Climate, Energy and Urbanization Is For…

Climate, Energy and Urbanization is for…

- Planners and designers who want to learn about different design strategies and materials choices that can reduce energy demand in their next project.

- Public officials who want to know more about the elements of urban heat islands and strategies that can be implemented immediately to cool their communities.

- Architects, engineers and general contractors looking for easy to read descriptions, costs, pros and cons, and local suppliers of various systems, products and materials that can be used in their next LEED™ development project.

- Business leaders and entrepreneurs wanting to know more about the major sustainability issues facing the Valley and mitigation strategies being recommended by government and nongovernmental organizations.

- Community organizations and citizens wanting to learn more about sustainability, urban heat island mitigation and sustainable building design.

- And how we can: • decrease energy consumption and dependence • reduce green house gas emissions and smog formation • decrease nighttime temperatures in urban areas • make cities more comfortable and fulfilling places to live, work and play

Climate, Energy and Urbanization A Guide on Strategies, Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Desert National Center of Excellence for Sustainable Material and Renewable Technology (SMART) Innovations Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University

PO Box 875402 Tempe, Arizona 85287-5402 Phone 480.965.2975 Fax 480.965.8087 http://asuSMART.asu.edu http://sustainability.asu.edu

Mixed Sources Blurb and logo This report was printed utilizing state-of-the-art sustainability from printer practices ... blurb and other information. recycle logo too! Overview

Phonenix and the surrounding metropolitan area, referred to as the Valley of the Sun, is at a nexus in its development.

The past half century brought unprecedented growth, vitality and economic opportunities to the region. As we move

forward, we are faced with new challenges. The price of energy continues to increase and supplies of water, construction

materials and other resources show more and more signs of vulnerability. The decisions we make today in the way we

plan, design and operate our cities will determine the quality of life for its citizens for generations to come. To make this

change in planning our cities a reality, one needs to be knowledgeable about the leading issues and what options there are

for development projects.

Climate, Energy and Urbanization aims to highlight the most critical issues and provide the necessary tools for

implementing change in urbanizing areas of the Southwest that face similar development issues. The Guide begins by

providing a core understanding of urban environmental problems, and introducing key terms and statistical context that

set the stage for understanding the need for the strategies and design concepts introduced in later chapters. Specifically

written for a broad audience, Climate, Energy and Urbanization finds a balance between being a general overview for the

informed citizen, and being detailed enough to be useful for engineers and architects. Climate, Energy and Urbanization is

organized into four clearly defined chapters, each with their own specific purpose in the Guide.

Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region – Introduces sustainability with a Climate, Energy and Urbanization specific focus on the current trends of urban environmental problems found in Arizona metropolitan areas. A Guide on Strategies, Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Desert

Urban Heat Island Mitigation – Strategies and materials for mitigating urban heat islands Climate, Energy, and Urbanization: A Guide on Strategies, Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Desert is a comprehensive and providing action plans for cities to integrate these strategies into development and renovation plans. resource tool for those interested in learning about and implementing new concepts into the way we plan, design and build our cities. Focused on two of the most pertinent issues for our desert metropolis - Climate and Energy - this guide provides design solutions and citywide Design for Climate and Energy – Key concepts and strategies for planning and strategies toward reducing Urban Heat Islands and ensuring that new construction in the Valley of the Sun is built with energy and water designing high performance, sustainable buildings, specifically focused on energy efficiency and water conservation. sustainability in mind. This booklet is a concise introduction to the Guide, providing a general overview of concepts found in each of the four chapters of the report. Systems, Products and Materials – Compilation of summaries providing information on a wide range of systems, products and materials used for Urban Heat Island mitigation and high performance building design.

Each chapter is written on a separate topic to enable readers to select only the section or chapters that pertain to their

particular interest or project needs. The following pages provide more detail about the content in each chapter of Climate,

Energy and Urbanization. Overview

Phonenix and the surrounding metropolitan area, referred to as the Valley of the Sun, is at a nexus in its development.

The past half century brought unprecedented growth, vitality and economic opportunities to the region. As we move

forward, we are faced with new challenges. The price of energy continues to increase and supplies of water, construction

materials and other resources show more and more signs of vulnerability. The decisions we make today in the way we

plan, design and operate our cities will determine the quality of life for its citizens for generations to come. To make this

change in planning our cities a reality, one needs to be knowledgeable about the leading issues and what options there are

for development projects.

Climate, Energy and Urbanization aims to highlight the most critical issues and provide the necessary tools for

implementing change in urbanizing areas of the Southwest that face similar development issues. The Guide begins by

providing a core understanding of urban environmental problems, and introducing key terms and statistical context that

set the stage for understanding the need for the strategies and design concepts introduced in later chapters. Specifically

written for a broad audience, Climate, Energy and Urbanization finds a balance between being a general overview for the

informed citizen, and being detailed enough to be useful for engineers and architects. Climate, Energy and Urbanization is

organized into four clearly defined chapters, each with their own specific purpose in the Guide.

