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Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Cordia L

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Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Cordia L UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Biología Vegetal I (Botánica y fisiología vegetal) TESIS DOCTORAL Revisión taxonómica del género Cordia L. subgénero varronia (P. Browne) Cham. (Boraginaceae) en Colombia MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Javier Estrada Sánchez Directores Santiago Castroviejo Bolibar Juan C. Gaviria Rincon. Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Javier Estrada Sánchez, 1994 (2 .2 4 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL, 1 REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL GÉNERO CORDL4 L. SUBGÉNERO VÁRRONL4 (P. Browne) Cbam. EN COLOMBIA /IEIDEI/uu¡wi¡i¡I¡ui¡, UNIVERSÍnAD COMPLUTENSE TESIS DOcTORALPOR Javier Estra V~ W El director V~ B9 El director V~ B0 La tutora Santiago CastrcJviejo Juan Carlos Qaviria Madrid, 1993 A mis padres AGRADECIMIENTOS En 1987, gracias a la Agencia Españolade Cooperación Internacional (A.E.C.I.-LC.I.), llegué a Colombia dentro del proyecto de publicación de la Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Después de trabajar en su volumen JOCCVI, en el que entre otros géneros estaba Corrija, comencé la preparación de esta memoria doctoral. Fué el Dr. Santiago Castroviejo, director del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, quién me impulsé en los primeros pasos del trabajo. En 1989 se sumé a la dirección de éste el Dr. Juán Gaviria, profesor de la Universidad de los Andes en Mérida, Venezuela y monógrafo del género Cordia pata este país. Juanno sólo me brindé sus invaluables consejos y la información recopilada porél, sino también suamistad. A ambosdirectores mi más profundo agradecimientoy reconocimiento, puessu ayuda permanente ha hecho posible la terminación de estetrabajo. Durante el tiempo de investigación dos instituciones me albergaron. En un lado del Atlántico la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, y más concretamente el Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - M.H.N. Este fue mi casa durante más de cinco años. Mi gratitud a sus sucesivos directores - Dr. Santiago Diaz Piedrahita, Dr. Orlando Rangel y Doctorandus Jaime Aguirre- por su tolerancia y portodas las facilidades brindadas. También quisieraagradecer a sus profesores y estudiantespor su hospitalidad y amistad de las que gocé intensamente y de las que permanece una huella imborrable. Con especial aprecio quiero recordaraquía GonzaloAndrade, Alberto Cadena,Rocio Cortés, Olga Victoria Castaño, Roberto Jaramillo, Gustavo Lozano, María Teresa Murillo, Polidoro Pinto, Pedro Ruiz y Jaime Uribe con quienes tuve la suerte de convivir durante todos esos años, aprendiendo cosas nuevas de su mundo. En la otra orilla del océano el Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, C.S.LC. de donde partí a América y donde regresé a culminar este trabajo. El calor humano de Carlos Aedo, Juanjo Aldasoro, Carlos Lado, Félix Muñoz, Gonzalo Nieto, María Teresa Tellería y Pablo Vargas, hicieron siempre agradable mi estancia en esta casa. Después de terminado mi contrato con la A.E.C.I.-I.C.I. decid! no abandonar Colombia. Pué entonces cuando el ICETEX me concedió una beca , que fue imprescindible para continuar mi laborinvestigativa. Durante mi ausencia de España los profesores del Departamento de Biología Vegetal, 1 de la Unversidad Complutense de Madrid me dieron todo tipo de facilidades y apoyo para compaginar las materias del doctorado con mi trabajo en Colombia. Siempre fue un placer retomar a este Departamento donde iniciémis primeros pasos en la botánica. Maña Andrea Carrasco (Maruja), tutora de este trabajo, impidió que se me acabaran los plazos administrativos, cuidando en todo momento de los trámites ante el Departamento y la Facultad. La consulta dcl material fue posible gracias a la colaboración de los conservadores de los herbarios de los que recibí material en péstamo (A, BOG, CUVC, ECON, F, O, OH, HUA, HUQ, JAUM, MA, MAC), NY, P, PSO, U, US, y TUNJA) y especialmente a la de Favio González Garavito, conservadorde COL quien hizo con gran diligencia los trámites de los préstamos. Muchas personas y de muy diversas maneras han colaborado en este trabajo: Elizabeth Montoya y Wilson Gaitan digitaron con extrema paciencia y cuidado la información corológica Juan Carlos Pinzón, Eugenia de Brieva, Silvio Fernández y Juan Castillo realizaron con gran maestría las ilustaraciones que acompañan las descripciones y Juan Quirós elaboró los diagramas e ilustraciones del capítulo de morfología. Mi incursión en el mudo de la programación informática fue de la manode Francisco Pando. En 1986 puso a mi disposición sus programas, por aquel entonces inacabados, con la indicación de que aprendería a modificarlos para adaptarlos a mis necesidades. Anos después las aplicaciones desarrolladas para este trabajo no se parecen a las de Paco, pero