DOCSLIB.ORG

COA Design Standards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COA Design Standards TABLE OF CONTENTS General Information ................................................................................................ 13 1.00 Preface ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.01 Definitions ................................................................................................................... 13 1.02 Contact Information .................................................................................................... 20 1.03 Reference Material...................................................................................................... 20 1.03.1 City Reference Material .................................................................................. 20 1.03.1.1 City of Auburn Surface Water Management Manual (SWMM) .................. 20 1.03.1.2 City of Auburn Engineering Construction Standards Manual ..................... 20 1.03.1.3 Planning Documents ................................................................................... 21 1.03.1.4 Informational Handouts .............................................................................. 21 1.03.1.5 Technical Memos ........................................................................................ 21 1.03.2 Other Reference Material ............................................................................... 22 1.04 Deviation from Standards ........................................................................................... 22 1.04.1 General Deviations .......................................................................................... 23 1.04.2 Surface Water Management Manual (SWMM) Deviations ............................ 23 1.04.2.1 The Ten Minimum Requirements ............................................................... 23 1.04.2.2 Deviation Process ........................................................................................ 24 1.05 Appeal of City Engineer’s Decision .............................................................................. 24 1.06 Changes to Standards .................................................................................................. 24 1.07 Downtown Urban Corridor Standards ........................................................................ 25 Plan Approval Process ............................................................................................. 26 2.00 Preface ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.01 Types of Plans .............................................................................................................. 26 2.02 Grading Plans .............................................................................................................. 26 2.02.1 Building Site Plans ........................................................................................... 26 2.02.2 Public Facility Extension (FAC) Plans ............................................................... 27 2.02.3 Other Plans ...................................................................................................... 27 2.03 Review and Approval Process ..................................................................................... 28 2.03.1 Submittals........................................................................................................ 28 2.03.2 City Review ...................................................................................................... 29 Issued February 26, 2018 City of Auburn Engineering Design Standards Page 2 2.03.3 Plan Approval .................................................................................................. 29 2.03.4 Project Close Out ............................................................................................. 30 Plan Preparation Requirements .............................................................................. 32 3.00 Preface ........................................................................................................................ 32 3.01 General Requirements ................................................................................................ 32 3.02 Plan Format ................................................................................................................. 32 3.02.1 Grading Plans .................................................................................................. 33 3.02.2 Building Site Plans ........................................................................................... 33 3.02.3 Facility Extension (FAC) Plans .......................................................................... 33 3.03 General Plan Requirements ........................................................................................ 34 3.03.1 Standard Plan Format...................................................................................... 34 3.03.2 Drafting Standards .......................................................................................... 34 3.04 Plan Sheet Elements .................................................................................................... 35 3.04.1 Cover Sheet ..................................................................................................... 35 3.04.2 Temporary Erosion and Sediment Control (TESC) Plan Sheet ........................ 36 3.04.3 Grading and Private Storm Drainage Plan Sheet ............................................ 36 3.04.4 Cross-Section Sheet ......................................................................................... 38 3.04.5 Detail Sheet ..................................................................................................... 38 3.04.6 Public Storm Drainage Plan Sheet ................................................................... 39 3.04.7 Utility Plan Sheet ............................................................................................. 40 3.04.7.1 Water ........................................................................................................... 40 3.04.7.2 Sanitary Sewer ............................................................................................. 41 3.04.8 Utility Profile Sheet ......................................................................................... 41 3.04.8.1 Storm Drainage ........................................................................................... 42 3.04.8.2 Water ........................................................................................................... 42 3.04.8.3 Sanitary Sewer ............................................................................................. 