DOCSLIB.ORG

Opportunity Costs Related to Feral Horses: a Wyoming Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opportunity Costs Related to Feral Horses: a Wyoming Case Study J. Range Manage. 52:104–112 March 1999 Opportunity costs related to feral horses: A Wyoming case study CHRIS T. BASTIAN, LARRY W. VAN TASSELL, ANN C. COTTON, AND MICHAEL A. SMITH Authors are extension specialist, professor and graduate assistant, Agricultural and Applied Economics Department and professor, Renewable Resources Department, respectively, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. 82071. Abstract Resumen Concern over the humane treatment and diminishing num- La preocupacion del trato humano y la disminución del bers of feral horses (Equus caballus) led to their protection número de caballos salvajes condujeron a su protección under the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971. bajo el acta de 1971 de Caballos y Burros salvajes. El The potential for rapid population growth coupled with man- potencial para el rápido crecimiento de la población de agement constraints of the 1971 Act have increased the likeli- caballos junto con las restricciones de manejo del Acta de hood of excessive feral horse densities in important public 1971 ha incrementado la posibilidad de tener densidades rangeland habitats. Excessive densities can lead to deteriora- excesivas de caballos en importantes hábitats de pastizales tion of the range resource, smaller populations of wildlife and públicos. Densidades excesivas pueden conducir al del reduced stocking rates for domestic livestock. Consequently, recurso pastizal, reducir las poblaciones de fauna silvestre the potential for conflicts between wild horse and burro advo- y reducir la carga animal de ganado doméstico. cates, wildlife agencies, recreationists and livestock producers Consecuentemente, la posibilidad de tener conflictos entre is increased. los defensores de los caballos y burros, las agencias de Research concerning wild horses has largely focused on bio- fauna silvestre y los productores de ganado ha aumenta- logical and behavioral aspects such as habitat and dietary do. La investigación acerca de caballos silvestres se ha requirements. Limited economic research concerning wild enfocado principalmente a aspectos biológicos y de com- horses is available to aid public agencies in allocating federal portamiento talesœ como los requerimientos de hábitat y lands in a multiple use context. A case study was used in this su diet. La disponibilidad de investigación económica acer- analysis to estimate opportunity costs associated with fore- ca de los caballos silvestre que ayude a las agencia públicas gone wildlife and domestic livestock due to wild horses on an a asignarlas tierras federales en un contexto de uso múlti- existing allotment in Wyoming. Results indicate the marginal ple es limitada. Un estudio de caso de Wyoming fue usado opportunity costs associated with horse numbers beyond the en este análisis para estimar los costos de oportunidad aso- median target level specified in the allotment management ciados con la reducción de ganado y fauna silvestre debida plan are greater than $1,900 per horse. Forage consumption oœa los caballos salvajes. Los resultados indican que los estimates indicate the range resource could face deterioration costos marginales de oportunidad asociados con el número at higher wild horse population levels. These results suggest de caballos silvestres mas alla del nivel medio especificado the objectives of multiple use, sustained yield and maintaining en el plan de manejo de asignación son superiores a los viable wild horse populations may be met if government $1900 dolares por caballo. Las estimaciones de consumo agencies are able to remove wild horses in a timely fashion. It de forraje indican que con poblaciones altas de caballos el is not possible to say, however, that lower wild horse levels pastizal podrí deteriorarse. Estos resultados suguieren que represent a more economically efficient allocation of the los objetivos de uso múltiple, rendimiento sostenido y man- range resources without estimating the total economic bene- tene poblaciones viables de caballos úsalvajes pueden ser fits associated with wild horses. logrados si las agencias de gobierno son capaces de remover los caballos de manera oportuna. Sin embargo, sin estimar los beneficios económicos totales ascociados Key Words: economic efficiency, resource allocation, wildlife, con los caballos salvajes, no es posible decir que pobla- biological and economic tradeoffs ciones bajas de caballos representan una asignación mas econ micamente eficiente de los recursos del pastizal. Concern over the humane treatment and diminishing numbers of wild or feral horses (Equus caballus) led to the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971 (Hyde 1978). The original act authorizes the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to This research was partially funded by the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station competitive grants program. remove feral horses in excess of the ecological balance Manuscript accepted 11 June 1998. from public rangelands in 11 western states (Fisher 1983). 