Urban Heat Island Mitigation – Strategies and materials for mitigating urban heat islands Climate, Energy, and Urbanization: A Guide on Strategies, Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Desert is a comprehensive and providing action plans for cities to integrate these strategies into development and renovation plans. resource tool for those interested in learning about and implementing new concepts into the way we plan, design and build our cities. Focused on two of the most pertinent issues for our desert metropolis - - this guide provides design solutions and citywide Design for Climate and Energy – Key concepts and strategies for planning and strategies toward reducing Urban Heat Islands and ensuring that new construction in the Valley of the Sun is built with energy and water designing high performance, sustainable buildings, specifically focused on energy efficiency and water conservation. sustainability in mind. This booklet is a concise introduction to the Guide, providing a general overview of concepts found in each of the four chapters of the report. Systems, Products and Materials – Compilation of summaries providing information on a wide range of systems, products and materials used for Urban Heat Island mitigation and high performance building design.

Each chapter is written on a separate topic to enable readers to select only the section or chapters that pertain to their

particular interest or project needs. The following pages provide more detail about the content in each chapter of Climate,

Energy and Urbanization. Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region

“The measure of a great city is not its population or the number of square miles it covers. It is determined by that city’s ability to sustain a great quality of life.”

- Phil Gordon, Mayor City of Phoenix, Arizona

March 08, 2007 US Congressional testimony before the House of Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development

Saguaros, standing tall in the Sonoran Desert, are in balance with the harsh realities of the desert. Can humans find an equally balanced and sustainable existence with the natural world?

2 Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region 3 Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region

“The measure of a great city is not its population or the number of square miles it covers. It is determined by that city’s ability to sustain a great quality of life.”

- Phil Gordon, Mayor City of Phoenix, Arizona

March 08, 2007 US Congressional testimony before the House of Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development

Saguaros, standing tall in the Sonoran Desert, are in balance with the harsh realities of the desert. Can humans find an equally balanced and sustainable existence with the natural world?

2 Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region 3 Human ingenuity and the advent of technologies such as air conditioning and the automobile have made urban development in the desert southwest possible. The cars we The US Census Bureau recorded 11,403 new permits for single family homes in Maricopa County in 2006 alone. This equates to $2.14 billion in construction dollars in the Valley each year. drive, appliances we use, and products we buy consume resources in their recognizes the interdependence of the human-built and natural N OWHERE IN THE U NITED S TATES IS Over the coming decade, the Southwest region is projected to double in population, giving manufacture, operation, URBANIZATION OCCURRING AT A FASTER systems, and the negative consequences of not matching urban city government and urban planners a unique opportunity to set in motion programs to maintenance and disposal. RATE THAN IN THE METROPOLITAN resource consumption to local conditions. reduce impacts specific to urbanization in our desert environment. For the first time in

AREAS OF THE D ESERT S OUTHWEST . The rate of resource consumption and waste production in our modern history, the once contradictory ideals of economic growth, environmental Our reliance on these

sensitive desert ecosystem is increasing, and if it is not managed, could stewardship, and social equity are being seen as equally important. technologies has led to an

Phoenix, Las Vegas and Albuquerque, the three largest urban centers lead to environmental degradation on the local scale. These The hot, arid climate and natural resources of the desert present unique challenges and will energy and material in the region, have all experienced tremendous growth, doubling or consumption patterns have as much to do with the design and require solutions unlike any other region in the country. In order to consider these issues, intensive lifestyle. The tripling the amount of urban infrastructure - roads, parking lots, planning of our cities as they do with our individual choices and we first need to understand the current condition of the region to provide a foundation for demand for energy, water, buildings, and utilities - constructed in recent decades. lifestyles. The design choices and policies that govern the way we discussion. Chapter1 of Climate, Energy and Urbanization begins by defining terms for materials and food has People move to the region seeking year-round sunshine, economic build our city today locks in the way we will consume energy, water sustainability, outlines impacts of rapid urbanization and consumption patterns, and describes never been greater. and educational opportunities, affordable housing, and recreation. and other resources for generations to come. Vulnerability, concerns particular to metropolitan areas of the Desert Southwest. It also highlights current

However, with the benefits of this urban development there are adaptability, and flexibility to respond to shortages and changes in our initiatives on a city, state, and regional level.

unintended consequences. Urban sustainability is a concept that resource needs must be factored early in the urban planning process.

Sustainability in the Desert Southwest, more than any other region,

is strongly influenced by our relationship with the sun. Solar heat gain Hydroelectric power, the region’s largest source of renewable impacts our energy and water use in buildings and causes changes to energy, has shown signs of the urban microclimate. Solar energy, if harnessed, can also provide an vulnerability due to drought and population growth in the region. endless and clean power supply for the region. Image: Hoover Dam, on the border of Arizona and Utah in City planning has historically focused on consistent and compatible 2004 after a 7 year drought. urban development but is changing to address a whole new dimension

of responsibility and opportunities to guide city development.

The average Phoenician travels 21 miles a day by car. That means, everyday, the average, total miles driven in Phoenix is 90% of the distance from the earth to the sun - a huge expenditure of energy and wasted time.