42 3.04.9 Public Street Plan and Profile Sheet ................................................................ 43 3.04.9.1 Plan View ..................................................................................................... 43 3.04.9.2 Profile .......................................................................................................... 43 3.04.9.3 Intersections ................................................................................................ 44 3.04.9.4 Typical Roadway Sections ........................................................................... 45 3.04.9.5 Striping and Signing ..................................................................................... 45 Issued February 26, 2018 City of Auburn Engineering Design Standards Page 3 3.04.9.6 Signalization ................................................................................................ 45 3.04.9.7 Illumination ................................................................................................. 47 3.04.9.8 Streetscape .................................................................................................. 48 3.04.9.9 Other Features ............................................................................................ 49 3.04.10 Site and Landscape Plan Sheet ........................................................................ 49 3.04.11 Site Irrigation Plan sheet ................................................................................. 50 3.04.12 Critical Area Restoration/Mitigation ............................................................... 50 3.04.13 City Parks and Open Spaces ............................................................................ 50 3.04.14 Phasing Plans ................................................................................................... 50 Report Preparation Requirements .......................................................................... 60 4.00 Preface ............................................................................................................................ 60 4.01 General Requirements ................................................................................................ 60 4.02 Report Types ............................................................................................................... 60 4.03 Report Requirements ................................................................................................. 60 4.03.1 Geotechnical Reports ...................................................................................... 60 4.03.2 Stormwater Site Plan Report ........................................................................... 61 4.03.3 Critical Area Report ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of the Application of Geometric Figures in Graphic Design Xiao Li Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China
    2019 International Conference on Art, Design and Cultural Studies (ADCS 2019) Analysis of the Application of Geometric Figures in Graphic Design Xiao Li Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China Abstract. Geometric figures such as triangle, square, rhombus and circle are the basic elements of common graphics in our real life and graphic design, geometric figures are everywhere, and simple graphics can constitute all phenomena in the world, which can cause people's infinite reverie. The basic geometric figures are formed by conducting combination and change of complex representational figures, which is a reflection of people's summarization ability. The application performance in design is analyzed from the influence of geometric figures in graphic design. Keywords: geometric figure, graphic design, sign, font design, graphic creativity. 1. Introduction As a language of graphic design, geometry is getting more and more credit. In such a fast-paced living space, our graphic requirements for graphic design are also increasing accordingly, the time people stay on complex graphics is becoming shorter and shorter, and it is urgent for us to make changes, simplify complex graphics, make complicated things simple and return to its original nature. It makes people to quickly interpret graphic information under the environment of modern life rhythm. Geometric figures are ubiquitous in graphic design; it is indispensable in font design, sign design, and image design, printing process, package design and pop design. And this kind of expression form of simple geometric figures can convey people's simple, understandable and bright feelings. 2. Application of Geometric Figures in Sign Design The history of the sign can be traced back to the "totem" ancient times, in the evolution process from complexity to simplicity, it expresses emotion with graphics, transfers the expression of meaning to the viewer, and changes from complicated graphics to simple and easy-to-understand intuitive geometric graphics.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Design Strategic Research TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Number E-C110 January 2007 Geometric Design Strategic Research TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS Chair: Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Vice Chair: Linda S. Watson, Executive Director, LYNX–Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando Division Chair for NRC Oversight: C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COUNCIL Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, State Highway Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Technical Activities Director: Mark R. Norman, Transportation Research Board Christopher P. L. Barkan, Associate Professor and Director, Railroad Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Rail Group Chair Shelly R. Brown, Principal, Shelly Brown Associates, Seattle, Washington, Legal Resources Group Chair Christina S. Casgar, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Office of Intermodalism, Washington, D.C., Freight Systems Group Chair James M. Crites, Executive Vice President, Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, Aviation Group Chair Arlene L. Dietz, C&A Dietz, LLC, Salem, Oregon, Marine Group Chair Robert C. Johns, Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Policy and Organization Group Chair Patricia V. McLaughlin, Principal, Moore Iacofano Golstman, Inc., Pasadena, California, Public Transportation Group Chair Marcy S. Schwartz, Senior Vice President, CH2M HILL, Portland, Oregon, Planning and Environment Group Chair Leland D. Smithson, AASHTO SICOP Coordinator, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, Operations and Maintenance Group Chair L. David Suits, Executive Director, North American Geosynthetics Society, Albany, New York, Design and Construction Group Chair Barry M.
