E-841 V. June 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized
, - - Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Social and Environmental Assessment Final Report
.7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Prepared for: Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, Zambia The World Bank
Public Disclosure Authorized June 2003
HABICO Planning + Architecture Ltd. i I I I
I
I
i
I I
I I SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Zambia SEED Project Social and Environmental Assessment Executive Summary
Introduction
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the World Bank are cooperating to develop a project in support of economic expansion and diversification - the SEED Project. This Social and Environmental Assessment is among a number of pre-appraisal assessments required to ensure compliance with World Bank policies, GRZ development goals and strategies, and confirm the most effective use of the proposed credit facility. HABICO Planning + Architecture Ltd. was contracted by the GRZ in late April 2003, through the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR), to undertake this Assessment for completion by 30 May 2003.
Objective
The overall objective of this Assessment is to: Develop and provide a clear and systematic process for the effective assessment of any potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the proposed project activities ensuring full compliance with applicable Zambian laws as well as the World Bank's Safeguard Policies. The results of the Social and Environmental Assessment will be an integral part of project formulation and implementation to improve results.
Methodology
A 4-person consulting team (2 foreign, 2 local) completed the work in Zambia through a combination of document review, field assessment and personal interviews, both formal and informal with as wide a range of potential stakeholders as possible.
SEED Project
SEED is a multi-component project including support to: * Tourism * Agribusiness Linkages * Gemstone Mining Sector * Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Fund
Assessment
For each of these components the Assessment established the context, identified potential issues and impacts, both negative and positive, and prepared a recommended list of mitigation actions for negative impacts, and supporting actions for positive impacts. A proposed Monitoring Programme is put forward along with checklists to screen activities in the Agribusiness component and during the processing of applications for SME funding.
Impact Summary
In summary, SEED has the potential to generate a large number of positive impacts assuming the recommended supporting actions are implemented. A number of potential
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Wodd Bank j HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment negative impacts are identified, but all can be relatively easily mitigated. What is important at this point is to be aware of negative possibilities and ensure that the appropriate mitigating actions are commenced in the detailed Project Design and Implementation stages. In this way, the majority of potential negative impacts can, in fact, be turned into positive developments.
Summary Recommendations
Detailed recommendations for mitigation and support actions are provided throughout this Assessment and need not be repeated here. However, a number of overriding and cross- cutting recommendations should be highlighted.
1. Institutional Coordination
The need for serious work on creating some form of integrated and coordinated institutional forum is essential in Project areas to ensure that a full range of stakeholder interests are considered in the planning, implementation and management of the Project and related activities. This must rise above the separate agendas of individual agencies. Coordination and integration is the first perquisite to implementing all of the recommended mitigation and supporting actions put forward in this Assessment.
2. Mitigation, Support and Monitoring
This Assessment, and presumably those to follow, contain a significant number of recommended mitigation actions, support activities and monitoring programmes. To ensure success of the SEED Project, and achieve maximum benefit from the investment, it is strongly recommended that the appropriate institutional arrangements be made, and resources allocated, to ensure they are, in fact, implemented.
3. Consuftation Programmes
One of the biggest threats to Project success is a lack of stakeholder consultation beginning at the very earliest stages of the Project and continuing on an ongoing basis throughout. Although a series of initial information sessions was reportedly held during SEED preparation, many feel the process was a one-off exercise, excluded many interested parties, and has not continued with regular updates. Consultation must be more than one-way information presentations and should provide ample opportunity for stakeholder inputs to shape the final product.
4. Communication Strategy
A communication strategy should be an integral part of ongoing stakeholder consultation. This should be developed early and take the form of regular Project Newsletters to stakeholders, radio and TV broadcasts, newspaper coverage, community workshops, and a variety of other media. The SEED Project is sufficiently complex and wide-ranging that community confusion and misunderstanding is likely.
5. Project Coordination
There are a number of related development initiatives either planned or underway in the various Project areas. SEED and the other projects can mutually benefit by ensuring that activities are integrated, adjusted as necessary, and complementary.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank j HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
6. Follow-Up Assessments
There are admitted shortcomings to this Assessment due both to time allowed for the work, and the preliminary early stage of other Project components. This Assessment lacks detailed assessment of site-specific activities and an understanding of the magnitude of many Project activities, and, consequently, the magnitude of the resulting impacts. Detailed follow-up socio-economic and environmental assessments are recommended when Project details are confirmed. An important linkage must be made with the work of the separate Resettlement Action Plan, which is also constrained at the moment due to Project status.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank j HABICO I I I I
i
I
I II SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... i 1. Institutional Coordination .. ii 2. Mitigation, Support and Monitoring.. ii 3. Consultation Programmes .. ii 4. Communication Strategy.. ii 5. Project Coordination.. ii 6. Follow-Up Assessments.. iii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ...... v Photos ...... i 1.0 Introduction .. 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Assessment ...... 1 1.2.1 Social Objectives ...... 1 1.2.2 Environmental Objectives ...... 1 1.2.3 Cross-Cutting Objectives ...... 2 1.3 Scope of the Assessment ...... 2 1.3.1 Geographic ...... 2 1.3.2 Aspects Considered ...... 2 1.3.3 Level of Detail ...... 3 1.4 Layout of the Report .. 3 2.0 The SEED Project .3 2.1 SEED Project Objective .. 3 2.2 National Context .. 3 2.3 Developmental Context .. 4 2.3.1 Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) 2002-2005 ...... 4 2.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) ...... 4 2.3.3 Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) ...... 4 2.3.4 Zambia Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) ...... 4 2.4 Components ...... 4 2.4.1 Tourism ...... 4 2.4.2 Agribusiness Linkages ...... 5 2.4.3 Gemstone Sector ...... 5 2.4.4 Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Investment Fund ...... 5 3.0 Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Context .. 6 3.1 Institutional Context ...... 6 3.1.1 Residents of the Project Area ...... 6 3.3.2 Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR) ...... 6 3.3.3 Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MFNP) ...... 7 3.3.4 Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) ...... 7 3.3.5 Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) ...... 7 3.3.6 Ministry of Lands (ML) .7 3.3.7 Deputy Minister's Office, Southern Province (DMSP) .7 3.3.8 Kazungula District (KD) .7 3.3.9 Livingstone District (LD) .7 3.3.10 Livingstone City Council (LCC) ,.7 3.3.11 Mukuni, Sekute, Musokotwane Traditional Communities .8 3.3.12 Livingstone Business District Association .8 3.3.13 Livingstone Chamber of Commerce .8 3.3.14 Private Sector Business Associations .8 3.2 Legal and Regulatory Context ...... 8 3.2.1 The Constitution ...... 8 3.2.2 The Town and Country Planning Act (TCPA) ...... 8 3.2.3 The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) ...... 9
Government of the Republic of Zambia/Vorld Bank i HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