4 Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region 5 Human ingenuity and the advent of technologies such as air conditioning and the automobile have made urban development in the desert southwest possible. The cars we The US Census Bureau recorded 11,403 new permits for single family homes in Maricopa County in 2006 alone. This equates to $2.14 billion in construction dollars in the Valley each year. drive, appliances we use, and products we buy consume resources in their recognizes the interdependence of the human-built and natural N OWHERE IN THE U NITED S TATES IS Over the coming decade, the Southwest region is projected to double in population, giving manufacture, operation, URBANIZATION OCCURRING AT A FASTER systems, and the negative consequences of not matching urban city government and urban planners a unique opportunity to set in motion programs to maintenance and disposal. RATE THAN IN THE METROPOLITAN resource consumption to local conditions. reduce impacts specific to urbanization in our desert environment. For the first time in

AREAS OF THE D ESERT S OUTHWEST . The rate of resource consumption and waste production in our modern history, the once contradictory ideals of economic growth, environmental Our reliance on these sensitive desert ecosystem is increasing, and if it is not managed, could stewardship, and social equity are being seen as equally important. technologies has led to an

However, with the benefits of this urban development there are adaptability, and flexibility to respond to shortages and changes in our initiatives on a city, state, and regional level. unintended consequences. Urban sustainability is a concept that resource needs must be factored early in the urban planning process.

Sustainability in the Desert Southwest, more than any other region, is strongly influenced by our relationship with the sun. Solar heat gain Hydroelectric power, the region’s largest source of renewable impacts our energy and water use in buildings and causes changes to energy, has shown signs of the urban microclimate. Solar energy, if harnessed, can also provide an vulnerability due to drought and population growth in the region. endless and clean power supply for the region. Image: Hoover Dam, on the border of Arizona and Utah in City planning has historically focused on consistent and compatible 2004 after a 7 year drought. urban development but is changing to address a whole new dimension of responsibility and opportunities to guide city development.

4 Urban Sustainability in a Desert Region 5 One of the prevailing issues facing rapidly urbanizing regions is the increase in average minimum temperatures that correlates to urban development. This phenomenon, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect, can be observed in metropolitan areas around the world. UHI is particularly evident in arid urban regions like the Desert Southwest. Increased air temperature can affect a city in many different ways. Some of those affects may include greater amounts of energy and water used in buildings and homes, altered weather patterns, and an increase of smog formation, which can affects our bodies by causing discomfort and heat related illnesses.

Infrared satellite image over the Phoenix metropolitan area at night reveals elevated surface temperatures (lighter colors are hottest) within the urban core and along major transportation routes. October 3, 2003. Source: ASU

6 Urban Heat Island Mitigation 7 One of the prevailing issues facing rapidly urbanizing regions is the increase in average minimum temperatures that correlates to urban development. This phenomenon, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect, can be observed in metropolitan areas around the world. UHI is particularly evident in arid urban regions like the Desert Southwest. Increased air temperature can affect a city in many different ways. Some of those affects may include greater amounts of energy and water used in buildings and homes, altered weather patterns, and an increase of smog formation, which can affects our bodies by causing discomfort and heat related illnesses.

6 Urban Heat Island Mitigation 7 Urban Heat Islands lead to an increased consumption of electricity and raise the risk of major disturbance in energy delivery. In the U.S.,

The Valley of the Sun at dusk. Smog formation is accelerated by the urban heat island. A 5°F over one-sixth of the total 3 increase in air temperature can lead to a 10% increase in smog formation. electricity consumed is for air conditioning alone and

P HOENIX AND SURROUNDING V ALLEY The UHI directly and indirectly affects all three imperatives the Valley has over twice the CITIES FORM ONE OF THE LARGEST of sustainable development. The most prevalent impacts of national average. In cities METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE U. S . elevated temperatures are on air quality, thermal comfort, with populations over energy consumption, water use and loss, tourism and 100,000, peak utility loads Population growth has increased exponentially over the last business, agriculture production, vehicle efficiency, and increase 1.5 to 2% for every decade, forcing the expansion of urban infrastructure into weather patterns. 1ºF (0.6ºC) increase in areas that were once agricultural or native desert. This The sheer size of any urban area makes reducing the effects 4 alteration of land cover has resulted in an average nighttime of UHIs seem overwhelming. Fortunately, there are cost summertime temperatures.

air temperature increase of nearly 8ºF over the last 30 years.1 effective measures city planners can implement that will