104 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 52(2), March 1999 Public land managers have faced 2 es could point to cost reduction strate- scrutiny of foster homes, and (4) cost constraints when removing horses. gies for the adoption program. of negative externalities. An example First, roundups have been impeded by According to the interpretation of of a negative externality created by judicial actions brought about by ani- federal courts1, the Federal Land horses would be unwanted wild horse mal rights activists (Huffaker et al. Policy and Management Act cannot grazing on private land. Hyde (1978) 1990). Second, the BLM has not meet multiple-use and sustained-yield concluded that estimates must be found a cost effective way to dispose principles dictated in the act and give made before allocative inferences can of unclaimed captured horses that an exalted status to either livestock or be drawn and that even incomplete meets public approval. Roundups con- wild horses. Huffaker et al. (1990) estimates are preferable to ignorance. sequently have been somewhat infre- examined this issue using a bioeco- The focus of this study addresses the quent. Horses in federal holding pens nomic livestock/wild horse trade-off issue of opportunity costs associated cost taxpayers about $165 to capture mechanism. Their methodology was with foregone wildlife and domestic and $2.25/day to sustain in captivity designed to allow the BLM to manipu- livestock due to wild horses as pro- (Huffaker et al. 1990). According to late livestock densities (via the graz- posed by Hyde (1978). This focus Godfrey and Lawson (1986), BLM ing fee) and wild horse densities (via does not allow conclusions to be expenditures per adopted animal were wild horse removal rate) on an allot- drawn regarding an economically effi- between $600 and $1,800 from 1976 ment that induced a sustained vegeta- cient allocation of the public range- through 1985. Nack (1988) found the tion density satisfying multiple use, land resource. The economic analysis roundup program coupled with while holding the permittee's public uses a case study approach and is unclaimed horses cost the public $92 grazing at some predetermined level. based on a BLM allotment complex in million between 1980 and 1988. The analysis included an ecological Wyoming. This analysis uses the goals Rapid population growth coupled interaction model, a wild horse popu- of the allotment management plan to with horse removal constraints have lation dynamics model and a model illustrate the opportunity costs of wild resulted in high feral horse densities in that selected the sustained livestock horses. important habitats on many public stocking rate to maximize present rangelands (Krysl et al. 1984, value of net benefits to the livestock Eberhardt et al. 1982, Cook 1975). producer given a competing forager. A Materials and Methods High densities have led to deteriora- locus of grazing fee and wild horse tion of the range resource, smaller removal rate combinations that held Study Area populations of wildlife and reduced present value constant was derived. The case study area was based on stocking rates for domestic livestock Results provided theoretical implica- the Whiskey Peak allotment complex (Cook 1975, Fisher 1983). tions, pointed to the need for better (36,479 ha) administered by the BLM. Since the passage of the Public data and provided a framework for Elevations on the complex range from Range Improvement Act in 1978, considering stocking rates as a func- 1,976 m to 2,812 m with annual pre- research has largely focused on the tion of both ecological and economic cipitation, coming largely from snow- biological and behavioral aspects of parameters. Huffaker et al. (1990) fall, averaging 25.4 cm from 1951 to wild horses. Most research indicates concluded that inconsistent results 1980. Annual high and low tempera- similarities in habitat selection and between their mechanism and models tures have averaged 13.4 and 0.33°C, diet composition between feral horses, designed to maximize social welfare with frost free days ranging from 114 big game species, and domestic live- must be viewed as reasons why the at lower elevations to less than 60 at stock (McInnis and Vavra 1987, Krysl objectives in federal grazing statutes the highest reaches (Martner 1986, et al. 1984, Miller 1983, Denniston et may be economically inefficient. BLM 1990). The majority (80%) of al. 1982, Rittenhouse et al. 1982, Hyde (1978) has suggested that the the Whiskey Peak Allotment Complex Smith et al. 1982, Salter and Hudson
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando
    Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando To cite this version: Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando. Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Annual Reviews, 2021, 9 (1), 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118. hal- 03030307 HAL Id: hal-03030307 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030307 Submitted on 30 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2021. 9:X–X https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Librado Orlando www.annualreviews.org Equid Genomics and Evolution Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado and Ludovic Orlando Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: [email protected] Keywords equid, horse, evolution, donkey, ancient DNA, population genomics Abstract The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing Wild Horse Behavior by Dr