3.2.4 The Water Act ...... 9 3.2.5 The Fisheries Act ...... 9 3.2.6 The Forestry Act (1974 and 1999) ...... 9 3.2.7 The National Parks and Wildlife Service ...... 9 3.2.8 Public Health Act .9 3.2.9 The Mines and Minerals Act (1995) .9 3.2.10 Local Government Act .9 3.2.11 The Lands Act .10 3.2.12 The Lands Acquisition Act .10 3.2.13 Zambia Wildlife Act (1998) .10 3.2.14 Agricultural Lands Act .10 3.2.15 The Investment Act .10 3.2.16 The Tourism Act .10 3.2.17 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act .10 3.2.18 International Game Park and Wildlife Act .10 3.2.19 The Zambezi River Authority Act .11 4.0 Socio-Economic Context .. 11 4.1 National Overview ...... 11 4.1.1 Population & Demographics ...... 11 4.1.2 Economic Activities ...... 12 4.1.3 Poverty ...... 12 4.2 Tourism Component Socio-Economic Context ...... 13 4.2.1 Affected Population ...... 13 4.2.2 Settlement Patterns ...... 14 4.2.3 Economic Activities ...... 14 4.3 Agribusiness Component Socio-Economic Context . .16 4.4 Gemstone Industry Context .. 16 4.5 SME Investment Fund Context .. 17 5.0 Environmental Context .. 17 5.1 Environmental Resources .. 17 5.2 Drivers for Environmental Change .. 17 5.3 Addressing Environmental Threats .. 18 5.4 Environmental Planning and the SEED Programme . . 18 6.0 World Bank Safeguard Policies .. 19 6.1 Introduction .. 19 6.2 Environmental Assessment (BP4.01) .. 19 6.3 Forests (BP4.36) .. 20 6.4 Natural Habitats (BP4.04) .. 20 6.5 Pest Management (BP4.09) .. 20 6.6 Safety of Dams (BP4.37) .. 21 6.7 Gender and Development (OP 4.20) .. 21 6.8 Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) .. 21 6.9 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) .. 22 6.10 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) . . .22 7.0 Assessment Methodology .. 23 7.1 Team . .23 7.2 Schedule .. 23 7.3 Information Sources .. 23 7.3.1 Documentation ...... 23 7.3.2 Field Work ...... 23 7.3.3 Consultations ...... 24 7.3.4 Previous Experience of the Team ...... 24 7.4 Integration with Other SEED Studies ...... 24 7.5 TOR Deliverables ...... 25 7.6 Comments on Assessment ...... 26
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaVorld Bank ii HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
8.0 Issues and Impacts - Assessment Approach ...... 26 8.1 Magnitude and Direction of Impact ...... 27 8.2 Extent of Impact ...... 27 8.3 Duration of Impact ...... 27 8.4 Mitigation Potential (Reversibility) ...... 27 8.5 Direct and Indirect Impacts ...... 28 8.6 Cost Levels ...... 28 9.0 Issues and Impacts ...... 28 9.1 Tourism Component Issues and Impacts ...... 29 9.1.1 Socio-Economic .29 9.1.2 Environmental .31 9.2 Agribusiness Linkages . . .32 9.2.1 Socio-Economic .32 9.2.2 Environmental .33 9.3 Gemstone Industry . . . 34 9.3.1 Socio-Economic .34 9.3.2 Environmental .34 9.4 SME Component . . . 36 9.4.1 Socio-Economic .36 9.4.2 Environmental .36 9.5 Institutional Issues . . . 37 9.5.1 National .37 9.5.2 Trans-Boundary Issues .38 10.0 Proposed Mitigation and Supporting Actions .. 38 10.1 Tourism Component . . .38 10.2 Agribusiness Component . . .38 10.3 Gemstone Component . . .38 10.4 SME Component . . .38 11.0 SME - Recommended Screening and Assessment Procedures . .38 11.1 Overview of the SME Fund Application and Selection Process ... 38 11.2 Mainstreaming Environmental Assessment into the Review Process ... 39 11.3 Environmental Criteria for Project Selection . . .40 11.4 Projects to be Excluded ...... 40 12.0 Supplementary Assessments .. 40 12.1 Dam Safety . . .40 12.1.1 Dam Integrity .40 12.1.2 Downstream Flooding .40 12.1.3 Downstream Ecological Needs .41 12.1.4 Recommendations .41 12.2 IUCN SEA Report Assessment - Strategy for Victoria Falls World Heritage Site..42 12.1.1 Introduction ...... 42 12.1.2 Status of Strategic Recommendations ...... 42 12.1.3 Status of Biophysical and Socio-Economic Recommendations ...... 44 12.1.4 Obstacles ...... 45 12.1.5 Action Plan ...... 46 13.0 Monitoring Plans .48 14.0 Summary Recommendations .48 14.1 Institutional Coordination ...... 48 14.2 Mitigation, Support and Monitoring ...... 48 14.3 Consultation Programmes ...... 49 14.4 Communication Strategy ...... 49 14.5 Project Coordination ...... 49 14.6 Follow-Up Assessments ...... 49 Appendix 1: Assessment Work Schedule .1 Appendix 2: Documents Reviewed .2
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank iii HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 3: Consultations ...... 1 Appendix 4: Other Related Projects and Development Initiatives...... 1 Appendix 5: Checklist for Evaluating Agribusiness Proposals ...... 1
List of Tables, Figures, Maps
(to be completed)
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank iv HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
AWP Annual Work Plan CB Capacity Building CBNRM Community Based National Resource Management CDN Canadian Dollars CEA Canadian Executing Agency CEMP Community Environmental Management Plan CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CONASA Community-Based Nat. Resource Management & Sustainable Agriculture CPCA Combination Planning Coordination Authority DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DBA (Livingstone) District Business Association EA Environmental Assessment ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management Systems EPPCA Environmental Pollution Protection Control Act ESP Environmental Support Programme EU European Union GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia GST Goods and Services Tax (Canada) HRD Human Resources Development IUCN World Conservation Union JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency JPC Joint Permanent Commission (Zambia and Zimbabwe) KD Kazungula District KFW German Branch for Reconstruction LD Livingstone District LFA Logical Framework Analysis LOE Level of Effort LTA Livingstone Tourism Association LCC Livingstone City Council MCI Ministry of Commerce and Industry MFNP Ministry of Finance and National Planning ML Ministry of Lands MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing MOTNP Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSP Ministry of Southern Province MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non-govemment Agency NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission NRM Natural Resource Management PIP Project Implementation Plan PMF Performance Measurement Framework PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSC Project Support Committee RBM Results Based Management RMB Regional Mining Board RMF Risk Monitoring Framework SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment (IUCN Victoria Falls Initiative) SEED Support to Economic Expansion and Diversification-Tourism
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank v HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
SMEs. Small and Medium Enterprises TCZ Tourism Council of Zambia TDF Tourism Development Framework TDP Tourism Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific, Cultural Organisation VFC (The) Victoria Falls Consortium (CEA) WBS Work Breakdown Structure WHC World Heritage Conservation WHS World Heritage Site (Victoria Falls; Zambia and Zimbabwe) ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority ZNTB Zambia National Tourism Board
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank vi HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
Photos
The following photos illustrating Project conditions will be included in the Final Report.
1. An example of opportunity for marketing of local produce - vegetables for sale by the roadside. 2. Showing under-developed infrastructure in Kafue National Park - Park warden's office. 3. Example of a tourist lodge near Kafue National Park. 4. Trees are utilized to construct bee houses. On the other hand, this economic pursuit diverts some people from poaching. 5. Typical village surroundings in the GMA, Kafue. 6. The ltezhi-Tezhi Dam, which strongly influences water fluctuations in the Kafue River watershed. 7. Example of the high quality grassland viewscapes abundant in Kafue National Park. 8. Rudimentary condition of the road through Kafue National Park. 9. Elephants - example of high quality game viewing in Kafue National Park. 10. Example of under-developed infrastructure in Kafue National Park: gate at south end. 11. Utilization of several species of tree for the curio market is heavy around the Livingstone area. Showing sale of curios at Chief Mukuni's village. 12. High quality game viewing in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park - zebra. 13. River boats on the Zambezi River are frequently seen and heard adjacent to Mosi-oa- Tunya National Park. 14. There are many environmental stresses on Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park - showing overflow from Livingstone town sewage lagoon. 15. A point of interest of cultural and historical importance in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park - Pioneer Cemetery. 16. New tourism infrastructure in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park - viewpoint and picnic table site. 17. New infrastructure in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park - construction of new buildings. 18. Condition of unpaved road through Zoological Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. 19. Possible resettlement issue - Imoshu village, in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. 20. The newly paved highway through Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is an example of wildlife habitat fragmentation. Animal vehicle incidents are likely to occur, and preventive action is crucial. 21. Un-reclaimed borrow pit beside paved highway, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. 22. Improved wildlife management infrastructure: the new fencing at the edge of Mosi-oa- Tunya National Park. 23. Encroachment of human settlement at edge of Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. 24. The gorge area downstream of Victoria Falls, a sensitive ecosystem with many stresses.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank i HABICO I
i
i
i SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and the World Bank are cooperating to develop a project in support of economic expansion and diversification - the SEED Project. A number of pre-appraisal assessments are required to ensure compliance with World Bank policies, GRZ development goals and strategies, and confirm the most effective use of the proposed credit facility. A Social and Environmental Assessment is among these requirements. HABICO Planning + Architecture Ltd. was contracted by the GRZ in late April 2003, through the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR), to undertake this Assessment.
