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Antik Misir'da Rahip Sinifi TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANTİK MISIR’DA RAHİP SINIFI Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Mukadder SİPAHİOĞLU Ankara, 2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANTİK MISIR’DA RAHİP SINIFI Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Mukadder SİPAHİOĞLU Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Yasin MERAL Ankara, 2020 2 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANTİK MISIR’DA RAHİP SINIFI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Yasin MERAL TEZ JÜRİSİ ÜYELERİ Adı ve Soyadı İmzası 1. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu 2. Doç. Dr. Yasin Meral 3. Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tolga Savaş Altınel 4. 5. Tez Savunması Tarihi 22.06.2020 3 T. C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Doç. Dr. Yasin Meral danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Antik Mısır’da Rahip Sınıfı (Ankara.2020)” adlı yüksek lisans -doktora/bütünleşik doktora tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. 22.06.2020 Mukadder Sipahioğlu 4 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................. i KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................ iii TEK SESLİ HİYEROGLİF İŞARETLERİ ..................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. v GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 A. METOT VE KAYNAKLAR ................................................................................. 1 1. Araştırmanın Prensipleri .................................................................................... 1 a. Araştırmanın Problemi ................................................................................... 1 b. Araştırmanın Metodu ..................................................................................... 2 c. Kapsam ve Sınırlılıklar................................................................................... 3 d. Kavramların Kullanımı .................................................................................. 4 e. Orijinal Kaynakların Kullanılması ................................................................. 6 f. Savunmacı Tutumdan Kaçınma ..................................................................... 6 g. Mitolojik Anlatıların Kullanılması ................................................................. 7 2. Kaynaklar ........................................................................................................... 7 B. ANTİK MISIR MEDENİYETİNDE DİNİN YERİ ............................................ 12 1. Tanrı İnancı ...................................................................................................... 16 2. Ölüm Sonrası Hayata Dair İnanışlar ................................................................ 31 I. BÖLÜM: RAHİP SINIFININ DOĞUŞU VE RAHİP OLMA SÜRECİ ................ 44 A. RAHİP SINIFININ ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI ............................................................... 45 1. Krallık ve Maat Doktrini .................................................................................. 45 2. Eski Krallıktan (MÖ. 2543-2120) Orta Krallığın (MÖ. 1980-1760) Sonuna Kadar Rahipler ........................................................................................................ 51 3. Yeni Krallıktan (MÖ. 1539-1077) Geç Dönem’in (MÖ. 722-332) Sonuna Kadar Rahipler ................................................................................................................... 58 B. NASIL RAHİP OLUNUR? ................................................................................. 66 1. Rahiplerde Aranan Temizlik Şartları ............................................................... 73 2. Mısırlı Rahiplerin Arınma Ritüelinin Yahudilikteki Arınma Ritüeliyle Karşılaştırılması ...................................................................................................... 83 II. BÖLÜM: RAHİPLİK SİSTEMİ ve RAHİP SINIFLARI ....................................... 89 A. RAHİPLİK SİSTEMİ .......................................................................................... 89 1. Kısmî Zamanlı Rahiplik Sistemi (Phyle/Sa/ ) ........................................ 89 2. Tam Zamanlı Rahiplik Sistemi ........................................................................ 94 B. RAHİP SINIFLARI ............................................................................................. 95 1. Wab (Temiz-Saf Rahip/ ) ....................................................................... 96 2. Hem Netjer (Tanrının Hizmetkârı/Rahip/ ) ................................................. 101 3. İt Netjer (Tanrının Babası/ ) ............................................................... 105 4. Wet/Wet(y) (Mumyalayıcı/ ) ............................................................... 108 i 5. Sem ( ) ..................................................................................................... 110 6. Hem Ka (Kanın Hizmetkârı/ ) ................................................................. 111 7. Kher(y) Heb(et) (Okuyucu Rahip/ ) ............................................... 113 C. KADIN RAHİPLER .......................................................................................... 117 1. Antik Mısır’da Kadının Konumu ................................................................... 118 2. Kadın Rahipler ............................................................................................... 121 a. Hem(et) Netjer Hathor (Hathor’un Hizmetkârı/Hathor’un Rahibesi/ )126 b. Shemayet (Şarkıcı/ ) ............................................................................ 129 c. Hemet Netjer n(yt) Amon (Tanrı Amon’un Eşi/ ) ................. 133 III. BÖLÜM: RAHİPLERİN GÖREVLERİ ........................................................... 140 1. Tapınak Görevleri .......................................................................................... 140 a. Günlük Tapınak Ritüeli .............................................................................. 145 b. Şenlik/Festival Ritüelleri ............................................................................ 152 2. Cenaze Görevleri ........................................................................................... 156 a. Mumyalama ................................................................................................ 157 b. Ağız Açma Ritüeli ...................................................................................... 164 3. Kâhinlik ......................................................................................................... 172 4. Büyücülük ...................................................................................................... 182 5. Diğer Görevleri .............................................................................................. 188 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 193 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 200 EK-1: SÖZLÜK ............................................................................................................ 236 EK-2: KRONOLOJİ ..................................................................................................... 246 EK-3: MISIR HARİTASI ............................................................................................. 251 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ 253 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 254 ii KISALTMALAR bkz. : Bakınız c. : Cilt çev. : Çeviren der. : Derleyen DİA : Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi ed. : Editör hük. : Hükümdarlık dönemi JES : The Journal of Egyptological Studies JSSEA : The Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities MÖ. : Milattan Önce MS. : Milattan Sonra OEAE : The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt s. : Sayfa ss. : Sayfadan sayfaya Urk. IV : Urkunden der 18. Dynastie iii TEK SESLİ HİYEROGLİF İŞARETLERİ Transliterasyon Hiyeroglif Manuel de Avrupa İngiliz Ses Değeri İşaretleri Codage MdC* Sistemi Sistemi A A A a j i i i y y y y ya da i , a a a a w w w w ya da u b b b b p p p p f f f f m m m m n n n n r r r r h h h h H H H h x x x kh X X X kh z s z s s s s s š š S sh o q q q k k k k g g g g t t t t T T T tj d d d d D D D dj *Manuel de Codage: Mısır bilimciler tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılan MdC bilgisayar üzerinde hiyeroglif işaretlerin yazılması için geliştirilmiş bir transliterasyon sistemdir. iv ÖNSÖZ Antik Mısır, Antik Çağ’ın en önemli medeniyetlerinden biridir. Bu medeniyet sanat, mimari, tıp vs. gibi alanlarda büyük ilerlemeler kaydetmiştir. Mısır’da din önemli bir yere sahiptir. Hayatın her bir
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