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Mawson's Huts Management Plan 2007–2012

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Mawson's Huts Management Plan 2007–2012 Mawson’s Huts Historic Site Management Plan 2007-2012 © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 Mawson’s Huts Historic Site–Management Plan 2007-2012 Australian Antarctic Division ISBN 978-1-876934-13-1 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Australian Antarctic Division. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: The Director Australian Antarctic Division Department of the Environment and Water Resources Channel Highway KINGSTON TAS 7050 Cover photography credits Frank Hurley Bage in the entrance to the Astronomic Observatory, also known as the Transit Hut Frank Hurley Raising the flag at Cape Denison after erection of hut, March 1912 Simon Mossman Living quarters after over-cladding, 2006 David Killick East wall of living quarters ii Mawson’s Huts Historic Site Management Plan 2007-2012 iii Acknowledgments This management plan draws on the expertise and the work of numerous people who have been involved over several decades in the campaign to value and protect Mawson’s Huts. Some have contributed to the campaign—and the debate over its methods—as specialists, and others as enthusiasts. Some have voyaged to Antarctica, while others remained in Australia to guide, support and promote their efforts. The Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment and Water Resources prepared this plan to meet our Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act obligations arising from the National and Commonwealth Heritage listings of Mawson’s Huts Historic Site. While the Antarctic Territories Environment and Policy Section of the AAD is responsible for the contents of the plan, it acknowledges the direct and indirect contributions of this diverse community of interest. The source of much of the technical and contextual information and many of the policy directions was the Mawson’s Huts Historic Site Conservation Management Plan 2001, commissioned by the AAP Mawson’s Huts Foundation and prepared by Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd (under a steering committee of the AAD, Mawson’s Huts Foundation and the Australian Heritage Commission). The 2001 plan is not cited in every section of the text that draws on it, but the reader is advised to bear in mind that Godden Mackay Logan’s excellent work was a key source. This plan was improved and enriched by several reviewers. An exposure draft was circulated to heritage experts and organisations with a known interest in the conservation and management of Mawson’s Huts from 27 March to 18 May 2007. The AAD was grateful for comments in this phase from Mr Duncan Marshall (heritage consultant, ACT), Dr Estelle Lazer (archaeologist, University of Sydney), Dr Ian Godfrey (materials conservator, WA Museum), the Mawson’s Huts Foundation (via Mr Robert Easther, expedition manager), Mr Michael Staples (heritage carpenter) and the ANARE Club Council (via Mr Bill Burch). The Heritage Division of the Department of the Environment and Water Resources reviewed a revised draft in June 2007, and the version formally released for public comment from 25 July to 27 August 2007 incorporated responses to the Heritage Division’s suggestions. The AAD received correspondence from several parties during the public comment period expressing support for the conservation of the huts— and none arguing against conserving the site. The AAD’s editorial committee was grateful for specific suggestions from Mr Duncan Marshall (heritage consultant, ACT) and Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd (heritage consultants, NSW―via Prof Richard Mackay). The AAD wishes to thank the State Library of New South Wales for granting the permission to use photographs from its AAE collection, and the photographers from recent conservation expeditions, whose images also illustrate this plan. iv Preface Mawson’s Huts Historic Site is a national treasure. As the first base for Australia’s scientific and geographical discovery of Antarctica, it is the birthplace of and the forerunner to the work now carried out and supported by the Australian Antarctic Division. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) of 1911 to 1914 was the first large-scale scientific inquiry after Federation. AAE expeditioners braved the isolation and severe climate to gather valuable scientific and geographical information. Two of their comrades perished in the attempt. The AAE made the first radio communication from Antarctica, and carried the first aeroplane to the Antarctic. Today, the Australian Antarctic Division is establishing a jet air service between Australia and Antarctica–the last two continents to be linked by air. As we approach the centenary of Mawson’s inspirational expedition, we need plans in place to preserve the sense of what the site was like when the AAE abandoned their huts to the elements in December 1913, while also allowing an appreciation of the powerful effects of a hundred years of exposure in the world’s windiest place at sea level. We also need to find ways to encourage Australians who may never set foot on Antarctica to appreciate the