1.2 Objectives of the Assessment
As stated in the assignment's Terms of Reference, the overall objective of this Assessment is to:
Develop and provide a clear and systematic process for the effective assessment of any potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the proposed project activities ensuring full compliance with applicable Zambian laws as well as the World Bank's Safeguard Policies. The results of the Social and Environmental Assessment will be an integral part of project formulation and implementation to improve results.
More specific objectives of this Assessment include:
1.2.1 Social Objectives
a. Identify affected persons including both positive and negative affects;
b. Identify opportunities for social and economic benefit at both local and national levels including: * employment opportunities * poverty reduction * improved access to services
c. Ensure sustainability of Project-financed activities through: * appropriate institutional involvement; * institutional capacity building; * stakeholder/community consultation;
d. Ensure gender and human equality in decision making, implementation and benefits;
e. Propose mitigation measures to address negative impacts and suggested actions to support positive impacts.
1.2.2 Environmental Objectives
a. Promote sustainable utilisation of Zambia's natural resources through increased consultation, multi-stakeholder participation and increased institutional cooperation with a particular reference to the activities contemplated in the SEED Project;
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNVVorld Bank 1 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
b. Identify and assess potential environmental issues and impacts resulting from SEED and spin-off activities, and propose mitigation and/or supporting actions;
c. Prepare a screening framework for assessment of SME funding proposals;
d. Prepare a Monitoring Plan.
1.2.3 Cross-Cutting Objectives
a. Identify areas where further detailed social and environmental assessment and mitigation measures may need to be developed as SEED Project details are determined;
b. Identify linkages between institutional, social, economic and environmental considerations in support of a fully integrated developmental investment approach;
c. Promote integrated, consultative and participatory approaches to Project design and implementation involving all stakeholders.
1.3 Scope of the Assessment
1.3.1 Geographic
The overall geographic scope of the SEED Project, and consequently of this Assessment, is the country of Zambia as a whole. Individual SEED components, however, have more restricted geographic scope, although it is recognized that approaches developed by SEED will be replicable elsewhere in the country. This Assessment considers the following geographically:
a. Tourism Component: Kafue National Park and surrounding Game Management Areas (GMA); Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, City of Livingstone and surrounding areas. It is important to note here that the UNESCO Victoria Falls World Heritage Site designation overlays on portions of this area and extends into Zimbabwe.
b. Agribusiness Linkages: Pilot value-added companies are Lusaka-based with most, although not all, suppliers located in the same proximity as well as the Kafue area GMAs;
c. Gemstone Sector: Not geographically specific and discussed at a national level;
d. Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Fund: National in scope.
1.3.2 Aspects Considered
The Assessment Terms of Reference clearly refer to only Social and Environmental aspects. However, it is clear from previous experience, and further reinforced by the research undertaken in completing this Assessment, that a Social and Environmental Assessment would be incomplete without reference also to Economic and Institutional aspects. Consequently, this report integrates added comments on both.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaMNorid Bank 2 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
1.3.3 Level of Detail
The level of detail included in this Assessment is determined largely by the progress made to date on other Project studies, plans and detailed component decisions. For the most part, these other components are not complete. Consequently, the Assessment is more strategic in nature presenting generic issues and mitigation/ support actions applicable to the general situation without being able to quantify them. Follow-up detailed assessments will be required when all details of the proposed SEED components are finalised, and the magnitude and exact locations of works determined.
1.4 Layout of the Report
This Report is structured to first set the context for the Assessment by describing the SEED Project and then presenting a contextual overview of institutional, regulatory, socio-economic and environmental conditions. The appropriate World Bank Safeguard Policies are discussed followed by a description of the Methodology used to complete the Assessment. Identified socio-economic and environmental issues and impacts are then presented by Project Component in table format. A separate section is included on institutional issues affecting both socio-economic and environmental aspects of all Project components. Having identified the issues and impacts, a table of proposed mitigation measures (for negative impacts) and supporting actions (for positive impacts) is presented. A separate section presents recommended screening and assessment procedures for proposed SME investments. Two supplementary assessments are included here: Dam Safety and the IUCN SEA Report. This is followed by proposed monitoring plans for both social and environmental actions. A number of highlighted issues and recommendations emerging from the assessment are then presented. Finally, a number of Appendices present additional detail information.
2.0 The SEED Project
2.1 SEED Project Objective
"The Project seeks to support the Govemment of the Republic of Zambia's (GRZ) efforts to stimulate diversified economic growth and private sector investment in the country with an initial focus on the sectors with the highest potential for growth - tourism, agribusiness and gemstones."'
2.2 National Context
Until 30 years ago Zambia was one of the wealthiest countries in Sub- Saharan Africa. Agriculture has always been the traditional economic mainstay with mining taking the lead in foreign exchange earnings while also creating significant local employment. A combination of local and world events undermined the strength of both sectors reducing Zambia to one of the world's poorest countries. More recent political and macro-economic reforms are paving the way for renewed economic growth, but at the same time it is recognized that economic diversification is essential. Tourism, one of the fastest growing global economic sectors, is identified in Zambia's Transitional National Development Plan 2002-2004 as a priority development sector based on Zambia' s extensive, and largely undeveloped tourism potential. The SEED Project is a supportive response to Zambia's development strategies and further identifies tourism development as a logical starting point for economic diversification. At the same time, it is fully recognized that tourism, neither alone nor in isolation, can address the total economic needs of Zambia. Consequently,
' World Bank, Project Appraisal Document, 31 May 2001
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 3 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
SEED includes components addressing agribusiness and gemstone development, and an investment facility to support the growth of small and medium enterprises in all sectors.
2.3 Developmental Context
The SEED Project is grounded in, supports, and is consistent with a number of overriding development policies including:
2.3.1 Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) 2002-2005
This document was prepared by the Ministry of Finance and National Planning as a first step towards re-introducing strategic development planning frameworks and a related budget preparation process. The overall theme of the TNDP is to achieve "Sustained economic growth, employment creation and poverty reduction." The TNDP "aims to reverse Zambia's socio-economic decline and stimulate pro-poor economic growth..." The TNDP is the forerunner of a proposed series of 5-Year National Development Plans commencing in 2006.
2.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
This document elaborates on the "pro-poor" strategies outlined in the TNDP and is established as the mandatory reference document for all development activity in the country. Poverty is multi-dimensional and can be defined in a number of ways. The latest analyses categorises approximately 73% of the Zambian population as poor and 58% as extremely poor. Poverty reduction must clearly be a major aim of any development initiative.
2.3.3 Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF)
Includes three priority strategies being addressed by World Bank/IDA support and integral to the SEED Project:
• removing constraints to sustainable, diversified growth; * improving governance; * increasing access to basic services and direct poverty interventions.