In highly developed areas of a city with minimal vegetation, the provide both direct and indirect benefits. Chapter 2 of Climate,

difference between urban and rural areas is as much as 15ºF at Energy and Urbanization focuses on what can be done

night. 2 The Valley has long been known for its pleasant immediately to address this problem. Affordable materials and

winters; as the region develops, it is becoming known for its design strategies that can reduce UHI are currently available The greater Phoenix area, like other western metropolitan areas, is nearly 40% pavement and 20% buildings, with only 13% vegetation. These dense and often dark man-made and Chapter 2 provides an overview of each mitigating strategy, inescapably hot summer nights. materials are the leading cause of urban heat island development in the region. along with associated benefits, general costs, and suggestions

for successful urban area implementation. Dark pavement surfaces often reach Forestry. Cool roofs and pavements are materials and designs that absorb 160ºF and roofs can have Phoenix is taking the lead in proactive UHI mitigation in the temperatures of 190ºF during a and retain less thermal energy than conventional materials under identical nation. The region will serve as an example of best practices typical summer day. These environmental conditions. An urban forest is defined as the whole temperatures not only impact for urban centers that are developing in hot, arid regions climate, they are also detrimental to community of trees and other vegetation found within a city. Planting and the materials themselves, leading to around the world. premature cracking and warping maintaining a healthy urban forest is one of the simplest and most cost Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies can be grouped into over time. effective ways to cool metropolitan areas. Chapter 2 of Climate, Energy and three categories: Cool Roofs, Cool Pavements, and Urban Urbanization provides options, strategies and actions that planners, designers

New development and renovation projects are ideal and public officials can integrate into their city development plans and projects. opportunities to incorporate UHI mitigation strategies. Planners must understand how their designs and material choices will impact the local climate for decades to come.

8 Urban Heat Island Mitigation 9 Urban Heat Islands lead to an increased consumption of electricity and raise the risk of major disturbance in energy delivery. In the U.S.,

P HOENIX AND SURROUNDING VALLEY The UHI directly and indirectly affects all three imperatives the Valley has over twice the CITIES FORM ONE OF THE LARGEST of sustainable development. The most prevalent impacts of national average. In cities METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE U.S. elevated temperatures are on air quality, thermal comfort, with populations over energy consumption, water use and loss, tourism and 100,000, peak utility loads Population growth has increased exponentially over the last business, agriculture production, vehicle efficiency, and increase 1.5 to 2% for every decade, forcing the expansion of urban infrastructure into weather patterns. 1ºF (0.6ºC) increase in areas that were once agricultural or native desert. This The sheer size of any urban area makes reducing the effects 4 alteration of land cover has resulted in an average nighttime of UHIs seem overwhelming. Fortunately, there are cost summertime temperatures. air temperature increase of nearly 8ºF over the last 30 years.1 effective measures city planners can implement that will

In highly developed areas of a city with minimal vegetation, the provide both direct and indirect benefits. Chapter 2 of Climate, difference between urban and rural areas is as much as 15ºF at Energy and Urbanization focuses on what can be done night. 2 The Valley has long been known for its pleasant immediately to address this problem. Affordable materials and winters; as the region develops, it is becoming known for its design strategies that can reduce UHI are currently available The greater Phoenix area, like other western metropolitan areas, is nearly 40% pavement and 20% buildings, with only 13% vegetation. These dense and often dark man-made and Chapter 2 provides an overview of each mitigating strategy, inescapably hot summer nights. materials are the leading cause of urban heat island development in the region. along with associated benefits, general costs, and suggestions for successful urban area implementation. Dark pavement surfaces often reach Forestry. Cool roofs and pavements are materials and designs that absorb 160ºF and roofs can have Phoenix is taking the lead in proactive UHI mitigation in the temperatures of 190ºF during a and retain less thermal energy than conventional materials under identical nation. The region will serve as an example of best practices typical summer day. These environmental conditions. An urban forest is defined as the whole temperatures not only impact for urban centers that are developing in hot, arid regions climate, they are also detrimental to community of trees and other vegetation found within a city. Planting and the materials themselves, leading to around the world. premature cracking and warping maintaining a healthy urban forest is one of the simplest and most cost Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies can be grouped into over time. effective ways to cool metropolitan areas. Chapter 2 of Climate, Energy and three categories: Cool Roofs, Cool Pavements, and Urban Urbanization provides options, strategies and actions that planners, designers

8 Urban Heat Island Mitigation 9 Buildings - commercial, residential and industrial account for 39% of total U.S. energy consumption and 70% of electricity use. 5 In the Desert Southwest, the majority of this energy goes towards air conditioning and artificial lighting in buildings. The planning and design of a building will dictate the total operational impact of the structure, as well as resource use during construction and demolition. Therefore, the choices made by planners, architects, and engineers at the beginning phase of design have a cumulative effect on the sustainability of any urban area.

Utilizing natural light is an important part of efficient design. The open atrium at the Biodesign Institute located at Arizona State University allows natural light to reach all levels of the building. The Biodesign Institute is the first LEED™ Platinum Certified building in Arizona.

10 Desisgn Strategies for Climate and Energy 11 Buildings - commercial, residential and industrial account for 39% of total U.S. energy consumption and 70% of electricity use. 5 In the Desert Southwest, the majority of this energy goes towards air conditioning and artificial lighting in buildings. The planning and design of a building will dictate the total operational impact of the structure, as well as resource use during construction and demolition. Therefore, the choices made by planners, architects, and engineers at the beginning phase of design have a cumulative effect on the sustainability of any urban area.