experiences and achievements of the men who lived there. To date, the Australian Antarctic Division has worked closely with the Mawson’s Huts Foundation and other bodies interested in the site and its story. We have provided funding, advice, staff and in-kind support, and facilitated access to enable conservation work. We also supported the development of the 2001 Conservation Management Plan commissioned by the Foundation. During the life of that plan, recognition of the outstanding significance of the site has expanded, and major conservation works were completed. The site gained the highest level of Australian recognition, becoming a National Heritage place and a Commonwealth Heritage place. International protection was bolstered: the site is now contained in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area, and an Antarctic Specially Managed Area. Major structural conservation work is now largely complete. Thanks to innovative techniques, the main buildings are stabilised. This gives us the confidence to embark on a new phase, of monitoring and addressing the objects scattered in and around the huts. This management plan meets our obligations from the new heritage listings, is consistent with Antarctic Treaty requirements, and will foster a new focus — on artefacts — in the lead-up to the AAE centenary. I commit the Australian Antarctic Division to working with all interested organisations to achieve the goals identified in this blueprint, to protect and manage what is surely the jewel in the crown of Australia’s Antarctic heritage. AJ Press, Director Australian Antarctic Division v NOTE ON THE DRAFT iv PREFACE v CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Objective of the Plan 2 Plan Structure 2 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 4 2.1 LOCATION 4 2.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 6 2.2.1 Cape Denison Landscape 6 2.2.2 Cultural Features on Cape Denison 8 AAE fabric (1912-1913) 8 BANZARE fabric (1931) 9 Scientific party fabric (c1950–1967) 9 Conservation expeditions (1974 to present) 9 2.2.3 Fabric Description 9 Main Hut 10 Magnetograph House 12 Absolute Magnetic Hut 13 Transit Hut 13 Memorial Cross and Plaque 14 Proclamation Pole and Plaque 14 Cultural heritage objects 14 Post-BANZARE fabric 15 2.3 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 16 An Australasian expedition 16 The first year: building and sledging 18 The unplanned second year 24 AAE photography 27 Wireless communication 28 The air tractor 29 BANZARE visit 30 Modern scientific expedition visits 31 Comparison: Mawson’s Huts and other Heroic Era huts 31 2.4 CURRENT USES 33 2.4.1 Heritage Conservation 33 2.4.2 Tourism 37 vi 3. HERITAGE VALUES 40 3.1 METHOD AND BASIS OF ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE VALUES 40 Previous assessments 40 Limitations 41 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL AND COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE VALUES 42 Commonwealth and National Heritage criteria 42 3.2.1 Statements of Significance and Values–National Heritage Listing 42 3.2.2 Statements of Significance and Values–Commonwealth Heritage Listing 51 3.3 NATURAL HERITAGE VALUES 56 4. CONDITION OF NATIONAL AND COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE VALUES 58 4.1 METHODOLOGY 58 4.2 CONDITION OF SIGNIFICANT FABRIC 59 4.2.1 Wall and Roof Cladding 60 4.2.2 Structural Capacity of the Main Hut 62 4.2.3 Corrosion of Metal Connectors 62 4.2.4 Ice and Anchorage 63 4.2.5 Artefacts 63 4.2.6 Limited Data and Unknown Factors 64 4.3 CONDITION AND INTEGRITY OF VALUES–SUMMARY 66 5. MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 77 5.1 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AUSTRALIAN STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 77 5.1.1 Antarctic Treaty and Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 77 5.1.2 Australian Legislation 78 Antarctic Treaty (Environmental Protection) Act 1980 78 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 79 Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 79 Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 80 5.2 AGENCY MECHANISMS 80 Determination under ATEP Act 80 Antarctic Division Asset Management System 80 5.3 DECISION MAKING PROCESS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE SITE 81 6. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS, CONSTRAINTS & OPPORTUNITIES 82 6.1 GOALS 83 6.2 PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE 84 vii 6.3 PRESSURES ON NATIONAL AND COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE VALUES 84 6.3.1 Environmental Pressures 84 Wind 84 Snow/ice/melt water 85 Temperature, relative humidity and salt 86 Fauna impacts 86 Fire 87 6.3.2 Logistical Constraints 87 Remoteness 87 Resources 87 6.3.3 Risks to Structural Integrity 88 Conservation works 88 Prevention of snow and melt water ingress into the Main Hut 88 Ice removal 88 The Transit Hut and Absolute Magnetic Hut 89 6.3.4 Risks to Cultural Heritage Objects 90 Management and documentation of objects inside the buildings 90 Deterioration and loss of objects associated with the wireless and aeroplane 90 Documentation of cultural heritage objects and artefact scatters 91 7.
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