2.3.4 Zambia Country Assistance Strategy (CAS)
The SEED Project supports the World Bank's Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) which, in turn, is structured to fully support and link with GRZ's overall development strategies as discussed above. The short-term CAS objective is to sustain positive growth rates, support the current positive economic refonrns, especially as they benefit the poor, and promote private investment.
2.4 Components
The Project emphasises tourism development as the entry point for national economic diversification, but includes four components:
2.4.1 Tourism
Three Sub-components include:
.1 Comprehensive development of Livingstone as tourism's focal point:
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNWorld Bank 4 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
* finalising and updating a Strategic Development Master Plan; * rehabilitating priority infrastructure including selected urban roads and links into the adjacent Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, drainage, solid waste management; * rehabilitation of other priority infrastructure in
.2 Securing the environment for, and demonstrating a model of, economic development, protection and conservation of Zambia's natural heritage resources in Mosi-oa-Tunya and Kafue National Parks
.3 Institutional strengthening.
Each of these components and the many associated activities create a significant number of social and environmental impacts (both positive and negative), opportunities and constraints. These are the subject of this Assessment.
2.4.2 Agribusiness Linkages
Agriculture has always been the mainstay of the Zambian economy, both formal and informal. Further development of the sector can contribute significantly to the diversification of Zambia's economy. SEED intends to support agribusiness outgrower programmes by strengthening linkages between agricultural processors and their raw material suppliers. Four pilot processing companies will participate in the initial programme with Project support funding to a revolving fund aimed at facilitating access to increased working capital and technical support to suppliers in order to improve efficiency of the entire supply chain while, at the same time, having an impact on reducing rural poverty. Integral to the development of this Programme is a need to address the many associated social and environmental impacts. The four pilot companies proposed include:
* Parmalat (dairy) * Real Meats (meat processor) * Village Organic Industries (seed processing) * York Farms (vegetables)
2.4.3 Gemstone Sector
Large scale copper mining has been the focus of Zambia's mining industry for decades although world market conditions have severely impacted the industry in recent years. However, Zambia also has significant gemstone resources that are typically exploited by smaller scale formal and informal mining operations. The gemstone sector has potential to make a major contribution to mining activity and Zambia's economic diversification. A lack of structure in the sector has cost Zambia significant potential benefits in the past and remedial action is desired. SEED intends to support development of a comprehensive gemstone strategy including analysis of reserves, mining technology, infrastructure, processing, trading patterns, legislation, markets and institutional capacity. The need for re-introduction of a Gemstone Exchange Mechanism is highlighted in Zambia's TNDP. Current operations and any planned expansion of the sector involves a number of social and environmental impacts.
2.4.4 Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Investment Fund
Economic development in Zambia, including that in the tourism, agricultural and gemstone sectors discussed above, is constrained by lack of access to appropriate credit for growth in the small and medium enterprise sector. Commercial bank collateral
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 5 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
requirements and lending rates typically make these facilities of little use to the SME sector, while straight donor lending guarantees provided in the past tend to undermine the motivation to collect loan repayments. As a more viable alternative, SEED intends to support creation of a risk capital revolving investment fund to provide credit to the SMEs. It is important to note that the SME Programme does not include the micro- sector which has its own set of critical needs. All sectors (micro, small, medium and large) have considerable opportunity for growth in tourism, agriculture and gemstone activities. Once again, this component of SEED creates a number of potential social and environmental impacts.
3.0 Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Context
The following section summarises the institutional, legal and regulatory context within which the SEED Project is set.
3.1 Institutional Context
The SEED Project, by its very nature, involves a wide range of public and private-sector institutions, some of which are listed below. The Project is currently being coordinated through the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR), but final selection of an implementation coordinating unit remains to be done. Best practise in any development initiative supports the participation, integration and coordination of the full range of institutional players. Research conducted in the preparation of this Assessment underlines a particularly strong need to address this issue in the Zambian context. See Section 9.5 for further discussion. Note that, although not a formal institution, the residents of the Project Area are placed at the top of the list emphasising the importance of consultation and participation.
3.1.1 Residents of the Project Area
The people most likely impacted by any planning and development activity in the Project Area will be the local residents. It is therefore important to not only take their interests and well being into account but allow them to have the opportunity to directly participate and contribute to all Area issues and initiatives from the very early stages of the Project.
3.3.2 Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR)
The Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR) will serve as a primary GRZ partner in this Project and is currently serving as the coordinating agency during Project preparation. This Ministry is a recent amalgamation of the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. MTENR is responsible for developing policies for the tourism, environment and natural resource sectors. It also is closely affiliated with a number of relevant agencies including; the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ), the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA), the Zambia National Tourist Board (ZNTB), the Tourism Council of Zambia (TCZ) and the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC). The roles and responsibilities of these agencies are described in Section 5.5.1.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 6 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
3.3.3 Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MFNP)
The formal Project Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) will be jointly signed by MFNP and CIDA. This Ministry will serve on the Project Steering Committee providing overall direction on behalf of the GRZ.
3.3.4 Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH)
MLGH supervises local government activities through the Local Government Act and the Town and Country Planning Act. This ministry is important to the success of an all inclusive, coordinated planning initiative in the Project Area.
3.3.5 Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI)
This ministry is specifically responsible for internal and external trade and industrial development in Zambia.
3.3.6 Ministry of Lands (ML)
Ministry of Lands is responsible for managing land tenure and land registration issues in Zambia. The Project Area includes public, private and traditional lands, each of which has a different set of planning and development implications.
3.3.7 Deputy Minister's Office, Southern Province (DMSP)
As the Project Area is contained entirely within the Southern Province, this agency is of paramount importance in interfacing between area residents, local agencies, the private sector and relevant GRZ agencies based in Lusaka. The ministry office is located in Livingstone where the Deputy Minister, Permanent Secretary, Provincial Planner and three other planning officers are accommodated.
3.3.8 Kazungula District (KD)
This recently formed District contains the largest portion of the Project rural area and the remaining 29% of the Project Area population. It surrounds the LCC and LD constituting a buffer to the more intensely developed urban and tourist areas.
3.3.9 Livingstone District (LD)
This local authority entity surrounds and encompasses the City of Livingstone as well as part of the Dambwa Forest Reserve. It buffers a number of other important land administrating agencies including LCC, MOTNP, the WHS, the Forest Reserve, Kazungula District and Traditional Trust Lands.
3.3.10 Livingstone City Council (LCC)
The City of Livingstone contains 71% of the Project Area's residents and serves as the main service centre for residents and visitors alike. The City is a major stakeholder in the World Bank SEED Tourism initiative and is well positioned to greatly benefit from the development of a sustainable, long-term eco-tourism industry due to The Victoria Falls being situated on its doorstep.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 7 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
3.3.11 Mukuni, Sekute, Musokotwane Traditional Communities
The traditional communities located in the Project Area are directly involved in the tourism industry through the development/sale of curios, hosting village tours and leasing land to tourist operators. It will be important to find a balance between traditional residents benefiting from the developing tourism industry while ensuring that their traditional way of life is maintained in the Project Area.
3.3.12 Livingstone Business District Association
This Association represents 500 of the private sector businesses located in the Livingstone Area. It will serve as a voice for the private sector interests in the Project Area.
3.3.13 Livingstone Chamber of Commerce
The Chamber of Commerce is another agency that represents private sector interests in the Project Area.
3.3.14 Private Sector Business Associations
Tourism, agriculture and mining all have their own variety of private-sector business associations established to promote their interests to government, other agencies and strengthen marketing initiatives. A good example is the Livingstone Tourist Association (LTA) which represents Project Area private sector businesses directly involved in the tourism industry. Current membership is about 70. Its board and membership will serve as readily available representatives of the private sector's interests in the area.
