Table of Contents CMMCP Educational Materials front pocket Biology of the Mosquito………………………………………………………….pg. 1-5 Eggs………………………………………………………………………………1 Larvae………………………………………………………………………........2 Pupae……………………………………………………………………….........3 Adult............................................................................................................3 Classification...............................................................................................5 Insecticide Narration & Labels...................................................................pg. 6-16 Bti Larvicide...............................................................................................6 AquaBac Granules........................................................................7 Insect Growth Regulator……………………………………...………….........9 Altosid WSP……………...…………………………………………..10 Pupacide………………………………………………………………….........12 BVA2 Mosquito Larvicidal oil…….……………….……………........13 Adulticide………………………………………………………………….........14 Zenivex E4 RTU...……………………………………………………15 EPA Questions & Answers Fact Sheets:………………...………………..pg. 17-21 Pesticides and Mosquito Control……………………………………...……..17 EPA For Your Information Fact Sheets:……………………………………pg. 22-34 Larvicides for Mosquito Control………………………………………………22 Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control…………………………………30 CMMCP District Map…….……………………………………………………………35 Mosquito Control Communities in Mass……..……………………………………..36 NJMCA Newsletter Article: “Products & Promotions That Have Limited Value For Mosquito Control” …………………………………………………………………………………...37 “Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS” ……………………………………...….39 MDPH Arbovirus Surveillance Summary, 2018………………………...................41 2018 CMMCP Executive Summary………………………………………………….49 Mass. Dept. of Public Health Fact Sheets back pocket The Biology of the Mosquito by Timothy D. Deschamps Mosquitoes are small, long legged, two 3): Those that are laid singly out of the winged insects belonging to the order water, on the soil. Examples of the Diptera and the family Culicidae. Adult different types are explained below: mosquitoes differ from other flies because they have scales on the wing 1): Those that are laid singly on the veins and wing margin, and they have water: Eggs of the Anophelene an elongate proboscis used to bite and mosquito. These are elongated and draw blood from their host, which is oval, usually pointed at one end, and needed for egg development. This are provided with a pair of lateral floats. group contains over 2,600 species, with about 162 species in the US, belonging 2): Those that are glued together to form to 13 genera and 3 subfamilies1. rafts: Eggs of the Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia and Uranotaenia mosquito. Life History: This raft, which may contain 200 or more eggs, remains afloat on the Mosquitoes have four separate stages surface of the water until hatching in their development: egg, larvae, pupae occurs, usually within a few days. and adult. The first three stages occur in the water (the eggs may be on wet or 3): Those that are laid singly out of the damp soil). The larvae also goes water, on the soil: Eggs of the through four stages (called instars) in its Orthopodomyia, Oc. triseriatus and Oc. development into a pupae. The adult is atropalpus are laid on the sides of tree the active, flying insect most of us are or rock holes, or in artificial containers familiar with, and feeds upon plant (like tires) just above the water line, so juices and nectar for food, and needs that with a rise in the water the eggs blood from a host for egg development. hatch. These are known as container species. Other species of Aedes and Eggs: Ochleratatus, and all species of Psorophora lay their eggs on moist The behavior of the female mosquito ground where they remain until flooding determines where they eggs are laid, occurs. In some cases, hatching occurs and this behavior is quite constant for a as soon as the eggs are flooded, and given species. Eggs are white when first several generations may occur each deposited, and darken after an hour or year (multivoltine). This includes the two. In general, mosquito eggs fall into Psorophora group, and Ae. vexans, Oc. three distinct groups: canadensis, and Oc. sollicitans. These are the reflood species. Most others 1): Those that are laid singly on the must be subjected to cold-conditioning water's surface. in order for hatching to occur, thus there is only one generation per year 2): Those that are glued together to form (univoltine). Examples are Oc. rafts, which float on the water. stimulans, Oc. aurifer, Oc. excrucians, Oc. fitchii and Oc. abserratus. These are known as spring brood mosquitoes. 