation Orthogonal Rotation. See Rotations Polytomous Variable Other, the Pooled Surveys Outlier Population Pyramid p Value Positivism Pairwise Correlation. See Correlation Post Hoc Comparison. See Multiple Comparisons Pairwise Deletion Postempiricism Panel Posterior Distribution Panel Data Analysis Postmodern Ethnography Paradigm Postmodernism Parameter Poststructuralism Parameter Estimation Part Correlation Power Transformations. See Polynomial Equation Pragmatism Partial Least Squares Regression Precoding Partial Regression Coefficient Predetermined Variable Participant Observation Prediction Participatory Action Research Prediction Equation Participatory Evaluation Predictor Variable Pascal Distribution Pretest Path Analysis Pretest Sensitization Path Coefficient. See Path Analysis Priming Path Dependence Principal Components Analysis Path Diagram. See Path Analysis Prior Distribution List of Entries xv

Prior Probability Random Error Prisoner’s Dilemma Random Factor Privacy. See Ethical Codes; Ethical Principles Random Number Generator Privacy and Confidentiality Random Number Table Probabilistic Random Sampling Probabilistic Guttman Scaling Random Variable Probability Random Variation Probability Density Function Random Walk Probability Sampling. See Random Sampling Random-Coefficient Model. See Mixed-Effects Model; Probability Value Multilevel Analysis Probing Random-Effects Model Probit Analysis Randomized-Blocks Design Projective Techniques Randomized Control Trial Proof Procedure Randomized Response Propensity Scores Randomness Proportional Reduction of Error (PRE) Range Protocol Rank Order Proxy Reporting Rapport Proxy Variable Rasch Model Pseudo-R-Squared Rate Standardization Psychoanalytic Methods Ratio Scale Rationalism Psychophysiological Measures Raw Data Public Opinion Research RC(M) Model. See Association Model Purposive Sampling Reactive Measures. See Reactivity Pygmalion Effect Reactivity Realism Q Methodology Reciprocal Relationship Q Sort. See Q Methodology Recode Quadratic Equation Record-Check Studies Qualitative Content Analysis Recursive Qualitative Data Management Reductionism Qualitative Evaluation Reflexivity Qualitative Meta-Analysis Regression Qualitative Research Regression Coefficient Qualitative Variable Regression Diagnostics Quantile Regression Models for Ordinal Data Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Debate About Regression on... Quantitative Research Regression Plane Quantitative Variable Regression Sum of Squares Quartile Regression Toward the Mean Quasi-Experiment Regressor Questionnaire Relationship Queuing Theory Relative Distribution Method Quota Sample Relative Frequency Relative Frequency Distribution R Relative Variation (Measure of ) r Relativism Reliability Random Digit Dialing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research xvi THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Reliability Coefficient Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data Repeated Measures Secondary Analysis of Quantitative Data Repertory Grid Technique Secondary Analysis of Survey Data Secondary Data Replication/Replicability in Qualitative Research Second-Order. See Order Representation, Crisis of Seemingly Unrelated Regression Representative Sample Selection Bias Research Design Self-Administered Questionnaire Research Hypothesis Self-Completion Questionnaire. See Self-Administered Research Management Questionnaire Research Question Self-Report Measure Residual Semantic Differential Scale Residual Sum of Squares Semilogarithmic. See Logarithms Respondent Semiotics Respondent Validation. See Member Semipartial Correlation Validation and Check Semistructured Interview Response Bias Sensitive Topics, Researching Response Effects Sensitizing Concept Response Set Sentence Completion Test Retroduction Sequential Analysis Rhetoric Sequential Sampling Rho Serial Correlation Robust Shapiro-Wilk Test Robust Standard Errors Show Card Role Playing Root Mean Square Significance Level. See Alpha, Significance Rotated Factor. See Factor Analysis LevelofaTest Rotations Significance Testing Rounding Error Simple Additive Index. See Multi-Item Measures Row Association. See Association Model Simple Correlation (Regression) Row-Column Association. See Association Model Simple Observation R-Squared Simple Random Sampling Simulation Sample Simultaneous Equations Sampling Skewed Sampling Bias. See Sampling Error . See Kurtosis Slope Sampling Error Smoothing Sampling Fraction Snowball Sampling Sampling Frame Social Desirability Bias Sampling in Qualitative Research Social Relations Model Sampling Variability. See Sampling Error Sociogram Sampling With (or Without) Replacement Sociometry SAS Soft Systems Analysis Saturated Model Solomon Four-Group Design Scale Sorting Scaling Sparse Table Scatterplot Spatial Regression Scheffe’s´ Test Spearman Correlation Coefficient Scree Plot Spearman-Brown Formula List of Entries xvii