3.2 Legal and Regulatory Context
A number of pieces of legislation and policy are particularly relevant to establishing the planning and implementation framework for SEED and ensuring long-term institutional sustainability of Project activities. As detailed Project design and implementation proceeds it will be essential to further review the legal and regulatory frameworks to determine what, if any, gaps exist and recommend revisions.
3.2.1 The Constitution
Sets out the rights and freedoms of the citizens of Zambia. Is relevant to all activities, but particularly so if/when addressing issues of resettlement where it specifically requires compensation for acquiring or taking possession of land or land rights.
3.2.2 The Town and Country Planning Act (TCPA)
This Act came into force in 1962 providing for the appointment of planning authorities whose main responsibilities are the preparation, approval and revocation of development plans. It also provides for the control of development and subdivision of land. The Act does not however apply to Trust Land and land in Reserve or Mining Areas that fall under regional plans. The only regional plan completed under this Act was the Copper Belt Regional Plan developed for the period of 1962 to 1965. The Department of Physical Planning and Housing, MLGH is responsible for administering this Act. Preparation of the proposed Development Plan for Livingstone falls under this Act.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaANorld Bank 8 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
3.2.3The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA)
Passed in 1990, EPPCA is the principal Act on the environment in Zambia. It provided for the establishment of the ECZ whose main functions constitute the protection of the environment and control of pollution. More specifically, it provides for the health and welfare of persons, animals, plants and the environment in general.
3.2.4 The Water Act
This Act came into force in 1949 and provides for the control, ownership and use of water excluding that of the Zambezi, Luapula and Luangawa rivers which form borders with other countries. The Act establishes the Water Board and regulates the use of public water including protection against pollution.
3.2.5 The Fisheries Act
Enacted in 1974, the Act provides for the development of commercial fishing, control of fishing and the registration of fishermen and boats.
3.2.6 The Forestry Act (1974 and 1999)
The Act provides for the establishment and management of national and local forests as well as the conservation and protection of forests and trees, and licensing and sale of forest products.
3.2.7 The National Parks and Wildlife Service
Passed in 1991, this Act provides for the establishment, control and management of National Parks; conservation and protection of wildlife and objects of interest in National Parks; the establishment of Game Management Areas; the licensing of hunting; control of possession of trophies and control of bush fires.
3.2.8 Public Health Act
Passed in 1930 the Act has been amended a number of times. The Act provides for the prevention and suppression of diseases and the general regulation of all matters connected with public health in the country.
3.2.9 The Mines and Minerals Act (1995)
The introduction of modern mining legislation to Zambia. Simplified licensing procedures with minimum constraints on exploration and mining thereby encouraging investment. Needs to be read, in this regard, in conjunction with the Investments Act. To date, the accompanying regulations have not been finalised that would enforce mine safety
3.2.10 Local Government Act
The Act came into force in 1991 and provides for the establishment of Councils in districts, the functions of local authorities and the local government system. Some of these functions relate to pollution control and the protection of the environment in general. This Act is supervised by MLGH.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNWorld Bank 9 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
3.2.11 The Lands Act
Addresses issues of both customary rights and contemporary land tenure. This document will be the guide for proceeding with resettlement, should this become desired. The Land Act will also guide allocation of rights and tenure to mining interests and developers in other sectors wishing to invest.
3.2.12 The Lands Acquisition Act
Provides for compulsory acquisition of land within a given set of allowable and mandatory procedures, including the payment of compensation.
3.2.13 Zambia Wildlife Act (1998)
Allows the President to acquire land whenever it is deemed desirable for the conservation of wildlife, ecosystems, biodiversity or natural beauty. Consultation is required with local communities, but permits resettlement.
3.2.14 Agricultural Lands Act
This Act was passed in 1960 and provides for the protection and alienation of land for agricultural purposes only.
3.2.15 The Investment Act
Passed in 1991, the Act provides a legal framework for investment in Zambia. Among other things, it established a one-stop-shop for investment application and approval. Subsequent revisions to the Act in 1993 and 1996 removed some of the original investment incentives and complicated approval processes thereby serving to discourage investment. Further revisions to once again encourage investment are being promoted from a number of fronts and deserve serious consideration in support of this Project's endeavours to diversify economic expansion. The Act relates to environment indirectly by providing incentives for tree planting, soil and water conservation activities. The Act further recognises the role of sectoral agencies including those responsible for environmental protection in authorising specific projects.
3.2.16 The Tourism Act
Enacted in 1979, and amended in 1985, this Act provides for the control of tourism enterprises. The Act, though making no direct reference to environmental protection, does provide for appeals against authorisation of tourism projects that are deemed to negatively affect Zambian tourism which is basically natural-resource based.
3.2.17 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act
Enacted in 1989, the Act provides for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other objects of aesthetic, historical, pre-historical, archaeological or scientific interest. It is administered by the National Heritage Conservation Authority (NHCC).
3.2.18 International Game Park and Wildlife Act
The Act was enacted in 1971 to provide for the establishment of International Game Parks.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 10 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
3.2.19 The Zambezi River Authority Act
Signed in 1987, the Act provides for the interstate agreement between Zambia and Zimbabwe relating to the utilisation of the Zambezi River.
Zambia is also party to a number of international and regional conventions signed for addressing common environmental concerns. These include:
* Statutes for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; * International Plant Protection Convention; * African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; * Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (especially as waterfowl habitat); * Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; * Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System; * Convention on Biological Diversity.
4.0 Socio-Economic Context
4.1 National Overview
The following provides a brief contextual overview of socio-economic conditions in Zambia. Detailed descriptions of conditions are contained in numerous reports and need not be repeated here.
4.1.1 Population & Demographics
a. Population: preliminary numbers from the 2000 Census place Zambia's overall population at approximately 10,300,000.
b. Growth Rate: official numbers vary depending upon how much the effects of HIV/AIDS are factored in. The preliminary 2000 Census estimates annual population growth at 2.7% (2.6% urban, 2.8% rural), but World Bank sources indicate this number may now be as low as 1.7%. Average life expectancy has also declined from 50 years n 1980 to 45.5 in 1996 and now estimated to be 37.5 years2 reflecting the serious impact of HIV/AIDS.
c. Population Projection: at an assumed average growth rate of 1.7% per annum the following projected populations will result:
2010: 12,191,000 2020: 14,430,000 which represents an increase of over 40% from 2000.
c. Household Size: average 5.5 persons.
d. Distribution: Zambia is a predominantly rural nation with 63% of the population residing in rural areas compared to 37% in urban. In the Project's targeted Southern Province this increases to 80% rural. As with many other developing countries there is increasing rural-urban migration in search of economic opportunities and improved access to services.
2World Bank, Zambia Data Profile
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 11 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
e. Ethnic Groups: 73 different ethnic groups are officially recognized, but major tribes include the Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Ngoni, Nsenga and Lozi. Languages are distinct and present some communication limitations at local levels.
4.1.2 Economic Activities
Zambia's traditional economy is based on agriculture which engages over 70% of the working population, over half (approx. 56%) of which is in small-scale subsistence farming. In rural areas agriculture accounts for over 90% of the economic activity. Copper mining leads export earnings, but has been in a slump since the 1970's. Mining could account for between 5% and 10% of the formal labour force. In 2001, Zambia exported approximately US$ 1,300 million worth of products of which 75% consisted of copper and other minerals. Of increasing importance, is the export of specialty agricultural products such as high quality fruits and vegetables earning approximately US$ 50 million per year. Tourism is a major growth industry with visitors and revenues increasing at an average of about 9% per year from the mid-1990s to an estimated US$ 120 million in 2001. Regional electricity exports also accounted for a significant sum. The SEED Project logically targets the important economic sectors of tourism, agriculture and mining.
