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Improving Ductwork a Time for Tighter Air Distribution Systems Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme Improving ductwork A time for tighter air distribution systems A status report on ductwork airtightness in various countries withrecommendations for future designs and regulations F R Carrié J Andersson P Wouters Editors European Commission Directorate General XVII for Energy International Energy Agency Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Improving ductwork A time for tighter air distribution systems A status report on ductwork airtightness in various countries with recommendations for future designs and regulations Editors F.R Carrié J Andersson P Wouters © Copyright AIVC and SAVE-DUCT project partners 1999. All rights reserved. SAVE-DUCT project partners are ENTPE, BBRI, ALDES, SCANDIACONSULT and CETE LYON In particular, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted by any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the AIVC and the SAVE-DUCT project partners. The research reported here was funded in part by the European Union non-technological programme SAVE (“Specific Action on Vigorous Energy Efficiency” - Directorate-General for Energy (DG XVII) under contract n° XVII/4.1031/Z/96-147. Publication of research results does not imply SAVE endorsement of or agreement with these findings. Document ISBN 1 902177 10 4 Additional copies of this report may be obtained from The Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre University of Warwick Science Park Sovereign Court Sir William Lyons Road Coventry CV4 7EZ United Kingdom Front page picture: Bend with separate outlet for cleaning (courtesy Lindab Ventilation AB). A double sealing gasket of EPDM rubber provides a tight reliable joint. Contents Foreword__________________________________________________________________ 5 Target audience_________________________________________________________________ 5 Contributing authors ____________________________________________________________ 6 Acknowledgements ______________________________________________________________ 6 Chapter 1 Introduction_______________________________________________________ 9 Chapter 2 Quality requirements for ductwork systems_____________________________ 11 2.1 Airtightness ________________________________________________________________ 14 2.2 Thermal insulation __________________________________________________________ 15 2.3 Pressure drop ______________________________________________________________ 15 2.4 Clean supply air ____________________________________________________________ 15 2.5 Strength ___________________________________________________________________ 16 2.6 Noise______________________________________________________________________ 16 2.7 Fire protection______________________________________________________________ 17 2.8 Corrosion protection - Environmental class _____________________________________ 18 2.9 Installation_________________________________________________________________ 18 2.10 Life cycle cost _____________________________________________________________ 19 2.11 Design issue example : round versus rectangular ducts ___________________________ 19 2.12 Commissioning and maintenance _____________________________________________ 20 2.13 References ________________________________________________________________ 20 Chapter 3 Standards review __________________________________________________ 21 3.1 Introduction and summary ___________________________________________________ 21 3.2 EUROVENT Guidelines 2/2 “Air leakage rate in sheet m etal air distribution systems” _ 21 3.2.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 21 3.2.2 The leakage factor _______________________________________________________________ 22 3.2.3 Leakage classes _________________________________________________________________ 22 3.2.4 Testing ________________________________________________________________________ 23 3.3 National standards and building regulations _____________________________________ 25 3.3.1 Overview ______________________________________________________________________ 25 3.3.2 European countries_______________________________________________________________ 26 3.3.3 Non-European countries __________________________________________________________ 31 3.4 European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) _________________________________ 33 3.4.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 33 3.4.2 Circular sheet metal ducts: Strength and leakage – prEN 12237 (version of October 1998) ______ 34 3.4.3 Rectangular sheet metal air ducts: Strength and leakage – prEN 1507 (version of October 1998)__ 35 3.4.4 Ductwork made of insulation ductboards – prEN 13403__________________________________ 35 Improving Ductwork – A Time For Tighter Air Distribution Systems 1 Foreword 3.4.5 Handing over installed ventilation and air conditioning systems – prEN 12599 (Final draft, version 10/97) _____________________________________________________________________________ 36 3.5 References _________________________________________________________________ 36 Chapter 4 Ductwork airtightness: state-of-the-art review of construction and installation technologies ______________________________________________________________ 39 4.1 Summary __________________________________________________________________ 39 4.2 Construction _______________________________________________________________ 39 4.3 Installation_________________________________________________________________ 42 4.3.1 External-access techniques ________________________________________________________ 43 4.3.2 Internal-access techniques _________________________________________________________ 44 4.4 Field test with aerosol-based duct sealant _______________________________________ 46 4.5 Renovation_________________________________________________________________ 49 4.6 References _________________________________________________________________ 49 Chapter 5 Traditions in the design, installation, and maintenance of duct systems ______ 51 5.1 Introduction________________________________________________________________ 51 5.2 Small-scale survey___________________________________________________________ 51 5.3 Traditions _________________________________________________________________ 52 5.3.1 Type of systems _________________________________________________________________ 52 5.3.2 Duct Material ___________________________________________________________________ 52 5.3.3 Duct shape _____________________________________________________________________ 52 5.3.4 Connecting systems at joints _______________________________________________________ 53 5.3.5 Clean ducts _____________________________________________________________________ 53 5.3.6 Rehabilitation___________________________________________________________________ 53 5.3.7 Context of standards and regulation__________________________________________________ 53 5.4 Implication on ductwork airtightness ___________________________________________ 54 5.5 Incentives and barriers to better systems market penetration _______________________ 54 5.5.1 Cost issues _____________________________________________________________________ 54 5.5.2 Possible actions _________________________________________________________________ 55 5.6 Conclusion _________________________________________________________________ 56 Chapter 6 Field measurements _______________________________________________ 57 6.1 Summary __________________________________________________________________ 57 6.2 Measuring ductwork airtightness ______________________________________________ 58 6.2.1 Flow through leaks_______________________________________________________________ 58 6.2.2 Fan pressurisation _______________________________________________________________ 58 6.2.3 Effective Leakage Area ___________________________________________________________ 58 6.2.4 Leakage factor and leakage coefficient _______________________________________________ 59 6.2.5 Apparatus ______________________________________________________________________ 60 6.2.6 Measurement uncertainties ________________________________________________________ 61 6.3 Leak detection ______________________________________________________________ 62 6.3.1 Smoke detection_________________________________________________________________ 62 6.3.2 Soap bubbles ___________________________________________________________________ 62 6.3.3 Pressure pan ____________________________________________________________________ 62 6.3.4 Blocked register pressure__________________________________________________________ 62 6.3.5 Foam injection __________________________________________________________________ 63 6.3.6 Video camera inspection __________________________________________________________ 63 6.3.7 Aerosol duct sealing______________________________________________________________ 63 6.4 Overview of existing European measurements ___________________________________ 63 2 Improving Ductwork – A Time For Tighter Air Distribution Systems Foreword 6.5 Field measurements on 22 duct systems in France ________________________________ 64 6.6 Overview of duct leakage status in US buildings __________________________________ 66 6.7 SAVE-DUCT measurements __________________________________________________ 68 6.7.1 Protocol _______________________________________________________________________ 68 6.7.2 Belgium _______________________________________________________________________
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