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Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of the Root Part of Pachystelabrevipes (Baker) Baill Engl(Sapotaceae)

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Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of the Root Part of Pachystelabrevipes (Baker) Baill Engl(Sapotaceae) PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF THE ROOT PART OF PACHYSTELABREVIPES (BAKER) BAILL ENGL(SAPOTACEAE) BY EZURUIKE IKEAGWUGHICHI TIMOTHY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. NIGERIA MAY, 2015 i PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF THE ROOT PART OF PACHYSTELA BREVIPES (BAKER)BAILL ENGL (SAPOTACEAE) BY EZURUIKE IKEAGWUGHICHI TIMOTHY B. Sc. Industrial Chemistry (ABSU) 2007 M. Sc./SCIEN/15203/2011-2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M. Sc.) IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,ZARIA. NIGERIA MAY, 2015 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis titled “Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of the Root Part ofPachystela brevipes”(Baker) Baill Engl (Sapotaceae)was written by me and that it is a record of my own research work under the guidance of Prof. G. I. Ndukwe and Dr. J. D. Habila (my supervisors) and to the best of my knowledge, it has not been presented in any previous application for a higher degree. All quotations are indicated and sources of information are adequately acknowledged by means of references. ……………………………….. ……………………… Ezuruike Ikeagwughichi Timothy Date iii CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled “Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of the Root Part of Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Baill Engl (Sapotaceae) by Ezuruike Ikeagwughichi Timothy meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry of Ahmadu Bello University and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ______________________ _____________ Prof. G. I. Ndukwe Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ____________________________ _________________ Dr. J. D. Habila Date Member, Supervisory Committee ____________________________ __________________ Prof. V. O. Ajibola Date Head of Department ______________________________ __________________ Dean, Postgraduate School Date iv DEDICATION To Almighty God the giver and taker of life and who alone can Chart the course of a man in life. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to appreciate God for watching over me and enabling me to go through this long journey beside all the life challenges I came across in the course of this work. I express my heartfelt thanks to my Supervisors Professor G. I. Ndukwe and Dr. J. D. Habila for their meticulous supervision. Sirs, your professional guidance, encouragements and stimulations were more than helpful. The human relationship established and constructive advices given are appreciated. My profound gratitude to all lecturers of this great department, may God bless you all. Very special thanks to Mr and Mrs Elijah and Rebecca Joseph for all their supports since I came to Kaduna. They gave me strength and motivation during the dark days when I was not able to see the light at the end of the tunnel. The effort you made to help me in life when it was necessary will never be forgotten. I am grateful to my family, Revd. T. U. Ezuruike, my father, Mrs Joanna Ezuruike, my mother and my siblings, Chimere, Nneoma, Chinwendu, Eberechukwu Ozioma and Chinaemenma for their prayers and encouragements all through these years, you guys are wonderful.I wish to express my deep gratitude to my colleagues in Chemistry Department, especially Ophelia A., Yerima E., Dauda Y., George A., and Mubarak D., who helped me in the lab to see that this work was a success, God will reward you people. Special thanks go to the management and students of The Incubators Secondary Academy, for being patient and supportive of me during my academic career. A special word of thanks must go to my friends Okoye E. C. Dauda Y. and Taiwo D. for standing in for me when am not around. I also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from brothers and sisters, friends and well-wishers too numerous to mention who in one way or the order rendered help to see that this work was a success, God will do so for all of you. vi ABSTRACT The root of Pachystela brevipes, which has some traditional medicinal applications was extracted and investigated using Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids/ triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The crude extracts showed zones of inhibition in the range, 16-19 mm for Petroleum ether fraction, 20- 24 mm for Chloroform, 20-27 mm for Ethylacetate and 20-22 mm for Methanol, against thirteen test organisms; Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli; Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida stellatoidea, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Streptococcus feacalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg/mL was recorded for the chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol fraction against the entire test organism except four;S. pyogenes, C. krusei, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. The Petroleum ether fraction had Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL on eleven test organisms except S. pyogenes, C. krusei, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris.The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) determination showed that concentrations of 5-10 mg/mL of the petroleum ether, chlororform, ethylacetate and methanol fractions could completely kill the test organismsused in this work except S. pyogenes, C. krusei, P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. Zymosterol (3β-hydroxy-4β-methyl-5α- cholesta-8, 24-diene-4α-carboxylic acid) was isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and confirmed purely by spectral techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR) as well as by comparison with the reported authentic data. This is the first time of isolating Zymosterol from the Sapotaceae family. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Cover page i Title page ii Declaration iii Certification iv Dedication v Acknowledgement vi Abstract vii Table of Contents viii List of Tables xii List of Figures xii Abbreviation xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Medicinal Plants 1 1.2 Herbal Medicine/Herbalism 2 1.3 Bioactive Natural Products from Plants 5 1.4 The Purpose of Isolation and Characterisation of Active Natural Products 7 1.5 Aims of the Research 13 1.6 Objectives of the Research 13 1.7 Justification of the Research 14 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 152.1 The Family Sapotaceae 15 2.2 The Genus Pachystela 15 2.3Taxonomic Classification of the Plant 15 viii 2.4 Common Names of the Plant 16 2.5 Habitat 16 2.6 Medicinal Uses of the Plant 17 2.7 Some Plants and Isolated Compounds from the Family 17 2.7.1 Chrysophyllum albidum 17 2.7.2Medicinal Uses of Chrysophyllum albidum 18 2.7.3Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J. 18 2.7.4 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Madhuca longifolia 19 2.7.5Mimusops elengi 19 2.7.6Pouteria species 20 2.7.7. Biological Activity from Pouteriaspecies 20 2.8 TEST ORGANISMS 27 2.8.1 Staphylococcus "Gram - Positive" 27 2.8.2Penicillin-SensitiveStrains 27 2.8.3 β-Lactamase (penicillinase) Producing strains 28 2.8.4 Antibiotic-Resistant Strains 28 2.8.5Methicillin-ResistantStrains 28 2.8.6Streptococcus "Gram - Positive" 28 2.8.7Klebsiella pneumonia “Gram-Negative” 29 2.8.8 Salmonella "Gram – Negative” 30 2.8.9 Escherichia coli (gram-negative) 30 2.9 FUNGI 31 3.0 METHODOLOGY 33 3.1.0 Apparatus, Solvents and Reagents 33 3.1.1 Apparatus 33 ix 3.1.2 Solvents for Extraction 33 3.1.3 Reagents for Phytochemical Test 33 3.1.4 Materials for Bioassay Analysis 34 3.1.5 Test Bacteria 35 3.1.6 Materials for Chromatography 35 3.2.0 Plant Materials 36 3.2.1 Collection of Plant 36 3.2.2 Extraction Procedure 36 3.3.0 Phytochemical Screening 36 3.3.1Test for Alkaloids 37 3.3.2 Test for Cardiac Glycosides 37 3.3.3 Test for Flavonoids 38 3.3.4 Test for Carbohydrate 38 3.3.5 Test for Anthraquinone Glycosides. 39 3.3.6 Test for Saponins 39 3.3.7 Test for Steroids and Terpenoids 39 3.3.8 Test for Tannins 40 3.4.0 Antimicrobial Screening 40 3.4.1 Test Organisms 40 3.4.2 Cultivation and Standardization of Test Organisms 41 3.4.3 Preparation of Culture Media 41 3.4.4 Determination of Zone of Inhibition 41 3.4.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 42 3.4.6 Determination of Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) 43 3.5.1 Partition of Crude Extracts 43 x 3.5.2 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). 43 3.5.3 Column Chromatography of Ethyl acetate Extract 44 3.5.4 Isolation and Purification of Compound 45 3.6.0 Spectroscopic Analysis/Measurement 45 3.7.0 Antimicrobial activity of IKE 1 45 4.0 RESULTS 47 4.1 Extraction 47 4.2 Phytochemical Screening of the Extracts 47 4.3 Antimicrobial Activity 47 4.4 Antimicrobial Activity of the Pure Compound 51 4.5 Spectral Analysis 56 5.0 DISCUSSION 67 5.1 Phytochemical Screening 67 5.2 Antimicrobial Screening of the Crude Extracts 68 5.3 Antimicrobial Activity of the IsolatedCompound 70 5.4Spectroscopy 71 6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73 6.1 Summary 73 6.2 Conclusion 74 6.3 Recommendation for Further Work 75 References 76 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Extractive values of methanol extract of the root part of Pachystela brevipes 48Table 4.2: Phytochemical constituents of the root part of Pachystela brevipes 49 Table 4.3:Results of the Zones of inhibition of the crude extracts 50 Table 4.4: MIC of the crude extracts 52 Table 4.5:MBC of the crude extracts 53 Table 4.6: Zone of inhibition of the pure compound 54
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