The distinction between formal and informal employment is important to note. Of all persons employed in 1998 (3,514,000), 79% (71% men, 89% women) were employed in the informal sector. This indicates significant weakness in the formal sector with a corresponding loss of tax revenue to government.
4.1.3 Poverty
Official statistics place 73% of Zambia's population at or below the poverty line. This percentage reaches as high as 90% in many rural areas. Real incomes have fallen significantly since independence with wages not keeping pace with inflation.
In Zambia's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, poverty is defined by three characteristics:
a. Income: income of less than US$ 1.00 per day;
b. Basic needs: shortfall of other basic needs - food, clothing, shelter;
c. Capability: includes inability to acquire basic physical needs, but also refers to inability to fully participate in the life of the community.
The SEED Project is clearly designing and integrating efforts that will address all three characteristics.
A discussion of poverty in Zambia must include recognition of the increasing impact of HIV/AIDS on society, family structure, economic capacity and human resources in general. The loss of human capital (e.g. estimated loss of 1,000 teachers per year to HIV/AID) creates a growing deficit. Human and financial resources diverted to tending to HIV/AIDS patients diverts much-needed capital from other developmental activities.
Links between poverty and sustainable environmental management are clear. Without adequate access to the basics of life, or alternative economic activities, survival strategies will not consider the long-term environmental impacts of acquiring today's basic needs.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 12 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
4.2 Tourism Component Socio-Economic Context This section concentrates on socio-economic conditions in the two areas targeted by this component of the Project: Kafue National Park (KNP) area and the Mosi-oa-Tunya/ Livingstone Area (MOTNP). 4.2.1 Affected Population This Assessment focuses on the populations within and/or directly affected by SEED activities. It must also be noted, however, that changes in economic activity in the Project Area will likely have spin-off impacts in a far wider area. In the case of tourism, an increase or decrease may affect agents, operators and suppliers in Lusaka, the region and internationally. a. Kafue National Park (KNP) area: With the exception of Park staff, there is no significant population residing within the Park. Some encroachment exists in a disputed eastern portion. Work on a separate Resettlement Study associated with the SEED Project is underway, but has not yet quantified the number of potentially affected people. However, with programmes of community-based natural resource management growing in popularity and showing signs of progress, it will be important to look carefully at the impacts of these encroaching populations and those buffering the KNP in the Game Management Areas and making sustainable use of some Park resources before making any final resettlement decisions. Current population statistics are not available for the 9 GMAs surrounding KNP. However, an extrapolated analysis of work completed on 6 GMAs around Kafue in 1994 suggests that population densities today are in the order of 0.70 - 2.25 persons per km2 on average. Examples: * Mumbwa GMA which borders the Lusaka-Mongu highway on the south has an area of 3,370 km2 and an estimated population of 7,650 results in a density of 2.25, the highest of the 6 studied.
* Namwala GMA adjacent to ltezhi-Tezhi township and the ltezhi-Tezhi dam has an area of 3,600 km2 and an estimated population of 4,000 for a density of just over 1.0 persons per km2 . * the larger Kasonso-Busanga GMA to the northwest has an area of 7,780 km2 , a population estimated at 5,600 for a density of 0.70 persons per km2 .
Following sections discuss economic activities of this population including existing and projected impacts of the tourism industry. b. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone area: The total population of the Southern Province is just over 1.2 million with the City of Livingstone at about 160,000. Allowing for populations in the adjacent tribal lands, a Project area population of between 200,000 and 225,000 persons depending on where the boundaries are drawn. It can be seen that in sharp contrast to KNP, approximately 75% of this population is urban.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 13 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
4.2.2 Settlement Patterns
a. Kafue National Park area: Settlement in the KNP vicinity is almost entirely rural in nature on traditionally settled subsistence farm lands within designated Game Management Areas (GMA). Only the west side of KNP is not buffered by a GMA. Itezhi-Tezhi is the only bordering town with two distinct sections: the ZESCO village, and a local trading centre. Namwala is the largest nearby settlement located approximately 50 km east of the Park. Population density around KNP averages between 0.70 and 2.253 persons per kmz. Land pressures elsewhere are leading to the opening up of new settlement areas adjacent to KNP, the Dam 6 area in Mumbwa GMA is an example. An obvious consequence of this is the reduced effectiveness of current buffer zones. Encroachment exists in the eastern part of the Park where, partially through boundary disputes, several villages exist. Residents were among those previously relocated when the park was originally gazetted by the Government of Northern Rhodesia in 1950.
b. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone area: by contrast, the vast majority of settlement in this area is urban within the City of Livingstone although the Southern Province as a whole is predominantly rural. An important characteristic of settlement here is the expanding areas of low-income, informal, unserviced plots. Many of these are in close proximity to the MOTNP and well within the recommended 200m buffer zone. The negative impacts of this trend are discussed elsewhere in this Report, but include wildlife disturbance, wood and animal poaching, waste disposal, and visual impediments to expanding tourism. A lack of institutional coordination and cooperation is the main cause of this problem situation as further discussed in Section 9.5. Two villages remain within the Park boundaries: the disputed Songwe Point Village in the eastern part of the Park; and Imusho Village in the west. Both existed long before the Park was gazetted. In addition, ZESCO subsequently constructed a workers' settlement in the eastern portion of the Park. Several important cultural sites remain in the Park including traditional ceremonial sites of Chief Mukuni's people and artefacts from early white settlement.
4.2.3 Economic Activities
To set the national context for economic activity in the tourism sector, approximately 14,000 jobs existed in 2003 supporting approximately 640,000 tourists who, in turn, generated almost $150 million in revenue.
a. Kafue National Park area:
The vast majority of persons residing in the surrounding GMAs subsist on small holding agriculture of various forms including growing of maize and sorghum, cattle, and gathering of forest products including honey. A limited amount of small-scale gemstone mining also takes place on the Park's boundaries. Illegal poaching within the Park has been a significant economic activity in the past, but is being brought under control with new management efforts by ZAWA and CRBs. Poaching is both subsistence and commercial in nature. Commercial poaching is generally managed from outside the region but employing local hunters.
Tourism provides some employment mostly in the form of lodge help. There are currently 8 operational lodges (some seasonal) within or adjacent to the Park
3 crude consultant estimate
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 14 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
providing a total of 198 beds. In addition, there are 9 camps with a total capacity of a further 72 beds. (note: data varies from different sources and could not be field verified) Assuming an average staff/client ratio of 1:1, an estimated 270 jobs are created, albeit some of them seasonal. Based on the average household size of 5.5 persons, this employment is directly benefiting almost 1,500 persons. Wages are low, averaging about US$ 20-30 per month for most staff, but still represent an important cash input into communities that still rely on barter to a large extent.
The two ZAWA Warden stations estimate a total of only 30-35 foreign visitors per month to the Park which is in sharp contrast to other data4 , which when extrapolated suggests perhaps 250 per month. Reluctance to provide accurate numbers was experienced in several cases with ZAWA and may be tied to a reluctance to divulge revenue realities. Given the wilderness value and richness of the Park as the world's third largest, potential for growth in tourism must be substantial.
b. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone area:
Livingstone developed as an industrial city. As a result of a variety of factors, however, industry has all but disappeared. Of 54 factories operating at the peak, only two remain in production. Approximately 90% of Livingstone's workforce is currently unemployed. Needless to say, poverty levels are high.
Tourism is being looked to as the way forward for Livingstone, based on its proximity to the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site. The Victoria Falls/Livingstone border post already accounts for the largest number of visitor entries (188,000 in 2002) almost double that of Lusaka Airport. This is in spite of the significant tourist decline in the area due to the currently unfavourable political conditions in neighbouring Zimbabwe.