1 See classification on page 5 1 Central Mass. Mosquito Control Project The Biology of the Mosquito The eggs of these species that are The larvae goes through four different deposited on the soil are able to stages, called instars. At the end of survive for long periods of time, each instar the larvae molts, or sheds sometimes years or more, until such a it's skin. The fourth instar is the mature time that they get flooded and are able larvae; the final aquatic stage is the to hatch. pupae. This process requires a minimum of 4-10 days (in the summer) Larvae: to as long as several months (in the spring). Most larvae have similar The larvae of all mosquitoes live in still, characteristic position and slow or non-flowing water. Some movements, with the exception of the species live in permanent swamps and Anophelene larvae. (See figure 1) marshes, some in water contained in tree holes or other containers (tires, The three body catch basins, etc.), and some develop in segments, head, thorax areas that are only wet for a period of and abdomen are time (such as vernal pools or distinct (See figure 2). floodplains). Mosquitoes have adapted No other Diptera larvae to live in many types of water; fresh share this characteristic. water, salt water, and even water as Most species of polluted as septic discharge. Mosquito mosquito larvae eat larvae feed on bacteria and debris found minute organisms found in the water, but are dependent on the in water, bacteria and stillness of the water to be able to use Figure 2 other debris. These the surface tension on the top to attach organisms flourish in water polluted with their siphon tube and breath air. garbage, and organic waste from Because of this limitation, larvae are not humans and animals. Polluted water found in fast moving streams and river, such as this will produce an amazing open lakes and seas. One notable number of larvae compared to a similar exception to this rule are the larvae of amount of clean water. A few species Coquillettidia perturbans, which is able such as Psorophora ciliata and to attach itself to the roots and tubers of Toxorhynchites rutilus are predaceous, under water plants (typically cattails). and will feed on aquatic insects, including other mosquito larvae. The rate of development depends mainly on the availability of food and the temperature of the water. In the spring, larvae of Culex pipiens may require 15 Figure 1 days to mature, but in the summer may only need 5 days. Larvae that overwinter, such as Cq. perturbans and They breathe air through the plants C. melanura, may need several months roots itself. Floodplains alongside many to complete their life cycle. rivers provide an ideal site for breeding once the flood waters subside. 2 Central Mass. Mosquito Control Project The Biology of the Mosquito Pupae: inch. The three body regions, head, thorax and abdomen are distinct. The mosquito pupae is the final stage before the adult, and like the larvae also The range of flight of the adult is a lives in the water. It is very active, does difficult problem to answer. Many factors not feed, and must come to the surface are involved in this area. No clear for air like the larvae. One exception is statement can be made because the the pupae of the Cq. perturbans, whose answer depends to a on large extent the pupae (and larvae) are attached to the species involved and the weather roots of underwater plants. Like the conditions, especially wind. When Cx. larvae, this depends on the temperature pipiens, Oc. of the water and other factors. japonicus or Oc. triseriatus is the Mosquito pupae are one of the most pest the source active of all insect pupae. Most are is usually close lighter than water, their buoyancy due to by, often within a an air space in the pupae itself. By few hundred feet. vigorous movements of it's abdomen, Figure 4 When Ae. pupae are able to move with remarkable vexans, Cq. speed, but rise directly to the surface perturbans or Oc. sollicitans are when movement stops. (See figure 3) involved, the larval habitat may be The pupal stage several miles away from the point of lasts from 1 day annoyance. to a few weeks. No species at The sex ratio in adult mosquitoes is this time are usually 1:1. Males ordinarily emerge up known to to a day first. The male mosquito overwinter as remains close to the breeding area to pupae. At the await the hatching of the females. Some Figure 3 ends of this females are receptive to mating soon stage, the pupal skin is broken along the after emergence, but others require 1 to dorsal mid-line and the adult works its 2 days to become ready. Males of most way out onto the surface of the water. species congregate into small swarms, This is another reason the stillness of usually over an object such as a bush or the water is important. Once free of the tree limb. Females are audio attracted to pupal skin, the adult rests for a time to these swarms and once they fly into the dry it's wings, then it's ready to fly away. swarm are grasped by a male and copulate while falling or on the ground. Adult: Most species do not seek a blood meal until after mating has occurred. Sperm The adult mosquito is a fragile insect are stored in a specialized structure in with a slender abdomen, one pair of the female, and she may lay several narrow wings, three pairs of legs and a fertile egg batches following a single proboscis. (see figure 4) The adult mating. varies in length from 1/16 inch to 1/2 3 Central Mass.

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