    [Show full text]
  • Instrumentalists and Renaissance Culture, 1420–1600
    Instrumentalists and Renaissance Culture, 1420–1600 This innovative and multilayered study of the music and culture of Renaissance instrumentalists spans the early institutionalization of instrumental music from c.1420 to the rise of the basso continuo and newer roles for players around 1600. Employing a broad cultural narrative interwoven with detailed case studies, close readings of eighteen essential musical sources, and analysis of musical images, Victor Coelho and Keith Polk show that instrumental music formed a vital and dynamic element in the artistic landscape, from rote function to creative fantasy. Instrumentalists occupied a central role in courtly ceremonies and private social rituals during the Renaissance, as banquets, dances, processions, religious celebrations, and weddings all required their participation – regardless of social class. Instrumental genres were highly diverse artistic creations, from polyphonic repertories revealing knowledge of notated styles, to improvisation and flexible practices. Understanding the contributions of instrumentalists is essential for any accurate assessment of Renaissance culture. victor coelho is Professor of Music and Director of the Center for Early Music Studies at Boston University, a fellow of Villa I Tatti, the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies in Florence, and a lutenist and guitarist. His books include Music and Science in the Age of Galileo, The Manuscript Sources of Seventeenth- Century Italian Lute Music, Performance on Lute, Guitar, and Vihuela, and The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar. In 2000 he received the Noah Greenberg Award given by the American Musicological Society for outstanding contributions to the performance of early music, resulting in a recording (with Alan Curtis) that won a Prelude Classical Award in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the NACTO Urban Design Guidelines What Is NACTO?
    The NACTO USDG – expanding the toolkit Introducing the NACTO Urban Design Guidelines What Is NACTO? • Founded 1996 • Peer Network of Large Central Cities (32) • Advancing Sustainable Transportation and Street Design • Focus on Local Innovation and Expertise • City Counterpart to AASHTO San Mateo Training Overview MAY 13 Training for local policymakers and elected officials MAY 14 Training for Public Works and Engineering MAY 20 On-site street design charrette at Middlefield Road May 13 Agenda Overview 9:00 – 9:15 Opening Remarks 9:15 – 10:30 Presentations: Design Policies & Assumptions 10:30 - 10:40 Break 10:40 – 11:30 Presentations: Streets & Measurement 11:30 – 12:45 Interactive Design Exercise & Lunch 12:45 – 2:00 Presentations & Discussion: Bikeway Design & Safe Intersection Design May 7, 2014: Tacoma vows to prosecute rogue crosswalk painters “City Crosswalks must comply with federal guidelines…We look at sight distance, we look at traffic volumes, we look at street width…” -Kurtis Kingsolver, City of Tacoma Director of Public Works Current street design guidance Prevailing design guidelines define every street as a highway Fixed-object hazards vs. community assets The Need for Speed “The objective in design of any engineered facility used by public is to satisfy the public’s demand for service in an economical manner with efficient traffic operations and with low crash frequency and severity. The facility should, therefore, accommodate nearly all demands with reasonable adequacy and also should not fail under severe or extreme traffic
    [Show full text]
  • Intersection Geometric Design
    Intersection Geometric Design Course No: C04-033 Credit: 4 PDH Gregory J. Taylor, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] Intersection Geometric Design INTRODUCTION This course summarizes and highlights the geometric design process for modern roadway intersections. The contents of this document are intended to serve as guidance and not as an absolute standard or rule. When you complete this course, you should be familiar with the general guidelines for at-grade intersection design. The course objective is to give engineers and designers an in-depth look at the principles to be considered when selecting and designing intersections. Subjects include: 1. General design considerations – function, objectives, capacity 2. Alignment and profile 3. Sight distance – sight triangles, skew 4. Turning roadways – channelization, islands, superelevation 5. Auxiliary lanes 6. Median openings – control radii, lengths, skew 7. Left turns and U-turns 8. Roundabouts 9. Miscellaneous considerations – pedestrians, traffic control, frontage roads 10. Railroad crossings – alignments, sight distance For this course, Chapter 9 of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (also known as the “Green Book”) published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) will be used primarily for fundamental geometric design principles. This text is considered to be the primary guidance for U.S. roadway geometric design. Copyright 2015 Gregory J. Taylor, P.E. Page 2 of 56 Intersection Geometric Design This document is intended to explain some principles of good roadway design and show the potential trade-offs that the designer may have to face in a variety of situations, including cost of construction, maintenance requirements, compatibility with adjacent land uses, operational and safety impacts, environmental sensitivity, and compatibility with infrastructure needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer-Aided Design from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia "CAD" Redirects Here
