List of Entries Abduction Autocorrelation. See Serial Correlation Access Autoethnography Accounts Autoregression. See Serial Correlation Action Research Average Active Interview Adjusted R-Squared. See Goodness-of-Fit Bar Graph Measures; Multiple Correlation; R-Squared Baseline Adjustment Basic Research Aggregation Bayes Factor AIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Bayes’ Theorem, Bayes’ Rule Algorithm Bayesian Inference Alpha, Significance Level of a Test Bayesian Simulation. See Markov Chain Alternative Hypothesis Monte Carlo Methods AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) Behavior Coding Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) Behavioral Sciences Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Behaviorism Analytic Induction Bell-Shaped Curve Anonymity Bernoulli Applied Qualitative Research Best Linear Unbiased Estimator Applied Research Beta Archival Research Between-Group Differences Archiving Qualitative Data Between-Group Sum of Squares ARIMA Bias Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem BIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Artifacts in Research Process Bimodal Artificial Intelligence Binary Artificial Neural Network. See Neural Network Binomial Distribution Association Binomial Test Association Model Biographic Narrative Interpretive Method (BNIM) Assumptions Biographical Method. See Life History Method Asymmetric Measures Biplots Asymptotic Properties Bipolar Scale ATLAS.ti Biserial Correlation Attenuation Bivariate Analysis Attitude Measurement Bivariate Regression. See Simple Attribute Correlation (Regression) Attrition Block Design Auditing BLUE. See Best Linear Unbiased Estimator Authenticity Criteria BMDP Autobiography Bonferroni Technique vii viii THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS Bootstrapping Cluster Sampling Bounded Rationality Cochran’s Q Test Box-and-Whisker Plot. See Boxplot Code. See Coding Box-Jenkins Modeling Codebook. See Coding Frame Boxplot Coding Coding Frame CAIC. See Goodness-of-Fit Measures Coding Qualitative Data Canonical Correlation Analysis Coefficient CAPI. See Computer-Assisted Data Collection Coefficient of Determination Capture-Recapture Cognitive Anthropology CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Cohort Analysis Data Analysis Software) Cointegration Carryover Effects Collinearity. See Multicollinearity CART (Classification and Regression Trees) Column Association. See Association Model Cartesian Coordinates Commonality Analysis Case Communality Case Control Study Comparative Method Case Study Comparative Research CASI. See Computer-Assisted Data Collection Comparison Group Catastrophe Theory Competing Risks Categorical Complex Data Sets Categorical Data Analysis Componential Analysis CATI. See Computer-Assisted Data Collection Computer Simulation Causal Mechanisms Computer-Assisted Data Collection Causal Modeling Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing Causality Concept. See Conceptualization, CCA. See Canonical Correlation Analysis Operationalization, and Measurement Ceiling Effect Conceptualization, Operationalization, Cell and Measurement Censored Data Conditional Likelihood Ratio Test Censoring and Truncation Conditional Logit Model Census Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation Census Adjustment Confidence Interval Central Limit Theorem Confidentiality Central Tendency. See Measures Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Central Tendency Confounding Centroid Method Consequential Validity Ceteris Paribus Consistency. See Parameter Estimation CHAID Constant Change Scores Constant Comparison Chaos Theory Construct Chi-Square Distribution Construct Validity Chi-Square Test Constructionism, Social Chow Test Constructivism Classical Inference Content Analysis Classification Trees. See CART Context Effects. See Order Effects Clinical Research Contextual Effects Closed Question. See Closed-Ended Questions Contingency Coefficient. See Symmetric Measures Closed-Ended Questions Contingency Table Cluster Analysis Contingent Effects List of Entries ix Continuous Variable Democratic Research and Evaluation Contrast Coding Demographic Methods Control Dependent Interviewing Control Group Dependent Observations Convenience Sample Dependent Variable Conversation Analysis Dependent Variable (in Experimental Research) Correlation Dependent Variable (in Nonexperimental Research) Correspondence Analysis Descriptive Statistics. See Univariate Analysis Counterbalancing Design Effects Counterfactual Determinant Covariance Determination, Coefficient of. See R-Squared Covariance Structure Determinism Covariate Deterministic Model Cover Story Detrending Covert Research Deviant Case Analysis Cramer’s´ V.See Symmetric Measures Deviation Creative Analytical Practice (CAP) Ethnography Diachronic Cressie-Read Statistic Diary Criterion Related Validity