At present, tourism accounts for some 4,000 jobs in the Livingstone area, including employment at approximately 20 hotels and lodges and a host of smaller guest houses. This means a direct benefit to approximately 22,000 persons based on the average household size. The recently completed Sun Hotel complex is by far the largest employer. Fifteen lodges now exist along the 60km upriver stretch of the Zambezi from the Falls to Kazungula. These are having significant positive and negative social and environmental impacts as discussed elsewhere in this report. The negative issues again emanate primarily from a lack of institutional capacity, coordination and cooperation in applying development policies, regulations and integrated planning. This weak situation is exploited by the private sector threatening the long-term value of the original attraction.
Wages in the tourism sector again remain low in the US$ 20-30 per month range.
Tourism in the Livingstone area is suffering from the current political and economic situation in Zimbabwe. The largest proportion of foreign visitors is historically from the region, primarily South Africa. This traffic has virtually halted due to a lack of fuel in Zimbabwe combined with international fear and opposition to the Zimbabwe situation. Cross-border traffic has been further discouraged through the recent imposition of visa charges on both sides of the border making it prohibitively expensive for visitors to make the traditional visit to both sides of the river. Section 9.5 further discusses the need for trans-boundary cooperation focused on the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
4 Draft Kafue National Park GMP, Feb. 1999
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 15 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Although tourism is being promoted as the saviour of Livingstone, it is obvious that the industry cannot stand alone to replace the previous 54 factories. Tourism can be one component, but there is need to further explore opportunities for developing the full range of supporting industries, as well as taking advantage of improved infrastructure to return to some of the traditional value-added activities including food processing, timber processing and manufacturing.
4.3 Agribusiness Component Socio-Economic Context
Agriculture has always been the mainstay of the Zambian economy engaging some 70% of the formal and informal workforce. Statistics vary but according to the Ministry of Agriculture there are in excess of 600,000 farms with over 95% of these classified as small. The vast majority of these being subsistence farms compared to only some 50- 100 commercial and corporate farms. Figures prepared by Global Development Systems for the SEED project put these numbers somewhat higher with as many as 600-700 commercial farms in operation. Subsistence farming helps keep people alive, but does nothing to expand the national economy, reduce poverty or generally improve socio-economic conditions in the country. To break the subsistence cycle it is necessary to add a level of formality to promote value-added processing and export marketing - both being objectives of the SEED Project. Smaller niche export markets are being successfully exploited and offer unique growth opportunities for the sector. York Farm's, for example, has been exporting top quality fruits and vegetables to the European market for several years and Village Organic Industries has found demand for its unique products.
Zambia's total land area is 752,000 km2. Only 12% of this is considered arable and, in spite of the importance of agriculture to the economy, only 14% (12,630 km2 or 1,263,000 ha) is in production. There is clearly room for expansion of the sector given coordinated planning, infrastructure development, and serious environmental assessment.
4.4 Gemstone Industry Context
Zambia has enormous gemstone resources, ranked among the best in Africa and the world. Export production, which is the majority of the market, was recorded at US$ 20 million in 20015 although given the highly informal nature of the sector, this is likely understated. Most of the mining operations are small-scale relying largely on pick and shovel technology. Amethyst is by far the biggest product by weight. Gemstone resources are scattered throughout the country with some particularly well known concentrations in the Copperbelt and Koloma areas. Many areas lack infrastructure to allow development. Official statistics indicate under 1,000 licensed mining operations with only some 4,000 employees. Many other illegal ones reportedly exist in an industry that is notoriously hard to regulate. Illicit smuggling is widespread presumably due, at least in part, to non-existent or unsupportive government bureaucracies and marketing mechanisms. SEED support to these constraints should prove valuable. In recognition of the potential value of the gemstone sector, a number of programmes are being put in place including:
* The Sysmin (Mining Diversification) Programme * RE-Introduction of the Gemstone Exchange Scheme * Introduction of a Plant Hire Scheme * Creation of a Mining Community Development Fund * establishment of Regional Mining Bureaus
5World Bank
Government of the Republic of ZambiaMNorld Bank 16 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
4.5 SME Investment Fund Context
This component of the SEED programme proposes the establishment of a risk capital investment fund for small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Zambia. The Fund will provide financing, in the form of both debt and equity, to approximately 25-30 SMEs over five years. The Fund will not be constrained to investments in specific sectors, but may place preference on the sectors with the highest potential for economic diversification, i.e., tourism, agro-processing and so forth.
The purpose of the programme is to expand and diversify the medium-scale business sector in Zambia and to promote the entry of greater number of Zambians into the formal business sector.
Under the programme, the GRZ will provide low-cost leverage to a special form of investment vehicle ("Fund"). In exchange for this leverage, a Fund must invest in SMEs according to a prescribed investment policy and investment methodology.
SMEs are defined as businesses that (by the end of their first two years of operations) have (Institute for SME Finance, December 2003):
* 10 to 100 employees, * annual turnover of US$ 250,000 to US$ 2.5 million, * total assets in excess of US$ 100,000, and * operation as a formal business.
5.0 Environmental Context
5.1 Environmental Resources
Zambia is richly endowed with environmental resources. It features a very favourable climate, a very rich diversity of plants and vegetation communities, and world-renowned wildlife fauna which offers excellent game viewing and recreational opportunities. It has many high quality viewscapes that are a major opportunity for the development of the tourism industry.
There are, however, a number of threats affecting the quality of Zambia's natural environment. A major feature of the environmental state and trends in Zambia is the linkage between poverty and environmental quality and sustainability of natural resources. This is discussed below.
5.2 Drivers for Environmental Change
A major feature underlying the state and trends in Zambia's natural environment is the link between poverty and environment. This has been particularly so in the past several decades, as the copper industry has declined and indicators of urban and rural poverty began to rise.
While poor communities often rely directly on the environment for their livelihood, they are also affected by the way the local environmental resources are used by themselves and others. The involvement of affected people in environmental management, therefore, is crucial for the achievement of economic growth and poverty reduction. While exploitation of natural resources contributes to economic growth, the needs and opportunities for the surrounding people cannot be ignored. Rapid increases in population combined with over-
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 17 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment exploitation of resources threatens people's livelihoods (Government of Zambia, Ministry of Finance and National Planning: Transitional National Development Plan for 2002-2005).
The interaction between environmental quality and poverty is manifested in both urban and rural areas. The urban poor are particularly affected by underdeveloped environmental services, e.g., inadequate supply of clean water, pollution and lack of sanitation, poor solid waste disposal systems, and outdoor and indoor air pollution (e.g., cooking stoves with low quality fuel). Urban poverty, therefore, cannot be successfully addressed without improving environmental services.
In rural areas, the poor are heavily dependent upon natural resources, such as forests, land, water and animals, to pursue their livelihoods. To address poverty in rural areas, therefore, it is crucial to improve people's ability to derive livelihoods from more productive and sustainable natural resources. The poaching of wildlife and firewood from Parks or Game Management Areas, for example, is largely driven by poverty, and alternative economic pursuits such as honey production, can divert from such activities, with environmental benefits.
5.3 Addressing Environmental Threats
Recognizing the need for adopting sustainable policies aimed at maintaining natural ecosystems, essential ecological processes and the biological resources of the country, the Government of Zambia (GRZ) introduced the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 1994. The NEAP identified five problems as imposing the greatest social costs on the Zambian people, viz., water pollution and inadequate sanitation; soil degradation; air pollution; wildlife (fish and game) depletion; and deforestation. The Plan recognized that the greatest costs, both social and environmental, of these problems are borne by the poor, who have the least capacity to adapt to environmental changes.