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cape Lookout www.nps.gov.calo Observing Wild Horse Behavior by Dr. Sue Stuska, Wildlife Biologist - have interactions with other stallions (and to occur over mares in estrus Horses, Cape Lookout National Seashore mares, if they have the chance). (breeding readiness). The wild horses in the park are Wild social behavior is fascinating. The result of any interac- managed as wild animals. Wild horse watching is so informative be- tion is usually a clear winner cause the whole horse society is there; they and loser. If a youngster is This means that they show us wild behav- have all grown up learning the behavioral involved, he may show his iors and interactions which are fascinating “rules”; and they have a large area in which teeth in a clapping gesture to to watch. The draw for visitors and locals to interact. Most notably, a number of stal- display his submissiveness alike is that these magnificent animals can be lions are present, the whole social “order” is and thus avoid being the watched from a distance without our inter- in place, and there are no artificial boundar- target of aggression. fering in their wild lives and, so, they show ies - only natural ones. us how wild horses act when not influenced When a stallion loses he by people. Instead of leading, stallions most often fol- doesn’t necessarily run away. low the mares as they move from place to You may see him suddenly What can we learn from wild place. As long as the mares are far enough be interested in grazing, or horses? he may walk to his mares and Horses thrive in the wild, Stallion herding posture involves a straight head-neck line, low- move them away to pro- and have evolved through ered nose, and pinned ears.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Horses: Galloping Through Time by Kelly Milner Halls
    Teacher’s Edition Wild Horses: Galloping Through Time by Kelly Milner Halls Available only from Junior Library Guild 7858 Industrial Parkway Plain City, OH 43026 www.juniorlibraryguild.com Copyright © Junior Library Guild 0 About JLG Guides Junior Library Guild selects the best new hardcover children’s and YA books being published in the U.S. and makes them available to libraries and schools, often before the books are available from anyone else. Timeliness and value mark the mission of JLG: to be the librarian’s partner. But how can JLG help librarians be partners with classroom teachers? With JLG Guides. JLG Guides are activity and reading guides written by people with experience in both children’s and educational publishing—in fact, many of them are former librarians or teachers. The JLG Guides are made up of activity guides for younger readers (grades K–3) and reading guides for older readers (grades 4–12), with some overlap occurring in grades 3 and 4. All guides are written with national and state standards as guidelines. Activity guides focus on providing activities that support specific reading standards; reading guides support various standards (reading, language arts, social studies, science, etc.), depending on the genre and topic of the book itself. JLG Guides can be used both for whole class instruction and for individual students. Pages are reproducible for classroom use only, and a teacher’s edition accompanies most JLG Guides. Research indicates that using authentic literature in the classroom helps improve students’ interest level and reading skills. You can trust JLG to provide the very best in new-release books, and now to enhance those selections by giving your school the tools to use those books in the classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • CHANGING PERCEPTIONS of WILD HORSES in the AMERICAN LANDSCAPE a Dissertation Submitted to the Gradu
    RUNNING WILD, RUNNING FREE?: CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF WILD HORSES IN THE AMERICAN LANDSCAPE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Andrea Lynn Mott In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies May 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Running Wild, Running Free: Changing Perceptions of Wild Horses in the American Landscape By Andrea Lynn Mott The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Thomas D. Isern Chair Angela Smith Cynthia Prescott Kevin Sedivec James F. Hoy Approved: July 11, 2014 John Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Since the 1930s, wild horses have become a subject of public concern. They are often showcased as symbols representing the historic past of the western United States. More recently they have become symbols of a mythic, or imagined, west. Writers, scholars, politicians, advocates, ranchers, and land managers are among the few groups who have taken a role in the livelihood of these animals living freely on public rangelands. The protection movement that began in the 1950s and carried over into the 1970s ultimately resulted in the passage of the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. This act placed all wild horses living on public rangelands under the protection of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. Before this legislation individuals in the West could round up wild horses without interference.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Contemporary U.S. Wild Horse and Burro Management Processes in a Dynamic Ecological, Sociological, and Political Environment
    Human–Wildlife Interactions 12(1):31–45, Spring 2018 Synthesis Framing contemporary U.S. wild horse and burro management processes in a dynamic ecological, sociological, and political environment J. Dˎ˛ˎ˔ Sˌˊ˜˝ˊ, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA [email protected] Jˊˌ˘ˋ D. Hˎ˗˗˒ː, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA Jˎˏˏ˛ˎˢ L. Bˎˌ˔, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA Abstract: The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (WFRHBA) of 1971 established all “unbranded or unclaimed” equids on U.S. public lands as “living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West.” Today, >72,000 feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) and burros (E. asinus; WHB) live on western U.S. public rangelands. The number of WHBs exceeds the Bureau of Land Management’s maximum Appropriate Management Level (AML) of 26,715 by a factor of approximately 2.7 and has nearly doubled from 2007–2015. The AML was set to balance WHB numbers with rangeland health and support other uses such as wildlife habitat and livestock grazing. Thus, public land management agencies must manage WHB under the multiple-use context. This becomes more problematic when WHB populations go largely unmanaged and excessive equid grazing negatively impacts rangeland vegetation, native wildlife, and livestock forage. In addition, approximately 46,000 WHBs exist in off -range holding facilities, further straining federal budgets. Contemporary management actions are being constrained by: (1) litigation that has stymied federal government WFRHBA enforcement eff orts, (2) public emotional concerns that lack reconciliation with the current situation, and (3) increasing complexity in the laws and subsequent amendments shaping WHB management policy.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 State Horse Bowl Contest Junior Division Round One