Dichotomous Variables Critical Discourse Analysis Difference of Means Critical Ethnography Difference of Proportions Critical Hermeneutics Difference Scores Critical Incident Technique Dimension Critical Pragmatism Disaggregation Critical Race Theory Discourse Analysis Critical Realism Discrete Critical Theory Discriminant Analysis Critical Values Discriminant Validity Cronbach’s Alpha Disordinality Cross-Cultural Research Dispersion Cross-Lagged Dissimilarity Cross-Sectional Data Distribution Cross-Sectional Design Distribution-Free Statistics Cross-Tabulation Disturbance Term Cumulative Frequency Polygon Documents of Life Curvilinearity Documents, Types of Double-Blind Procedure Danger in Research Dual Scaling Data Dummy Variable Data Archives Duration Analysis. See Event History Analysis Data Management Durbin-Watson Statistic Debriefing Dyadic Analysis Deception Dynamic Modeling. See Simulation Decile Range Deconstructionism Ecological Fallacy Deduction Ecological Validity Degrees of Freedom Econometrics Deletion Effect Size Delphi Technique Effects Coding Demand Characteristics Effects Coefficient x THE SAGE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS Efficiency Extrapolation Eigenvalues Extreme Case Eigenvector. See Eigenvalues; Factor Analysis Elaboration (Lazarsfeld’s Method of) F Distribution Elasticity F Ratio Emic/Etic Distinction Face Validity Emotions Research Factor Analysis Empiricism Factorial Design Empty Cell Factorial Survey Method (Rossi’s Method) Encoding/Decoding Model Fallacy of Composition Endogenous Variable Fallacy of Objectivism Epistemology Fallibilism EQS Falsificationism Error Feminist Epistemology Error Correction Models Feminist Ethnography Essentialism Feminist Research Estimation Fiction and Research Estimator Field Experimentation Eta Field Relations Ethical Codes Field Research Ethical Principles Fieldnotes Ethnograph File Drawer Problem Ethnographic Content Analysis Film and Video in Research Ethnographic Realism First-Order. See Order Ethnographic Tales Fishing Expedition Ethnography Fixed Effects Model Ethnomethodology Floor Effect Ethnostatistics Focus Group Ethogenics Focused Comparisons. See Structured, Ethology Focused Comparison Evaluation Apprehension Focused Interviews Evaluation Research Forced-Choice Testing Event Count Models Forecasting Event History Analysis Foreshadowing Event Sampling Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Exogenous Variable Fraud in Research Expectancy Effect. See Experimenter Free Association Interviewing Expectancy Effect Frequency Distribution Expected Frequency Frequency Polygon Expected Value Friedman Test Experiment Function Experimental Design Fuzzy Set Theory Experimenter Expectancy Effect Expert Systems Game Theory Explained Variance. See R-Squared Gamma Explanation Gauss-Markov Theorem. See BLUE; OLS Explanatory Variable Geisteswissenschaften Exploratory Data Analysis Gender Issues Exploratory Factor Analysis. See Factor Analysis General Linear Models External Validity Generalizability. See External Validity List of Entries xi Generalizability Theory Imputation Generalization/Generalizability in Qualitative Research Independence Generalized Additive Models Independent Variable Generalized Estimating Equations Independent Variable (in Experimental Research) Generalized Least Squares Independent Variable (in Nonexperimental Research) Generalized Linear Models In-Depth Interview Geometric Distribution Index Gibbs Sampling Indicator. See Index Gini Coefficient Induction GLIM Inequality Measurement Going Native Inequality Process Goodness-of-Fit Measures Inference. See Statistical Inference Grade of Membership Models Inferential Statistics Granger Causality Influential Cases Graphical Modeling Influential Statistics Grounded Theory Informant Interviewing Group Interview Informed Consent Grouped Data Instrumental Variable Growth Curve Model Interaction. See Interaction Effect; Guttman Scaling Statistical Interaction Interaction Effect Halo Effect Intercept Hawthorne Effect Internal Reliability Hazard Rate Internal Validity Hermeneutics Internet Surveys Heterogeneity Interpolation Heteroscedasticity. See Heteroskedasticity Interpretative Repertoire Heteroskedasticity Interpretive Biography Heuristic Interpretive Interactionism Heuristic Inquiry Interpretivism Hierarchical (Non)Linear Model Interquartile Range Hierarchy of Credibility Interrater Agreement Higher-Order. See Order Interrater Reliability Histogram Interrupted Time-Series Design Historical Methods Interval Holding Constant. See Control Intervening Variable. See Mediating Homoscedasticity. See Homoskedasticity Variable Homoskedasticity Intervention Analysis Humanism and Humanistic Research Interview Guide Humanistic Coefficient Interview Schedule Hypothesis Interviewer Effects Hypothesis Testing. See Significance Testing Interviewer Training Hypothetico-Deductive Method Interviewing