The Commitment to Sustainable Development in Three Australian States: Policy-Lifecycle Analysis of Three Over-Arching Holistic Sustainability Policies
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The Northern Institute School of Regulation and Alice Springs (Campus) Global Governance Canberra The Commitment to Sustainable Development in Three Australian States: Policy-Lifecycle Analysis of Three Over-Arching Holistic Sustainability Policies Kuntal Goswami CDU ID:S269971 ANU ID:5903923 This thesis is submitted to the Charles Darwin University, Darwin & The Australian National University, Canberra in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Joint Doctorate of Philosophy January, 2018 Supervised by: Prof. Rolf Gerritsen (Charles Darwin University) Assco. Prof. Jeroen van der Heijden (Australian National University) Dr Benxiang Zeng (Charles Darwin University) Catherine Hull (Commonwealth Grants Commission) Table of Contents Statement of Authorship 7 Acknowledgements 9 Publication 11 List of Abbreviations 13 List of Text Boxes, Graphs, Figures, and Tables 15 Abstract 19 Chapter 1: Introduction 21 1.1 Conceptual Prelude 21 1.2 Sustainable Development: An Alternative Model 22 1.3 Public Agencies’ Role in Promoting Sustainable Development 22 1.4 Need for Sustainability Reporting by Public Agencies 23 1.5 Sustainability Policies and Reporting Practices of Australian States 24 1.6 Aims of My Research 26 1.7 Research Questions 28 1.7.1 Primary Research Questions 28 1.7.2 Secondary Research Questions 28 1.8 Overview of the Thesis Chapters 30 Chapter 2: Literature Review of Sustainability Policies and Practices 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Evolution and Diffusion of Sustainable Development 33 2.2.1 The Principles of Sustainable Development 42 2.3 Sustainable Development in Selected Developed Economies 44 2.3.1 A Brief Overview 47 2.4Motivations for Adopting Sustainable Development 48 2.4.1Australian National Context 48 2.4.2 Motivation at Sub-National Context 54 2.4.2.1International Perspectives 54 2.4.2.1.1 A Brief Overview 55 2.4.2.2 State Strategic Planning at Australian Sub-National Context 57 2.5 Motivations to Report on Holistic Sustainability Performances 62 2.5.1 International Context 62 2.5.1.1 A Brief Overview 66 2.5.2 The Australian Commonwealth Government Context 69 2.5.3 The Australian Local Government Context 71 2.5.3.1 A Brief Overview 73 2.5.4 The Australian State Government Context 75 2.6 Summary of Literature Review 77 Chapter 3: Analytical Framework & Research Design 82 3.1 Analytical Framework 81 3.1.1 The Political-Economy Perspective 86 3.1.2 The Institutional Perspective 88 3.1.2.1 Institutional Isomorphism 89 3.1.2.2 Institutional Change 90 3.1.2.3 Institutional Logic and Decoupling 91 3.1.3 Conclusion to Analytical Framework 92 3.2 Research Design 92 3.2.1 Research Plan 92 3 3.2.1.1 Case Study and Process Tracing 93 3.2.1.2 About the Selected States 98 3.2.1.3 Data Sources 101 3.2.1.4 Data Analysis Approach 105 3.2.1.5 Application of the GRI’s SSPA Framework 106 3.2.1.6 Overall Assessment of Commitment Level 111 3.3 Conclusion 111 Chapter 4: Case Study 1:- Tasmania Together: A Policy Model to Reconnect 115 4.1 Background 116 4.2 Macro-Perspective of the Case 116 4.2.1 Contextual Influence of Tasmania Together 116 4.2.2 Policy Learning and Adoption Process 118 4.2.3 About Tasmania Together 128 4.2.4 Tasmania Together’s Abolition Process 137 4.3 Micro-Perspective of the Case 146 4.3.1 Sustainability Disclosure Practices of Tasmanian Agencies 146 4.3.1.1 Economic Sustainability Disclosure 146 4.3.1.2 Environmental Sustainability Disclosure 150 4.3.1.3 Social Sustainability Disclosure 154 4.3.2 Influence on Holistic Sustainability Accountability of Tasmanian Agencies 159 4.4 Tasmanian Stakeholders’ Perspectives 163 4.5 Conclusion 183 Chapter 5: Case Study 2:-South Australia’s Strategic Plan: A Policy Model to Reposition Government’s Image 184 5.1 Background 184 5.2 Macro-Perspective of the Case 187 5.2.1 Influence and Policy Learning Process of South Australia’s Strategic Plan (SASP) 187 5.2.2 South Australia’s Strategic Plan’s (SASP)-Adoption Process 189 5.2.3 About South Australia’s Strategic Plan (SASP) 191 5.2.4 SASP’s Abandonment Process 197 5.3 Micro-Perspective of the Case 200 5.3.1 Sustainability Disclosure Practice of SA’s Agencies 200 5.3.1.1 Economic Sustainability Disclosure 200 5.3.1.2 Environmental Sustainability Disclosure 204 5.3.1.3 Social Sustainability Disclosure 209 5.3.2 Influence on Holistic Sustainability Accountability of SA’s Agencies 213 5.4 South Australian Stakeholders’ Perspectives 216 5.5 Conclusion 234 Chapter 6: Case Study 3:-Western Australia’s State Sustainability Strategy: An Aspirational Policy Vision 235 6.1 Background 235 6.2 Macro-Perspective of the Case 238 6.2.1 The Policy Catalyst of WA’s State Sustainability Strategy 238 6.2.2 Policy Adoption Process of WA’s State Sustainability Strategy 240 4 6.2.3 About WA’s State Sustainability Strategy 247 6.3 Micro-Perspective of the Case 251 6.3.1 Sustainability Disclosure Practices of WA’s Agencies 251 6.3.1.1 Economic