10 Desisgn Strategies for Climate and Energy 11 Following the Industrial Revolution, the built environment has lacked the diversity and creativity of the natural landscape that it Large efficient fans can be used to create air movement and support natural ventilation in both outdoor and indoor facilities. replaces. Buildings were built with the sole purpose of functioning to meet a T HE MAJORITY OF BUILDINGS IN THE Information is broken into checklists of energy conserving human-centered need, often S OUTHWEST WERE CONSTRUCTED DURING design concepts for consideration that planners, designers, THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, AFTER THE engineers and building owners can quickly reference. These conforming to simple models ADVENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION strategies cover the entire building process, from site selection, and templates that were OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. building envelope design, lighting and mechanical systems replicated regardless of the selection, construction, commissioning, and operation. climatic and cultural Air conditioning opened the door for developers to construct KEY DESIGN STRATEGIES differences between buildings quickly and cheaply, disregarding passive design - Passive Solar Design: considerations for the desert climate. Knowing that air conditioning locations. Passive solar design refers to design techniques that maximize the systems could compensate for the inefficiency in the structure, this beneficial aspects of solar energy while minimizing negative effects. Good passive solar design governs the shape, orientation, type of construction passed the real costs on to the building owner Evaporative cooling works best in hot dry climate zones. This outdoor system emits a fine glazing, thermal mass and other static features of the building. mist which cools the air in this outdoor atrium located in Tempe, Arizona. during operation of the building. With energy prices on the rise and - Daylight/Sun Control: the environmental consequences of power generation becoming Nearly 40% of a building’s electric energy demand is due to the more apparent, the designs of the past are now recognized as use of artificial lighting. Controlled natural daylight should be Best design practices must first address energy load reduction, capitalizing on solar unacceptable, let alone unsustainable. incorporated into the building as the preferred source of heating, natural ventilation, daylight use, and other renewable strategies. Designers illumination as often as possible. Designing for climate and energy efficiency doesn’t necessarily should explore renewable energy sources before resorting to conventional fossil fuel technologies. equate to more expensive construction. It merely takes into

account the interactions between a structure and its immediate Environmentally friendly materials are those that are reused, recycled, low in embodied surroundings, aspects that should be considered as good design energy, renewable, sustainably harvested, non-toxic in production, use and disposal, and practice. In fact, the long term energy savings of appropriate produced locally to reduce transportation impacts. climate-related building design have been proven to justify the

initial investment in time and money. Sustainable design measures conserve water by improved fixture efficiency and by Chapter 3 of Climate, Energy and Urbanization provides key design avoiding technologies that waste water. strategies for reducing the energy use of buildings specifically

located in a hot arid climate, and discusses passive solar design, Louvers can be automatically or manually controlled to allow different material selection, and water conservation. levels of light in throughout depending on occupant preference.

12 Design Strategies for Climate and Energy 13 Following the Industrial Revolution, the built environment has lacked the diversity and creativity of the natural landscape that it Large efficient fans can be used to create air movement and support natural ventilation in both outdoor and indoor facilities. replaces. Buildings were built with the sole purpose of functioning to meet a T HE MAJORITY OF BUILDINGS IN THE Information is broken into checklists of energy conserving human-centered need, often S OUTHWEST WERE CONSTRUCTED DURING design concepts for consideration that planners, designers, THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, AFTER THE engineers and building owners can quickly reference. These conforming to simple models ADVENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION strategies cover the entire building process, from site selection, and templates that were OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. building envelope design, lighting and mechanical systems replicated regardless of the selection, construction, commissioning, and operation. climatic and cultural Air conditioning opened the door for developers to construct KEY DESIGN STRATEGIES differences between buildings quickly and cheaply, disregarding passive design considerations for the desert climate. Knowing that air conditioning locations. Passive solar design refers to design techniques that maximize the systems could compensate for the inefficiency in the structure, this beneficial aspects of solar energy while minimizing negative effects. Good passive solar design governs the shape, orientation, type of construction passed the real costs on to the building owner Evaporative cooling works best in hot dry climate zones. This outdoor system emits a fine glazing, thermal mass and other static features of the building. mist which cools the air in this outdoor atrium located in Tempe, Arizona. during operation of the building. With energy prices on the rise and the environmental consequences of power generation becoming Nearly 40% of a building’s electric energy demand is due to the - Energy Sources: more apparent, the designs of the past are now recognized as use of artificial lighting. Controlled natural daylight should be Best design practices must first address energy load reduction, capitalizing on solar unacceptable, let alone unsustainable. incorporated into the building as the preferred source of heating, natural ventilation, daylight use, and other renewable strategies. Designers illumination as often as possible. Designing for climate and energy efficiency doesn’t necessarily should explore renewable energy sources before resorting to conventional fossil fuel technologies. equate to more expensive construction. It merely takes into account the interactions between a structure and its immediate - Material and Product Selection: Environmentally friendly materials are those that are reused, recycled, low in embodied surroundings, aspects that should be considered as good design energy, renewable, sustainably harvested, non-toxic in production, use and disposal, and practice. In fact, the long term energy savings of appropriate produced locally to reduce transportation impacts. climate-related building design have been proven to justify the initial investment in time and money. - Water Management and Conservation: Sustainable design measures conserve water by improved fixture efficiency and by Chapter 3 of Climate, Energy and Urbanization provides key design avoiding technologies that waste water. strategies for reducing the energy use of buildings specifically located in a hot arid climate, and discusses passive solar design, Louvers can be automatically or manually controlled to allow different material selection, and water conservation. levels of light in throughout depending on occupant preference.

