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Upper GI Series Upper GI Series National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse What is an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series? An upper GI series, also called a barium swallow, uses x rays and fluoroscopy to help Esophagus diagnose problems of the upper GI tract. An Mouth x ray is a picture created by using radiation and recorded on film or on a computer. Fluoroscopy is a form of x ray that makes it possible to see the internal organs and their Stomach motion on a video monitor. To make the upper GI tract more visible on x ray, a health care provider will fill the person’s upper GI Duodenum tract with a chalky liquid called barium. The two types of upper GI series are • a standard barium upper GI series, Small intestine which uses only barium during the test Anus • a double-contrast upper GI series, which uses a combination of air and barium The upper GI tract to create a more detailed view of the stomach lining by muscles called sphincters. When a person What is the upper swallows, the sphincters relax to let food or drink pass from the mouth into the stomach. gastrointestinal tract? The muscles then close rapidly to prevent the The upper GI tract is the first part of the GI food or drink from leaking out of the stomach tract, which includes a series of hollow organs back into the esophagus. This process is joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth automatic and people are usually not aware to the anus—a 1-inch-long opening through of it, though people sometimes feel food in which stool leaves the body. The upper their esophagus when they swallow something GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, too large, try to eat too quickly, or drink very stomach, duodenum, and small intestine. hot or cold liquids. The duodenum is the first part of the small The stomach slowly pumps the food and intestine. liquids into the small intestine, which absorbs The esophagus carries food and liquids from needed nutrients. The body digests food the mouth to the stomach. The muscular using the movement of the muscles in the GI layers of the esophagus are normally pinched tract, along with the release of hormones and together at both the upper and lower ends enzymes. Why is an upper How does a person prepare gastrointestinal series for an upper gastrointestinal performed? series? An upper GI series can help diagnose the A person prepares for an upper GI series by cause of • talking with a health care provider • abdominal pain • clearing the upper GI tract • nausea and vomiting Talking with a health care provider. A • problems swallowing person should talk with his or her health care • unexplained weight loss provider about An upper GI series can also show • medical conditions he or she has • abnormal growths. • all prescribed and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and supplements • esophageal varices—abnormal, enlarged he or she takes veins in the lower part of the esophagus. Women should let their health care provider • gastroesophageal reflux, which occurs know if they may be pregnant to avoid when stomach contents flow back up potential risks to the developing baby. into the esophagus. The health care provider will take special • a hiatal hernia, or when the upper precautions to minimize the exposure part of the stomach slips through the to radiation, or he or she may suggest a diaphragm and moves up into the chest. different procedure. The diaphragm is the muscle wall that Clearing the upper GI tract. This procedure separates the stomach from the chest. uses x-ray images to examine the upper GI • inflammation, or swelling, of the GI tract during the procedure. The x ray can’t tract. show the lining of the organs clearly if food or drink is inside the upper GI tract. To • scars or strictures—abnormal narrowing ensure the upper GI tract is clear, health of openings in the body. care providers usually advise people not to • ulcers—sores on the stomach or eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum during the intestinal lining. 8 hours before the procedure. 2 Upper GI Series How is an upper What can a person gastrointestinal series expect after an upper performed? gastrointestinal series? An x-ray technician and a radiologist—a After an upper GI series, a person can expect doctor who specializes in medical imaging— the following: perform an upper GI series at a hospital or • bloating or nausea for a short time after an outpatient center. A person does not the procedure need anesthesia. The procedure usually takes about 2 hours to complete. However, • to resume most normal activities after if the barium moves slowly through the small leaving the hospital or outpatient center intestine, the test may take up to 5 hours to • barium in the GI tract that causes stools complete. to be white or light colored for several For the test, days after the procedure • the person stands or sits in front of an A person should carefully read and follow x-ray machine and drinks barium, which the discharge instructions, which will explain coats the lining of the upper GI tract how to flush the remaining barium from the GI tract. The radiologist will interpret the • the person lies on the x-ray table and images and send a report of the findings to the radiologist watches the barium move the person’s health care provider. through the GI tract on the x rays and fluoroscopy What are the risks of an • the technician may press on the abdomen—the area between the chest upper gastrointestinal and hips—or ask the person to change series? positions to fully coat the upper GI tract The risks of an upper GI series include with the barium • constipation from the barium—the most If a person has a double-contrast study, he or common complication of an upper GI she will swallow gas-forming crystals, which series. activate when they mix with the barium. The gas expands the barium-coated stomach, • an allergic reaction to the barium or filling it with air and exposing finer details of flavoring in the barium. the upper GI tract lining. The technician will • bowel obstruction—partial or complete take additional x rays. blockage of the small or large intestine. Although rare, bowel obstruction can be a life-threatening condition that requires emergency medical treatment. Radiation exposure can cause cancer, although the level of radiation exposure that leads to cancer is unknown. Health care providers estimate the risk of cancer from this type of test to be small. 3 Upper GI Series • After an upper GI series, a person can Seek Immediate Care expect the following: People who have any of the following – bloating or nausea for a short time symptoms after an upper GI series after the procedure should seek immediate medical – to resume most normal activities attention: after leaving the hospital or • failure to have a bowel movement outpatient center within 2 days of the procedure – barium in the GI tract that causes • fever stools to be white or light colored for several days after the procedure • inability to pass gas • People who have any of the following • severe abdominal pain symptoms after an upper GI series • severe constipation should seek immediate medical attention: – failure to have a bowel movement Points to Remember within 2 days of the procedure – fever • An upper gastrointestinal (GI) series, also called a barium swallow, uses – inability to pass gas x rays and fluoroscopy to help diagnose – severe abdominal pain problems of the upper GI tract. – severe constipation • The two types of upper GI series are – a standard barium upper GI series, Hope through Research which uses only barium during the The National Institute of Diabetes and test Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) – a double-contrast upper GI series, conducts and supports basic and clinical which uses a combination of air and research into many digestive disorders. barium to create a more detailed Clinical trials are research studies involving view of the stomach lining people. Clinical trials look at safe and • An upper GI series can help diagnose effective new ways to prevent, detect, or the cause of treat disease. Researchers also use clinical – abdominal pain trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with – nausea and vomiting chronic illnesses. To learn more about trials, – problems swallowing why they matter, and how to participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research Trials and You – unexplained weight loss website at www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials. • To ensure the upper GI tract is clear, For information about current studies, visit health care providers usually advise www.ClinicalTrials.gov. people not to eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum during the 8 hours before the procedure. 4 Upper GI Series For More Information Acknowledgments Read more about other diagnostic tests in Publications produced by the Clearinghouse these publications at www.digestive.niddk. are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK nih.gov: scientists and outside experts. This publication was originally reviewed by M. • Colonoscopy Brian Fennerty, M.D., Oregon Health and • ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Science University. Cholangiopancreatography) • Flexible Sigmoidoscopy You may also find additional information about this • Liver Biopsy topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov. This publication may contain information about • Lower GI Series medications and, when taken as prescribed, the conditions they treat. When prepared, this • Upper GI Endoscopy publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about • Virtual Colonoscopy any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA American College of Gastroenterology (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov.
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