Sustainability Disclosures 251 6.3.1.2 Environmental Sustainability Disclosures 255 6.3.1.3 Social Sustainability Disclosures 259 6.3.2 Influence on Holistic Sustainability Accountability of WA’s Agencies 263 6.4 Western Australian Stakeholders’ Perspectives 266 6.5 Conclusion 282 Chapter 7 Analysis and Discussion 283 7.1 Introduction 283 7.2 Macro- and Micro-Level Influences 284 7.2.1 Macro-Level Influences 284 7.2.2 Micro-Level Influences 296 7.2.2.1 Disclosure Patterns 301 7.3 Stakeholders’ Perspectives 311 7.4 Overall Analysis of Commitment towards Sustainable Development 317 7.4.1 Budgetary Allocation Trends during Policy Life-span 325 7.4.1.1 Tasmania 326 7.4.1.2 South Australia 330 7.4.1.3 Western Australia 333 7.4.1.4 Summary of Budgetary Trend Analysis 335 7.4.2 Selected Indicators of Measuring Australia’s Progress (MAP) 337 7.4.2.1 MAP’s Selected Economic Indicators 338 7.4.2.2 MAP’s Selected Social Indicators 341 7.4.2.3 MAP’s Selected Environmental Indicators 343 7.4.2.4 Summary of Indicator Based Trend Analysis 346 7.4.3 Political Implications of the Three Case Policies 346 7.4.4 Perspective of Institutional Diffusion of Sustainability Values 349 7.5 Conclusion 354 Chapter 8 Conclusion 357 8.1 Introduction 357 8.2 Answers to Research Questions 358 8.3 Contributions of the Thesis 368 8.4 Limitations of My Study 372 8.5 Thesis Implications and Insights 372 References 376 Appendix-1: Institutional Diffusions of Sustainable Development and Perspectives of the Term 410 Appendix-2: Final Ethics Approval 2017 414 Appendix-3: Template Questionnaire 416 Appendix-4 Oregon Shines 419 5 Statement of Authorship I declare that this thesis does not incorporate any material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree in any University and that to the best of my knowledge it does not contain any materials previously published or written by another author, except where due reference has been made in the text. I also give consent to both the University libraries to provide access to this thesis for loan or to photocopy a certain number of pages based on the Copyright Act of Australia. Kuntal Goswami Kuntal Goswami, 2018 7 Acknowledgements I sincerely thank Prof Rolf Gerritsen (CDU), Assoc. Prof Jeroen van der Heijden (ANU), Dr Benxiang Zeng (CDU) and Late Catherine Hull (CGC) for their supervision and guidance from the conception to completion of my research project. Their invaluable advice throughout my project is highly appreciated. I would also like to take this opportunity to record my appreciation and gratitude to all the librarians at CDU, Alice Springs Campus, CDU interlibrary loans, the ANU library, as well as the parliamentary librarians in Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia. I thank all my interview participants, my editors and several other people as well as organisations who all had helped me to complete this study. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Mrs Smriti Rekha Goswami, and Mr Kalyan Kumar Goswami, my wife Mrs Pronoma Mukherjee, my good friend Abhik Biswas, and my extended family members and friends for their moral support, love and encouragement all the way through my PhD candidature. 9 Publication Goswami, K (2018), ‘Sustainability Reporting Practice of Public Agencies at three Australian States: A Case Study’, Proceedings of the 2018 30th International Congress on Social and Environmental, Accounting Research (28-30th August 2018, I-CSEAR, UK), University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK Goswami, K and Gerritsen, R (2018), ‘Analysis of Three Australian State-Level Public Policies: Stakeholders’ Perspective’, Proceedings of the 2018 14th International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability (2018 On Sustainability Conference), The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia. Goswami, K (2017), ‘Australian State Governments’ contribution towards sustainable development: A case study’, Proceedings of the 2017 13th International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability (2017 On Sustainability), Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Greater Rio, Brazil. (Received Emerging Scholar Award at the 13th International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability, Niteroi, Greater Rio, Brazil relating to this paper presentation). 11 12 List of Abbreviations EU: European Union GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNI: Gross National Income GRI: Global Reporting Initiative IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature MDGs: Millennium Development Goals NPM: New Public Management NRG4SD: Network of Regional Government for Sustainable Development NSESD: National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development NSW: New South Wales OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SA: South Australia SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals SR: Sustainability Reporting SSPA: Sector Supplement for Public Agencies Tas: Tasmania TBL: Triple Bottom Line UK: United Kingdom UN: United Nations UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.