12 Design Strategies for Climate and Energy 13 Systems, Materials and Technologies

Knowing which systems, materials and technologies are appropriate and where to find them locally is an important part of any successful project. Efficient design requires more than just theoretical concepts – real projects require real products that are reliable, cost effective and readily available. All too often great conceptual designs never come to fruition or end up over budget because there is a disconnect between concept knowledge and practical reality. Having an understanding of the benefits, disadvantages, initial and operational costs, and applicable standards of each critical system, material or technology is important for engineers, architects and planners.

Concrete and steel provide both structural support and shade at the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building 2 at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona (LEED-NC™ Silver 2007.)

14 Systems, Materials and Technologies 15 Systems, Materials and Technologies

Concrete and steel provide both structural support and shade at the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building 2 at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona (LEED-NC™ Silver 2007.)

14 Systems, Materials and Technologies 15 While traditional selection criteria such as cost, durability, performance and aesthetics remain very important in product selection, sustainable design requires consideration of Architectural shade screens, made of recycled steel or aluminum, block the sun’s penetrating rays while allowing light and air to pass through, greatly reducing heat gain on building walls, roofs, and outdoor environmental and health Systems, Materials and Technologies spaces. Image: View from beneath a unique shade structure at a bus stop in Tempe, Arizona. issues related to their manufacture, installation There are over 50 summaries provided in Chapter 4. Each summary outlines CHAPTER 4, THE FINAL CHAPTER OF CLIMATE, CATEGORIES INCLUDED: and disposal. the appropriate application, benefits and limitation of the product, first cost ENERGY AND URBANIZATION IS A COMPILATION - Low Impact Pavement Materials: OF SYSTEMS, MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES. Improve storm water infiltration and reduce Urban Heat Island and life cycle considerations, applicable LEED™ credits, federal codes or effect using these alternatives to conventional paving materials. specification that may apply, and lists contractors or manufacturers in the - Passive Solar Design: Each summary contains concise reference information Southwest or U.S. that produce or market the item. This is some information about the Protect windows and building exteriors through orientation and Applications area and what it is for. that planners, architects and engineers can use on their shading structures. next project. The wide range of products provided - Building Envelope: complement the UHI mitigation and high performance Thermal and moisture protection – Reduce heat gain and loss through building exteriors using unique insulation and coatings. building design strategies described in Chapters 2 and 3.

The summaries have been organized into ten categories. - Building Envelope - Openings: This is some information about the Description area and what it is for. Prevent unnecessary heat gain using these high efficiency window designs and glazing types.

- Lighting: Reduce electrical loads and interior heating load by using efficient and natural lighting systems.

- Cooling and Heating Systems: Efficient systems that utilize natural sources.

- Onsite Energy Generation: Generate energy onsite using renewable and efficient systems.

- Water Use and Conservation: Rainwater collection, water efficient devices and landscaping techniques. There are a variety of - Ventilation and Indoor Environmental Quality: materials and products Improving indoor air quality while limiting energy use. currently available for designers Pedestrian mall utilizing an open grid pavement system to to improve environmental and reduce stormwater runoff and urban heat island effect at - Building Automation: Pictured above is a summary example, which includes images of the energy performance. Hassayampa Village at Arizona State University. Reduce energy by automating and tracking lighted and climate product, bulleted product information and additional links to vendors. conditioned spaces.

16 Systems, Materials and Technologies 17 While traditional selection criteria such as cost, durability, performance and aesthetics remain very important in product selection, sustainable design requires consideration of Architectural shade screens, made of recycled steel or aluminum, block the sun’s penetrating rays while allowing light and air to pass through, greatly reducing heat gain on building walls, roofs, and outdoor environmental and health Systems, Materials and Technologies spaces. Image: View from beneath a unique shade structure at a bus stop in Tempe, Arizona. issues related to their manufacture, installation There are over 50 summaries provided in Chapter 4. Each summary outlines CHAPTER 4, THE FINAL CHAPTER OF CLIMATE, CATEGORIES INCLUDED: and disposal. the appropriate application, benefits and limitation of the product, first cost ENERGY AND URBANIZATION IS A COMPILATION OF SYSTEMS, MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES. Improve storm water infiltration and reduce Urban Heat Island and life cycle considerations, applicable LEED™ credits, federal codes or effect using these alternatives to conventional paving materials. specification that may apply, and lists contractors or manufacturers in the

Each summary contains concise reference information Southwest or U.S. that produce or market the item. This is some information about the Protect windows and building exteriors through orientation and Applications area and what it is for. that planners, architects and engineers can use on their shading structures. next project. The wide range of products provided complement the UHI mitigation and high performance Thermal and moisture protection – Reduce heat gain and loss through building exteriors using unique insulation and coatings. building design strategies described in Chapters 2 and 3.