surgieron de su desinteresada ayuda. Otro que tuvo mucho que ver en esto, como en otras muchas cosas, fue José Maria Cardiel «Cherna», compañero del trópico y amigo solidario, quien soporté estoicamente todas las pruebas y modificaciones. Su buen criteriointrodujo numerosas mejoras -notantas como él hubiese querido-. Sin las enseñanzas de un gran maestro y científico como el Dr. Luis Eduardo Mora Osejo seguiría sin entender las inflorescencias de Cordia y seguramente este trabajo no se parecería en nada al que ahora presento. En los duros momentos del final de la «tesis», cuando las fuerzas ya no llegan, Elena Monasterio, generosa como siempre, me ayudé a darle forma a lo que no parecía que pudiese tenerla. Muchos me han ayudado, pero pocos lo han hecho como Javier Fuertes, quien, además de compañero, ha sido un gran amigo. Juntos aprendimos a pelearnos con los computadores y con otras cosas y juntos «parimos» proyectos e ilusiones. Sin su amistad esto no hubiese sido lo mismo. Las ausencias son el mayor precio que he pagado en este tiempo, primero la de mis padres y amigos en España y ahora la de los que se quedaron en Colombia. Mi más entrañable recuerdo para Elizabeth Montoya, Angélica Pefluela, Pepe Rodero y Amanda, Margarita Rodríguez, Raul Zu]oaga, Emilio Serrano y demás tribu quienes fueron mi familia en Colombia y que lo siguen siendo. Madrid, diciembre dc 1993. e-- INDICE GENERAL Agradecimientos y 3. C. lanceolata 59 1. Introducción 1 4. C. linnael 63 2. Sinópsis geográfica de Colombia 3 5. C. serratifolia 66 2.1. Límites geogr~flcos 3 6. C. bullata subsp. bullata 69 2.2. Orografía 3 7. C. subtruncata 73 2.3. Hidrografía 5 8. C. bullulata 76 2.4. Clima 5 9. C. macrocephala 80 3. Investigaciones sobre Cordia L. en 10. C. andreana 83 Colombia 11.C.spinescens 86 3.1. Usos populares de las especies de 12. C. poeppigii 93 Carilla 12 13. C. eggersii 96 4. Material y Métodos 15 14. C. cura.ssavica .99 5. Morfología 21 15. C. macuirensis 104 5.1. Hábito y ramificación 21 16. C. cylindrostachya ..106 5.2. Hojas 21 17. C. platystachya .112 5.3. Indumento 22 18. C. rhombifolia 115 5.4. Inflorescencias 24 19. C. lineaticalyx .118 5.4.1. Origen y estructura de los cm- 20. C. llanorum 121 cmos 24 5.4.2. Modificación de los cincinos. 21. C. fuertesil 124 Origen de las panículas en Cor- 22. C. acuta 126 rija L 24 23. C. resinosa 130 5.4.3. Los cenosonlas 25 24. C. barbata 135 de los 5.4.3. Derivación morfológica 25. C. rubescena 138 cenosomas 27 26. C. ramirezil 141 5.5. flores 28 8. Resumen y conclusiones 145 5.5.1. Cáliz 28 9. Bibliografía consultada 147 5.5.2. Corola 29 10. Apéndices 153 5.5.3. Androceo 30 1. Indicede recolectores 155 5.5.4. Gineceo 3a 2. «Chars» 159 5.5.4. Disco infraestaminal 30 3. «Items» 169 5.6. Fruto 31 35 4. Ficheros auxiliares de «CONFOR» e 6. Historia de Cordia L «IISrrKEY» 191 6. 1. Datos para la clasificación 4.1. .«Specs» 191 subgenérica 41 4.2. «Tonat» 191 7. Tratamiento taxonómico 45 4.3. «Toint» 181 t. C. bifurcata 51 11. índice de nombres científicos 193 2. c.polycephala 55 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Desde la revisión del género Cordia por De las especies con inflorescencias espiciformes Candolle en 1845, los estudios sobre sus del subgénero Varronia(Johnston, 1930). especies han sido parciales o restringidos a Además de rellenar el vacío regional en el determinadas regiones. Así, las especies de conocimiento de este grupo para Colombia, México y Centroamérica han sido estudiadas nos proponemos resolver la delimitación entre por Standley (1926, 1928 y 1938>, Johnston las especies con inflorescencias en cimas (1940, 1948 1949a, 1950a, 1950b y 1956), bifurcadas (C. bifurcata, C. polycephala, C. Nowicke (1969), Nash & Moreno (1981) y linnael y C. lanceolata> y los complejos Miller (1985, 1986 y 1988); las de las Antillas representados por las especies andinas con por Urban (1903, 1908, 1912, 1929), Johnston inflorescencias espiciformes (C. acuta y C. (1949b, 1950a, 1956), León & Alain (1957) y cylindrostachya). Nicolson (1991); las de la región de las Guayanas por Johnston (1932 y 1935), Uittien Otrode los objetivos fundamentales de este (1937); las de Brasil por Fresenius (1857), trabajo es el estudio de la naturaleza y Lyman E. Smith (1970) y Taroda & Gibbs estructura de las inflorescencias en este (1986b); las venezolanas por Gaviria (1987); subgénero para así determinar su valor las Peruanas por Macbride (1960) y las de los taxonómico. paises de la América austral lo fueron por Y, por último, hemos tratado de aclarar la Johnston en 1930. azarosa historia nomenc]atural del género para Todos estos estudios dejan de lado los elegir el esquema taxonómico que se ajustase Andes del nortede Suramérica y en especial los mejor a las especies estudiadas entre las de Colombia, que son particularmente realizadas en los últimos 20 años pordiversos importantes como centro de diversificación de autores~ Nowicke & Ridgway (1973), Taroda & Oibbs (1986a), Borhidi & al. (1988)y Heubí.
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