    2015 State Horse Bowl Contest Junior Division Round One 1) Q: What is the single most important nutrient for all living things? A: Water Source: HS 2001 (28) 2) Q: What is the maximum height of a pony, in hands? A: 14.2 hands Source: GRIFFITHS (20) 3) Q: What term describes a horse with long sloping pasterns and low fetlocks? A: Coon-footed Source: H&H 2001 (8) 4) Q: If a horse is a reddish brown in color with black points, what color is it? A: Bay Source: BH (15) 5) Q: When cleaning out your horse's feet describe the proper way to use your hoof pick. A: Smoothly pull the pick from the heel toward the toe Source: BH(26) 6) Q: What is the base coat color of a blue roan? A: Black Source: GRIFFITHS (47) 7) Q: What is another term for the cavesson? A: Noseband Source: H&H2001(27) 8) Q: What basic brush can be used over the whole body? A: Soft-bristled brush Source: BH (25) 9) Q: What is another term for a dorsal stripe? A: Back stripe, lineback, eel stripe, ray Source: GRIFFITHS (38) 10) Q: What term descibes a horse who is biting a solid object while sucking air? A: Cribbing Source: LOOK (16) 11) Q: A finely chiseled head, dished face, long arching neck, and high tail carriage are characteristics of what breed? A: Arabian Source: H&H 2001 (57) 12) Q: What color is a horse that has a golden coat, a black mane and tail, and a dorsal stripe? A: Dun Source: GRIFFITHS (42) 13) Q: What is the term for an abnormality that interferes with the usefulness of the horse? A: unsoundness.
    [Show full text]
  • Reintroduction of Przewalski’S Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii)
    Biological Conservation 177 (2014) 142–147 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Short communication Reintroduction of Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China: The status and experience ⇑ Canjun Xia a, Jie Cao b, Hefan Zhang b, Xingyi Gao a, Weikang Yang a, , David Blank a a Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 818, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China b Wild Horse Breeding Centre, Jimsar 831700, Xinjiang, China article info abstract Article history: Przewalski’s horse reintroductions to Xinjiang, China were initiated in 1985. Here, we present the first Received 13 January 2014 data on population development and current problems of the Przewalski’s horse in both captive and Received in revised form 20 June 2014 released populations in Xinjiang. From 1985 to 2005, a total of 24 captive Przewalski’s horses (14 males Accepted 23 June 2014 and 10 females) were brought from western zoos to the Jimsar Wild Horse Breeding Center (WHBC) in Xinjiang. In 1988, the first foal was born. Since then, a total of 285 foals have been born and the number of animals in the captive population continues to increase. In August 2001, the first group of horses was Keywords: released into semi-wild conditions in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR). Released horses were allowed Asian wild horse to range freely from spring to fall, but were driven into a winter coral to allow for supplemental feeding Reintroduction Equus ferus przewalskii and to increase winter survival, and to reduce competition with domestic horses from local herdsmen China who use the KNR as winter pasture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wild Horses of the Outer Banks of North Carolina Would Fare
    WilsonAcademy | Differentiated Text Instruction ENRICHED TEXT/DESCRIPTION The Wild Horses of the Outer Banks of North Carolina (September 2019) As Hurricane Dorian moved up the East Coast of the United States, leaving destruction in its wake, many people wondered how the wild horses of the Outer Banks of North Carolina would fare. After all, many people and animals had been injured or killed in the wake of the unrelenting nature of the storm. How could unsheltered horses survive? The truth is these colonial Spanish mustangs are never evacuated during bad weather. Rather, they use an impressive but simple method they’ve employed for centuries to ride out tough times: they huddle together—backs and bottoms to the wind and rain! The wild horses of the Outer Banks know what they’re doing when it comes to hurricanes, mostly because they’ve been doing it for so long. When instinct kicks in, they move to higher ground, specifically under the oak trees of the island. They know this is a dry and safe place to hide out. The wild horses of the Outer Banks are thought to be descendants of the mustangs brought over by Spanish explorers long ago. The Outer Banks herd is made up of several groups, or harems, of horses. Each harem consists of a stallion and a group of mares. Typically, the harems keep to ©2019 WILSON LANGUAGE TRAINING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED (2013-106-14756) www.wilsonacademy.com WilsonAcademy | Differentiated Text Instruction ENRICHED TEXT/DESCRIPTION themselves, but during a storm, the different harems come together. There’s strength in numbers, as the old saying goes.
