Preface 1 Columbus to Columbia (Via St Louis): Separating Fact from Fiction
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Notes Preface 1. Qtd. in T, 202. 2. N, 457. 1 Columbus to Columbia (via St Louis): Separating Fact from Fiction 1. T, 37. 2. Ibid., 42–44. 3. Allean Hale, an eminent Williams scholar, has made this point repeatedly, the latest effort coming from her article, ‘Tennessee Williams’ St Louis Blues’, in David Kaplan’s Tenn at One Hundred: The Reputation of Tennessee Williams. 4. T, 39. 5. Ibid., 79. The Williamses were to live in the flat for nearly ten years. 6. NSE, 27. 7. RMT, 19. 8. T, 44–45. 9. Ibid., 44. Leverich notes that Cornelius would escape the War due to his near blindness in one eye, the result of a childhood injury (39, 46). Prophetically, eye problems would be the reason for his son having been declared IV-F years later and thus ineligible for the draft during World War II. 10. L I, 5. The widow Rose Williams in the comic is ‘so strict’ that her previous nine husbands have all ‘commided suicid’ (6, sic). Violence in Williams’s writing was already well established from an early age. 11. Kolin, ‘“Isolated”’, 33–39. 12. Williams, ‘Isolated’, 2. 13. Ibid. 14. Qtd. in Kolin, ‘“Isolated”’, 35. 15. T, 77, 65. 16. KS, 48. As Esther Jackson notes, ‘In his concept of form, then, Williams recapit- ulates certain ideas drawn from the romantic tradition’ (31; see also 34–36). 17. T, 140. 18. Written when he was a ninth grader, Williams’s ecological tract, ‘Demon Smoke’, about the smog problem that St Louis faced daily, appeared in Blewett Junior Life Yearbook in June 1925. 19. Qtd. in T, 73. 20. Qtd. in RMT, 43, 76. 21. Hale, ‘Early Williams – The Making of a Playwright’, 13. 22. M, 4. 23. NSE, 223. 24. Williams, ‘Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?’, 13. 264 Notes 265 25. Ibid., 9. 26. T, 81. 27. Editorial head note to ‘Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?’, 4. 28. RMT, 45. 29. L I, 9–10. 30. RMT, 46, 50. 31. CS, 11. 32. L I, 26. 33. T, 98. 34. N, 469. 35. See L I, 11–21 (especially letters of 5 and 10 August 1928, where he talks about Montreux, Sorrento, Milan, and especially Cologne, since they do not appear among his travel pieces). See also M, 19–23 and T, 89–96. 36. Williams, ‘A Day at the Olympics’, 5. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. L I, 20. 41. M, 21. 42. CTW, 271. 43. Williams, ‘A Flight over London’, 3. 44. Ibid. 45. Anon., ‘Airports’. 46. Williams, ‘A Flight over London’, 3. 47. Ibid. 48. L I, 17. 49. Williams, ‘A Tour of the Battle-fields of France’, 2. 50. Ibid. 51. TTW, 4.261. 52. Williams, ‘A Trip to Monte Carlo’, 2; TTW, 3.415. 53. Ibid. 54. M, 20, 21. 55. Ibid., 23. 56. N, 19. 57. T, 113–14. 58. Williams, Beauty Is the Word, 187, 188, 187, and 189. 59. L I, 23. 60. CS, 19. 61. T, 119. 62. HRC, ‘The Wounds of Vanity’, [1]. 63. Ibid., [2]. 64. Smith, My Friend Tom, 60. 65. Williams, American Blues, 13, 9, 11, and 13. 66. L I, 62. 67. CS, 33. 68. M, 35. 69. L I, 60. 70. HRC, [‘Yesterday morning the city of Midland …’], [1]. 71. Ibid., [2]. 266 Notes 72. T, 126. 73. HRC, ‘Somewhere a Voice. …’, [1, 4]. 74. T, 125. 75. Smith, My Friend Tom, 7. 76. L I, 65. 2 University City to Clayton (via Memphis): Looking for a Publisher in Spring 1. RMT, 62. 2. Tischler, Rebellious Puritan, 38. 3. SR, xi, xviii. 4. HRC, [‘To Psyche’]. An untitled draft in holography on recto-verso of Friedman-Shelby Branch, International Shoe Company, ‘Red Goose Shoes’ letterhead, [1-2]. See another page of this poem in T, 196 ff. 5. N, 7. 6. Ibid. 7. T, 117, 146. 8. Qtd. in T, 131. 9. L I, 69. 10. Ibid., 71. 11. Ibid., 73. 12. Ibid., 70–71. 13. Ibid., 72. 14. N, 47. 15. Qtd. in IB, 49. 16. T, 137. 17. CP, 177. 18. HRC, ‘Return to Dust’, [1]. William Jay Smith writes in the foreword to Candles to the Sun that Williams attended the weekly meetings of The League ‘at the old courthouse near the St Louis riverfront’ (CTS, xxii). 19. IB, 41. 20. CTW, 5. 21. HRC, ‘The Darkling Plain (For Bruno Hauptmann who Dies Tonight)’, [1]. 22. Ibid.; cf. N, 28. 23. N, 29. 24. HRC, ‘The Literary Mind by Max Eastman’, [4]. 25. N, 7. 26. Qtd. in RMT, 80. 27. N, 13. 28. Founded in 1890 by artistic- and civic-minded women of St Louis, the Wednesday Club was located at 4506 Westminster Place. 29. CP, 180; RMT, 76. 30. L I, 69. 31. Ibid., 83. As Devlin and Tischler note, Williams published ‘forty-odd lyrics from 1933 to 1938, nearly all in collegiate or little magazines, but he did not appear in Poetry until 1937’ (L I, 69). 