The summaries have been organized into ten categories. This is some information about the Description area and what it is for. Prevent unnecessary heat gain using these high efficiency window designs and glazing types.

Reduce electrical loads and interior heating load by using efficient and natural lighting systems.

Efficient systems that utilize natural sources.

Generate energy onsite using renewable and efficient systems.

Rainwater collection, water efficient devices and landscaping techniques. There are a variety of materials and products Improving indoor air quality while limiting energy use. currently available for designers Pedestrian mall utilizing an open grid pavement system to to improve environmental and reduce stormwater runoff and urban heat island effect at Pictured above is a summary example, which includes images of the energy performance. Hassayampa Village at Arizona State University. Reduce energy by automating and tracking lighted and climate product, bulleted product information and additional links to vendors. conditioned spaces.

16 Systems, Materials and Technologies 17 For even more information relating to Sustainability in Arizona and across the world we recommend checking out the following websites. The National Center of Excellence (NCE) on SMART Innovations is a research cluster at Arizona State University administered by the Global Institute of Sustainability and comprised of researchers from the School of Sustainability, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, College of Design, the W. P. Carey

School of Business, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. It is funded in part by the US EPA and industry sponsors. NCE researchers are U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality developing the next generation of Sustainable Materials and Renewable Technologies (SMART) for urban energy and climate needs. This includes http://www.azdeq.gov/ development and application of materials for renewable energy products, innovative building and pavements that reduce energy demand, as well as United Nations Division for Sustainable Development http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/ Arizona Department of Water Resources materials which can improve regional impacts from Urban Heat Islands. In addition to SMART research, the NCE provides customized management http://www.azwater.gov/dwr/ Global Footprint Network strategies and technical advice to local and regional governments, industry and NGOs seeking to incorporate sustainable technologies and http://www.footprintnetwork.org/ Decision Center for a Desert City organizational strategies for economic, social and environmental benefits. http://dcdc.asu.edu/dcdcmain/index.php Arizona Municipal Water Users Association U.S. Green Building Council http://www.amwua.org/ http://www.usgbc.org/ U.S. Department of Energy The Whole Building Design Guide http://www.doe.gov/ http://www.wbdg.org/ The research that led to this guidebook was partially supported by the following organizations. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Arizona Chapter of U.S. Green Building Council http://www.nrel.gov/ http://chapters.usgbc.org/Arizona/ Arizona Solar Center Scottsdale Green Building Program http://www.azsolarcenter.com/index.html http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/greenbuilding.asp

www.phoenix.gov www.epa.gov www.cemex.com www.cement.org Global Institute of Sustainability at Arizona State University Morrison Institute for Public Policy at Arizona State University http://sustainability.asu.edu/giosmain/index.php http://asu.edu/copp/morrison/apc2007.htm School of Sustainability at Arizona State University ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability - USA http://schoolofsustainability.asu.edu/ http://www.iclei-usa.org/ College of Design at Arizona State University Congress for the New Urbanism http://design.asu.edu/ www.azcement.com www.asphaltalliance.com www.uhaul.com www.aps.com www.srpnet.com http://www.cnu.org/ Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering Downtown Phoenix Urban Form Project http://fulton.asu.edu/fulton/ http://phoenix.gov/urbanformproject/index.html Residential Building Technology Program at Yauapai Community College http://www.yc.edu/rbt

ASU Stardust Center for Affordable Homes and the Family http://stardust.asu.edu/ U.S. E.P.A. Heat Island Reduction Initiative Valley Forward http://www.epa.gov/hiri/index.html http://www.valleyforward.org/index.php Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/

Acknowledgments

Climate, Energy, and Urbanization: A Guide to Strategies, Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Desert was developed for the City of Phoenix as part of a two year agreement with the National Center of Excellence on SMART Innovations at ASU. The authors would like to recognize the contribution of many people and organizations without whose support this guidebook would have not been possible. Most notably, we would like to thank Cynthia Parker, Aviation Environmental Coordinator and lead contact between ASU and the City of Phoenix during the course of this project. Parker guided the project between ASU and the City of Phoenix and her time, edits, and suggestions were extremely valued and have been extensively incorporated throughout the document. The look and feel of Climate, Energy, and Urbanization was meticulously designed by Michelle Boady of the City of Phoenix's Print Shop. Her patience and diligence transformed an unwieldy conglomeration of text and figures into a beautiful work of art. We would also like to thank Sergio Blanco who, during his doctoral program in Environmental Planning at ASU, collected much of the information for the product summaries included in Chapter 4: Systems, Materials and Technologies. We would also like to thank the assistance provided by the University of Buffalo's Energy Management team whose High Performance Building Design Guide served as a valuable resource and model for Chapter 3: Design for Climate and Energy. There were also many reviewers that contributed their comments and suggestions including Dean Brennan, City of Phoenix Planning Department; Dr. Harvey Bryan, Professor of Architecture at ASU; Dr. Patrick Phelan, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at ASU; Dr. Kamil Kaloush, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at ASU; Lincoln Pratson, Professor of Geological Sciences at Duke University; and last but not least, the many graduate students involved in the project: Jin Ho Jo, Shruti Kasarekar, Vairavan 'Vee' Subramanian, Todd Otanicar, Rahul Bhardwaj, Humberto Silva, Rob Taylor, Sarah Roberts and Jooseng 'Gavin' Gui. We are also grateful for the time and efforts of our editors Lauren Kuby and Katherine Kyle of the Global Institute of Sustainability.