    [Show full text]
  • African Wild Ass the African Wild Ass Is Endangered
    tion. Equus africanus is not listed on the CITES appendices, according to the Secretariat, simply African because nobody ever proposed it—even though it is classified as endangered in the IUCN's Red Data Book where the first proposed conservation measure listed is inclusion in Appendix I of the wild ass Convention on International Trade in Wild Bill Clark Species (sic) of Fauna and Flora. This proposal was published in 1976. While conservationists have been slow to propose protective measures for this rare equine, the international animal exploiters have also been stalled for the time being. The African wild ass The African wild ass is endangered. Its lives in an extremely remote and hostile habitat, habitat is a drought-stricken war zone; its in countries where the political situation is, at best, flesh is eaten and is believed to cure unstable. hepatitis; it is eagerly sought by dealers Two subspecies now exist, africanus, the Nubian and collectors. The author, Chief Curator wild ass, numbering perhaps 1500 animals in at Israel's Hai-Bar reserve, examines the southern Sudan, near the Red Sea coast (Watson problems hindering the conservation of et al, 1977), and somalicus, the Somali wild ass, of about 2000 animals living in the Ethiopian this animal and explains why it is urgently Danakil Desert and the Las 'Anod region of necessary to list it on Appendix I of the Somalia (Simonetta, 1982; Stephenson, 1976). Convention on International Trade in Formerly, the African wild ass inhabited most of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and North Africa, from the Atlas Mountains in the west Flora at its meeting in April 1983.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Behavior of the Stallion
    Behavior 0749-0739186 $00.00 + .20 Reproductive Behavior of the Stallion Sue McDonnell, Ph.D.* The article begins with a brief description of the reproductive behavior of semi-wild and feral horses, which is intended to provide a background on the reproductive patterns and the specific behavioral elements comprising courtship and mating in the horse. The remain- der of the article focuses on the domestic stallion. Various breeding conditions are described, including normal breeding performance. Fi- nally, considerable attention is devoted to sexual behavior problems. SEMI-WILD AND FERAL ENVIRONMENT Considerable observational information has amassed concerning the behavior of semi-wild and feral horses throughout the world. The following summary of reproductive behavior is based on descriptions of behavior of free-running horses in the Western United States and Canada, in the New Forest of Southern England, in Poland, and on islands off the coast of North America. 1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30 Each of these populations, although free-running for most or all of the year, is subject to breeding or population management. Reproductive Patterns Free-running horses are polygynous, seasonal breeders with some overlap of the late spring to midsummer foaling and mating seasons. Breeding occurs within a harem group that generally consists of one stallion and several mares with their foals and yearling offspring. The harem group is a relatively stable social unit year-round. Most of the matings observed among the Pryor Mountain, Western Canadian, Pol- ish, and New Forest populations are between April and July. Although most harem mares will be bred by the harem stallion, younger mares may be bred by Syear-old colts that are occasionally tolerated as group members by a harem stallion.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for Inclusion of the Przewalski's Horse
    CMS Distribution: General CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.8 9 June 2017 SPECIES Original: English 12th MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Manila, Philippines, 23 - 28 October 2017 Agenda Item 25.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF THE PRZEWALSKI’S HORSE (Equus ferus przewalskii) ON APPENDIX I OF THE CONVENTION Summary: The Government of Mongolia has submitted the attached proposal* for the inclusion of the Przewalski’s Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) on Appendix I of CMS. *The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CMS Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.8 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF THE PRZEWALSKI’S HORSE (Equus ferus przewalskii) ON APPENDIX I OF THE CONVENTION A. PROPOSAL Inclusion of Przewalski’s Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) to CMS Appendx I. B. PROPONENT: Government of Mongolia C.SUPPORTING STATEMENT 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class Mammalia 1.2 Order Perissodactyla 1.3 Family Equidae 1.4 Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year Equus ferus Przewalskii Pliakov, 1881 1.5 Scientific synonyms Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881 1.6 Common name(s), in all applicable languages used by the Convention English: Przewalski’s Horse, Asian Wild Horse, Mongolian Wild Horse French: Cheval de Przewalski Spanish: Caballo de Przewalski 2. Overview The horse is named after the Russian Colonel Nikolai Przhevalsky (1839–1888) (the name is of Polish origin and "Przewalski" is the Polish spelling).
    [Show full text]