    Computer-aided design From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "CAD" redirects here. For other uses, see CAD (disambiguation). For the currency, see Canadian Dollar. Example: 2D CAD drawing Example: 3D CAD model CAD rendering of Sialk zigguratbased on archeological evidence Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, [1] modification, analysis, or optimization of adesign. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through [2] documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. Computer-aided design is used in many fields. Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating [3] a technical drawing with the use of computer software. CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produceraster graphics showing the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual draftingof technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, andtolerances, according to application-specific conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, [4] and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space. CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Design of a Highway Using Autocad Civil 3D
    Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 4 Issue 6, June - 2017 Geometric Design of a Highway Using Autocad Civil 3d S.A. Raji A. Zava K. Jirgba A.B. Osunkunle Snr Lect.: Dept. of PG Std. Dept. of Civil PG Std. Dept. of Civil PG Std. Dept. of Civil Civil Engineering, Engineering, Engineering, Engineering, University of Ilorin University of Ilorin University of Ilorin University of Ilorin [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract - Roadway geometry design involves such tasks as creating the road alignment and Geometric design of roads can be subdivided into plotting the alignment profile using bearings or three main parts: horizontal alignment, vertical coordinates (easting and northing), stations and alignment and cross section, which when combined elevations of points along the proposed route; provide a three-dimensional layout for a highway [2, calculation of sight distances, radii of horizontal 3]. curves, and lengths of vertical curves; computation of earthwork quantities, and Horizontal alignment of a highway defines its location numerous other analyses and calculations aimed and orientation in plan-view. It comprises three at finding the optimum alignment while satisfying geometric elements, including tangents (straight design standards and constraints. When sections), circular curves and transition spirals performed manually, geometric design is very between tangents and curves [2] cumbersome, time-consuming and highly susceptible to very costly errors. Current trends The vertical alignment (or roadway profile) is the are geared towards the use of computer longitudinal section of the road, comprising such programs for roadway geometry design.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Design According to Motif- • Natural Design: It Is the Design Where Motifs Are Collected from Nature
    Classification of design according to motif- • Natural design: It is the design where motifs are collected from nature. Here flowers, leaves, creepers, animals, hills and mountains, rivers and streams are taken as subject matter. • Conventional Design: When an object from natures adopted to suit the purpose of the object and be decorative the motif ceases to be naturalistic. • Geometric design: In this system motif like circles, triangular, square, rectangle, oval, parallel lines and other shapes are used to perform the design. • Abstract design: It is the design which follows certain complicated motif to sketch anything. Motif which does not have the nature as the source but the combination of lines producing irregular form i.e. not easily recognized. The modern art is an abstract design. • Stylized design: It is the design where the designers are uses his or her personal creative power giving due importance of the time being natural stylized designs are made of through basic system. Classification of design on the base of beauty- • Distinctive design: This design distinguishes address for its special tracing. • Classic design: The design which helps dresses to be differentiated easily is called classic design. • Ordinary design: In this process dresses are plainly designed, it may be considered as an ordinary one. • Poor design: The design which doesn`t add beauty or increase that it may be considered as an ordinary one. Classification of design according to sense, motive and personality- • Athletic design: This type of design is use on games, sports and exercises related to dresses like football, cricket, basket ball, swimming and running.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Illusion and the Aesthetic Dimensions of the Geometric Line and Its Use in Designing Women's Fashion to Hide Physical Defects Assist
    مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اﻻنسانية - المجلد السادس - العدد السادس والعشرون مارس 2021 Visual Illusion and the Aesthetic Dimensions of the Geometric Line and its Use in Designing Women's Fashion to Hide Physical Defects Assist. Prof. Dr. Wafaa Mohammed Mohammed Samaha Assistant Professor of Textile and Garment - Faculty of Education, Mansoura University [email protected] Assist. Prof. Dr. Nora Hassan Ebrahim Eladwy Assistant Professor of Textile and Garment - Faculty of Education, Mansoura University [email protected] Abstract: In the modern era, there were many new artistic trends that were influenced by progress And development as a reaction to the interaction of the designer with his time, and from these artistic trends is the art of the Opp Art, or what's called visual art, This method depends on the effects of studying fonts, g Gradient in colors, and geometric areas, and on visual vision, by creating rapid shocks that inspire the eye with certain shapes and suggestions. The Optical Deception School is considered one of the technical schools that plays a prominent a nd clear role in fashion design as a modern scientific method in the treatment of some of the phys ical defects of women, The outside is more about clothing than about body boundaries, and the individual's body may look smaller or larger through the uniform he's wearing, That is, it can imply the desired size or length by using shapes and lines in fashion design. And in this sense ;This research is aimed at recruiting geometric line aesthetics from the visual