Specification Symmetric Measures Spectral Analysis Symmetry Sphericity Assumption Synchronic Spline Regression Systematic Error Split-Half Reliability Systematic Observation. See Structured Observation Split-Plot Design Systematic Review S-Plus Systematic Sampling Spread SPSS Tau. See Symmetric Measures Spurious Relationship Taxonomy Stability Coefficient Tchebechev’s Inequality Stable Population Model t-Distribution Team Research Telephone Survey Standard Error of the Estimate Testimonio Standard Scores Test-Retest Reliability Standardized Regression Coefficients Tetrachoric Correlation. See Symmetric Measures Standardized Test Text Standardized Variable. See z-Score; Standard Scores Theoretical Sampling Standpoint Epistemology Theoretical Saturation Stata Theory Statistic Thick Description Statistical Comparison Third-Order. See Order Statistical Control Threshold Effect Statistical Inference Thurstone Scaling Statistical Interaction Time Diary. See Time Measurement Statistical Package Time Measurement Statistical Power Time-Series Cross-Section (TSCS) Models Statistical Significance Time-Series Data (Analysis/Design) Stem-and-Leaf Display Tobit Analysis Step Function. See Intervention Analysis Tolerance Stepwise Regression Total Survey Design Stochastic Transcription, Transcript Stratified Sample Transfer Function. See Box-Jenkins Modeling Strength of Association Transformations Structural Coefficient Transition Rate Structural Equation Modeling Treatment Structural Linguistics Tree Diagram Structuralism Trend Analysis Structured Interview Triangulation Structured Observation Trimming Structured, Focused Comparison True Score Substantive Significance Truncation. See Censoring and Truncation Sum of Squared Errors Trustworthiness Criteria Sum of Squares t-Ratio. See t-Test Summated Rating Scale. See Likert Scale t-Statistic. See t-Distribution Suppression Effect t-Test Survey Twenty Statements Test Two-Sided Test. See Two-Tailed Test Symbolic Interactionism Two-Stage Least Squares xviii THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS

Two-Tailed Test (VAR). See Granger Two-Way ANOVA Causality Type I Error Venn Diagram Type II Error Verbal Protocol Analysis Verification Unbalanced Designs Verstehen Unbiased Vignette Technique Uncertainty Virtual Ethnography Uniform Association. See Association Model Visual Research Unimodal Distribution Volunteer Subjects Unit of Analysis Unit Root Wald-Wolfowitz Test Univariate Analysis Weighted Least Squares Universe. See Population Weighting Unobserved Heterogeneity Welch Test Unobtrusive Measures White Noise Unobtrusive Methods Wilcoxon Test Unstandardized WinMAX Unstructured Interview Within-Samples Sum of Squares Utilization-Focused Evaluation Within-Subject Design Writing V.See Symmetric Measures Validity X Variable Variable X¯ Variable Parameter Models Variance. See Dispersion Y -Intercept Variance Components Models Y Variable Variance Inflation Factors Yates’ Correction Variation Yule’s Q Variation (Coefficient of) Variation Ratio z-Score Varimax Rotation. See Rotations z-Test Vector Zero-Order. See Order

The Appendix, Bibliography, appears at the end of this volume as well as in Volume 3.