32. CP, 201. 33. Ibid., 200. Notes 267 34. HRC, ‘Cut Out’, [1]. 35. HRC, ‘This Spring’, [1]. 36. N, 11. 37. Ibid., 15. Margaret Bradham Thornton suggests in her note to this entry that Williams’s stream of consciousness style was influenced by William Saroyan’s story ‘The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze’, which appeared in Story in 1934. I suggest later that Williams’s discovery of James Joyce’s Ulysses con- tinued his interests in the stream of consciousness, which included finding a dramatic equivalent to it for his plastic theatre. 38. N, 13. 39. Ibid., 12. 40. Qtd. in Ibid., 20. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid., 21. 43. Ibid., 25. 44. MT, 38. 45. HRC, ‘Nirvana’, [1]. 46. Originally from a typescript housed at the HRC (box 35, folder 14), this essay was written to mark the recent successes of a local poet, Clark Mills. Suggesting that he had planned to submit it to a St Louis newspaper (or was asked to write it), Williams typed at the top of the six-page manuscript: ‘Feature Story about Clark Mills (McBurney), Clayton, Mo.’. 47. T, 125, 159. Williams referred to a similar party in his notebook in the entry dated Sunday, 3 Jan. 1937: ‘Helen Longmire’s delightful dinner and theatre party […]’ (N, 71; cf. 70). 48. HRC, ‘Return to Dust’, [4]. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid., [5]. 51. Ibid., [6]. 52. N, 51. 3 University City to New Orleans (via Iowa City): Academic Blues versus ‘American Blues’ 1. N, 35. 2. Ibid., 82. 3. For a fuller treatment of Williams’s activist plays, in particular their relation- ship to Conroy’s Depression-era work, see Hale, ‘Tom Williams – Proletarian Playwright’, 13–22. 4. Spring Storm was originally titled ‘April Is the Cruelest Month’, after T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. 5. Hale , ‘Tom Williams – Proletarian Playwright’, 20. 6. The notebook’s insert reads, ‘Dead Planet, The Moon I salute you! (a writer’s journal)’ (N, 3). In January 1939, following his introduction to life in the French Quarter, Williams began writing a play titled ‘Vieux Carré’, over which he pencilled a new title, ‘Dead Planet, the Moon’ (N, 138). 7. Devlin, 45. 8. N, 155. 9. T, 170. 268 Notes 10. L I, 90. 11. The HRC (box 11, folders 1–2) contains the following college essays written by Williams around the same time as this essay (all are undated but written during the academic years 1930–32, 1936–37, and 1937–38): ‘Tristam by Edward Arlington Robinson’, ‘DAISY MILLER by Henry James’, ‘The “Nigger” of the Narcissus by Joseph Conrad’, ‘Art, Clive Bell’, ‘The Literary Mind by Max Eastman’, ‘Antigone’, ‘An Ancient Greek Poet’s Address to a Convention of Modern Artist’, ‘Thinking Our Own Thoughts’, ‘Rain from Heaven’, ‘You Never Can Tell The Depth Of A Well’, ‘“Holiday” by Philip Barry’, ‘The Wind and the Rain (Merton Hodge)’, ‘“The Late Christopher Bean” by Sidney Howard’, ‘Candida’, ‘Review of Two Plays by John M. Synge’, ‘Some Representative Plays of O’Neill And a Discussion of his Art’, ‘Candide ou L’Optimisme’, ‘Tucaret’, and ‘Merope’. 12. L I, 90–91. 13. HRC, [College spiral notebook], n.pag., all sic. 14. N, 59. Brown was Williams’s professor for ‘French 16,’ ‘Origins of the Philosophic Movement’. 15. Ibid., 61; cf. T, 183. 16. HRC, ‘Some Representative Plays of O’Neill And a Discussion of his Art’, [6]. 17. Ibid., [16]. 18. HRC, ‘Birth of an Art (Anton Chekhov and the New Theatre)’, [1]. 19. T, 217. 20. HRC, ‘Candide, ou L’Optimisme’, [1]. 21. HRC, [College spiral notebook], n.pag. 22. HRC, ‘Merope’, [1]. 23. N, 71. 24. Ibid., 73. 25. HRC, ‘The Literary Mind by Max Eastman’, [1]. 26. Ibid., [2]. 27. HRC, [College spiral notebook], n.pag. Also in the spiral notebook is an inter- esting comment which suggests that, even now, Williams was not entirely sure which sex attracted him the most: ‘It is so exciting this time of year to sit in a room full of women. [signed] A scholarly mind’. 28. NSE, 244. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid., 245. 31. Williams was planning on writing a 35,000-word novella ‘about a year in the lives of a number of young people – terminating in the apocalyptic experience of Spring – the scene a University campus’ (N, 47), but he feared that his novel was becoming ‘cheap’ and he did not ‘want to write that kind of stuff’ (N, 51). 32. CTW, 220–21. 33. TWPHL, MS Thr 397 (764a), ‘Some Random Additions to my Memoirs’, 1, all sic.