FOOTNOTES: 1. Brazel, A. Selover, N., Vose, R. & Heiser, G. (2000). “The Tale of Two Climates - Baltimore and Phoenix Urban LTER Sites.” Climate Res., Vol. 15, 123-135 2. Brazel, A. Gober, P., Lee, S., Grossman-Clarke, S., Zehnden, J. and Hedquest, B. (2007) Dynamics and Determinants of Urban Heat Island Change (1990-2004) within Phoenix, Arizona USA. Climate Research 33:2, pp. 171-182 3. US EPA (2001) Our Built and Natural Environments: A Technical Review of the Interactions between Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Quality. US Environmental Protection Agency, January, 2001. 4. US EPA (1992) Cooling our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-Colored Surfacing. January, 1992, ZZP-2001. 5. US Green Building Council, 2008 For even more information relating to Sustainability in Arizona and across the world we recommend checking out the following websites. The National Center of Excellence (NCE) on SMART Innovations is a research cluster at Arizona State University administered by the Global Institute of Sustainability and comprised of researchers from the School of Sustainability, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, College of Design, the W. P. Carey SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, WATER & ENERGY RESOURCES School of Business, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. It is funded in part by the US EPA and industry sponsors. NCE researchers are U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality developing the next generation of Sustainable Materials and Renewable Technologies (SMART) for urban energy and climate needs. This includes http://www.azdeq.gov/ development and application of materials for renewable energy products, innovative building and pavements that reduce energy demand, as well as United Nations Division for Sustainable Development http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/ Arizona Department of Water Resources materials which can improve regional impacts from Urban Heat Islands. In addition to SMART research, the NCE provides customized management http://www.azwater.gov/dwr/ Global Footprint Network strategies and technical advice to local and regional governments, industry and NGOs seeking to incorporate sustainable technologies and http://www.footprintnetwork.org/ Decision Center for a Desert City organizational strategies for economic, social and environmental benefits. http://dcdc.asu.edu/dcdcmain/index.php GREEN AND HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING Arizona Municipal Water Users Association U.S. Green Building Council http://www.amwua.org/ http://www.usgbc.org/ U.S. Department of Energy The Whole Building Design Guide http://www.doe.gov/ http://www.wbdg.org/ The research that led to this guidebook was partially supported by the following organizations. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Arizona Chapter of U.S. Green Building Council http://www.nrel.gov/ http://chapters.usgbc.org/Arizona/ Arizona Solar Center Scottsdale Green Building Program http://www.azsolarcenter.com/index.html http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/greenbuilding.asp EDUCATION AND RESEARCH POLICY, PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN www.phoenix.gov www.epa.gov www.cemex.com www.cement.org Global Institute of Sustainability at Arizona State University Morrison Institute for Public Policy at Arizona State University http://sustainability.asu.edu/giosmain/index.php http://asu.edu/copp/morrison/apc2007.htm School of Sustainability at Arizona State University ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability - USA http://schoolofsustainability.asu.edu/ http://www.iclei-usa.org/ College of Design at Arizona State University Congress for the New Urbanism http://design.asu.edu/ www.azcement.com www.asphaltalliance.com www.uhaul.com www.aps.com www.srpnet.com http://www.cnu.org/ Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering Downtown Phoenix Urban Form Project http://fulton.asu.edu/fulton/ http://phoenix.gov/urbanformproject/index.html Residential Building Technology Program at Yauapai Community College COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT http://www.yc.edu/rbt ASU Stardust Center for Affordable Homes and the Family URBAN HEAT ISLANDS AND EXTREME HEAT EVENTS http://stardust.asu.edu/ U.S. E.P.A. Heat Island Reduction Initiative Valley Forward http://www.epa.gov/hiri/index.html http://www.valleyforward.org/index.php Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/

Acknowledgments

- Planners and designers who want to learn about different design strategies and materials choices that can reduce energy demand in their next project.

- Public officials who want to know more about the elements of urban heat islands and strategies that can be implemented immediately to cool their communities.

- Community organizations and citizens wanting to learn more about sustainability, urban heat island mitigation and sustainable building design.

PO Box 875402 Tempe, Arizona 85287-5402 Phone 480.965.2975 Fax 480.965.8087

http://asuSMART.asu.edu http://sustainability.asu.edu

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