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Road Trains on the Geometric Design of Highways
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2012 Impacts of Road Trains on the Geometric Design of Highways Francisco J. Martinez-Perez University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Martinez-Perez, Francisco J., "Impacts of Road Trains on the Geometric Design of Highways" (2012). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 717. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/717 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACTS OF ROAD TRAINS ON THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS BY FRANCISCO J. MARTINEZ-PEREZ A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2012 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING OF FRANCISCO J. MARTINEZ-PEREZ APPROVED: Thesis Committee: K. Wayne Lee Farhad Atash Major Professor Natacha E. Thomas Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2012 ABSTRACT Traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles have alarmingly increased over the past decades as a result of people’s daily driving. Building newer and larger roads to improve traffic flow and decrease emissions is no longer an option. Transportation needs to embrace higher levels of sustainability and efficiency in order to solve one of the greatest 21st century’s problems. Not surprisingly, engineers and researchers develop nowadays many valuable and green ideas for transportation changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Trinity Parkway Technical Team Proposal (Conceptual Development of the Design Charrette Report) March 2016
    Trinity Parkway Technical Team Proposal (Conceptual Development of the Design Charrette Report) March 2016 Page 1 of 57 Technical Team Larry Beasley – Co-Facilitator Brent Brown – Co-Facilitator bcWORKSHOP – Urban Planning and Design City Design Studio – Urban Planning and Design Larry Good – Urban Planning/Design and Economic Development Gresham, Smith and Partners – Stormwater Management and Design/Environmental Planning Keith Manoy – Transportation Planning Halff Associates – Transportation Planning/Road Design HNTB Corporation – Geotechnical and Levee Integrity Salcedo Group – Civil Engineering Michael Van Valkenburgh and Associates – Environmental Design and Landscape Architecture Local, state and federal project partners: City of Dallas North Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA) North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Page 2 of 57 Design Charrette Team Larry Beasley – Planner/Urban Designer – Chairman* John Alschuler – Economic Development Specialist* Zabe Bent – Transportation Planner* Brent Brown – Urban Planning and Design* Ignacio Bunster-Ossa – Landscape Architect/Urban Designer Timothy Dekker – Hydrology Specialist* Elissa Hoagland Izmailyan – Economic Development Specialist* Allan Jacobs – Planner/Urban Designer Alex Krieger – Architect/Urban Designer* Elizabeth Macdonald – Urban Designer Alan Mountjoy – Architect/Urban Designer* Mark Simmons – Landscape Architect/Ecology Specialist Jeff Tumlin
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Design: Past, Present, and Future
    A2A02: Committee on Geometric Design Chairman: Daniel B. Fambro Geometric Design: Past, Present, and Future DANIEL B. FAMBRO, Texas A&M University JOHN C. COLLINGS, Delcan Corporation ROBERT DELLA VEDOVA, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. JOEL P. LEISCH, Transportation Consultant JOHN M. MASON, JR., Pennsylvania State University The Committee on Geometric Design addresses the design of highway and street geometric elements that affect efficient traffic operations and safety. This paper provides a brief review of the past and present and a look into the future. STATE OF THE PRACTICE Geometric design, which is the name given to the surface design of highways and streets, is at the end of a century of significant change and achievement. It has been almost 80 years since the transformation from roadways for animal-drawn vehicles to roadways for automatically powered vehicles. During those 80 years, most countries developed geometric design guidelines and then designed and built an extensive network of highways and streets. Most, if not all, of these facilities were designed so that small cars and large trucks could operate safely and efficiently at speeds of 50 to 120 kilometers per hour. The fundamental principles of geometric design were discussed in engineering textbooks as early as 1912; however, it was not until 1940 that the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), later the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), published seven documents, formally recognizing policies on certain aspects of geometric design. The 1940 AASHO policies were revised and amended in 1954, 1965, and 1971. They also were revised and amended by AASHTO in 1984, 1990, and 1994.
    [Show full text]