The NEAP proposed 4 broad objectives, as follows:
1. to formulate appropriate policies, plans and programmes on the protection of the environment and natural resources;
2. to enhance the management and utilization of natural resources in order to promote the sustainable improvement of livelihoods of communities;
3. to enhance enforcement of environmental laws; and
4. to build capacity for environmental sustenance.
5.4 Environmental Planning and the SEED Programme
The tourism, mining and agribusiness sectors, all incorporated into the SEED Programme, have their own sets of potential impacts on the natural environment and resources.
Improved tourism infrastructure may result in habitat fragmentation or threats to cultural/traditional sites and objects, resulting from construction. At the same time, improved park and other operations will have mainly positive impacts in terms of overall improved game management. In addition, however, there will be impacts that are brought about as indirect impacts of tourism, which will ultimately bring about an increase in the number of spinoff activities such as the development of more lodges and other accommodation. In tandem with this increase in access and facilities, it is anticipated that this will bring about a long-term increase in the number of tourists using the parks, and more tourism-related activities such as boating, rafting, hiking and game-driving. The increase in tourist use of the
Government of the Republic of ZambiaANorld Bank 18 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment parks and adjacent areas would result in a wide range of indirect impacts on forests, water, and other environmental resources. Additionally, people will be drawn to the areas where tourism is increasing, in order to find employment. This, too, will cause a number of impacts on the surrounding environment and natural resources.
The development of gemstone mining potentially result in a number of impacts to the environment, including soil erosion and instability, air pollution, unreclaimed pits which cause aesthetic, safety and health concerns; and a range of indirect effects on forests, water, air, etc., which are brought about by the growth of worker communities near the mining sites.
The agribusiness (agriculture/agro-processing) sector is associated with a large range of potential environmental effects, such as irrigation effects on groundwater, decline in long- term soil quality from contamination by chemicals or wastes, water demand and strains on local water supply, water quality risks from pesticides and fertilizers, risks to human and animal safety from the use of pesticides, and land use conflicts.
This report examines the potential socio-economic and environmental changes that may take place in the above and other sectors, and proposed mitigation, support and monitoring strategies to address these potential changes, in the broad context of the NEAP objectives.
6.0 World Bank Safeguard Policies
6.1 Introduction
The key safeguard issues that require evaluation in this project are summarized here. This section summarizes the important triggers and mechanisms in the project for achieving these policy objectives in the planning and implementation of the proposed SEED Programme.
6.2 Environmental Assessment (BP4.01)
The proposed project and its components is classified as Category B, as its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigative measures can be designed using standard practices and technology.
The potential positive and negative effects of the Tourism component of the SEED Programme (e.g., improvements to National Park infrastructure, etc.) are assessed for direct and indirect effects in the present exercise and this report. Avoiding the negative direct and indirect impacts anticipated to result from the SEED activities, is really a question of active and insightful planning of developments and avoidance of land use conflicts, rather than of sophisticated or expensive technological solutions. This highlights the crucial need for enhanced institutional mechanisms and bodies, which is a key recommendation in this report.
There is, however, a need to ensure that individual projects that may eventually be funded under the Gemstone, Agribusiness, and SME components, are fully assessed for potential environmental implications. This report can do this in only a general way, because the types, designs and locations of such projects to be funded are not known. It is therefore important to build into these project-promotion schemes adequate mechanisms to ensure that each such funded project is evaluated for potential environmental effects, both positive and negative. For this reason, this report recommends that each funded project be subjected to environmental screening or assessment before it is approved. Further, this report provides
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 19 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment some screening and assessment tools that can be used for this purpose, as applied to the Agribusiness and SME components. It recommends, also, that gemstone mining projects receive adequate environmental screening, regardless of the scale of the proposed project.
This report also recommends mitigation and monitoring measures for the Tourism, Gemstone, Agribusiness and SME components.
6.3 Forests (BP4.36)
None of the components of the SEED Programme involve commercial logging, and none explicitly involve the conversion or degradation of natural forests or other natural habitats that is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts. While there may be indirect effects of the tourism component due to increased tourism economy and hence the increased demand for wood, for example, to satisfy energy and curio needs, these impacts can be resolved through enforcement of existing guidelines and adequate land use planning. Similarly, the gemstone component could result in indirect impacts to forests through consumptive use of wood. Again, most of the need is for improved coordination and capacity of institutional mechanisms and bodies, which is a key recommendation of this report. Furthermore, environmental assessments of proposed mining and agribusiness projects must include a consideration of the anticipated demand for wood and consequent indirect impacts on forests.
While the exact nature of projects to be funded under the SME component is obviously unknown at this point, projects that entail the unsustainable utilization of natural resources such as trees/wood are among those that will be excluded from consideration.
6.4 Natural Habitats (BP4.04)
It is anticipated that the overall effects of the Tourism component of the SEED Programme will be positive, in terms of improved management and protection of wildlife and its habitat in Kafue National Park and Game Management Areas, and Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park and vicinity. In this report, the possible negative direct, indirect and cumulative impacts of this component have been identified. Mitigation and monitoring measures have been proposed to minimize adverse impacts, and support mechanisms have been proposed to enhance positive impacts. Notwithstanding this, the net effect of the Tourism component on wildlife habitat is anticipated to be overwhelmingly positive.
While the gemstone and agribusiness components could result in impacts to natural habitats through loss, degradation or disturbance, the location of these projects - and hence the proximity of sensitive habitats - is not presently known. This report recommends, however, that environmental assessments of proposed mining and agribusiness projects under the Programme must include a consideration of the habitats that may be disturbed or affected, and develop mitigative and monitoring measures to address them.
While the exact nature of projects to be funded under the SME component is obviously unknown at this point, projects that entail the destruction, degradation, conversion or unsustainable utilization of natural habitats will be excluded from consideration.
6.5 Pest Management (BP4.09)
None of the SEED Programme proposal contains an explicit component for managing pests. However, projects to be funded under the Agribusiness component could entail the control of weeds or insect pests. This issue is being covered off by a separate study, now in progress.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 20 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
The only other pest management activity that could occur from SEED is the eradication or control of weeds that are displacing native plants in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site. It is recommended in this report, however, that such efforts be conducted using manual, cultural or bio-control methods in preference to chemical herbicides.
6.6 Safety of Dams (BP4.37)
The SEED Programme does not explicitly entail the construction or other development of any dam or similar impoundment structure. However, there are two ways in which this safeguard policy may be triggered.
First, it is possible that a project to be funded under the Agribusiness component could involve the construction of an impoundment for irrigation, stock watering, etc., or irrigation or water supply projects that will depend on the storage and operation of an existing dam for their supply of water and could not function if the dam failed. In such cases, Bank policy normally requires that the borrower adopt and implement certain dam safety measures for the design, bid tendering, construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam and associated works. This requirement would need to be followed in any case.
The second instance is where failure of an upstream dam could cause extensive damage to or failure of the new Bank-funded structure. Projects in this category also include operations that require increases in the capacity of an existing dam, or changes in the characteristics of the impounded materials, where failure of the existing dam could cause extensive damage to or failure of the Bank-funded facilities. Where potential problems are identified, additional dam safety measures or remedial work may be financed under the proposed project. In this sense, the operation and integrity of the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam has a profound effect on water levels, fluctuation, intensity and timing of flooding and hence safety to buildings, livestock and crops, in the downstream Kafue River system. The present study includes the collection of information on the safety of the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, potential impacts of its operations and possible failure for SEED funded activities downstream, and associated recommendations.
6.7 Gender and Development (OP 4.20)
Considered a cross-cutting theme throughout all components of the Project which will need continuous integration as work proceeds through detailed Project design and implementation.
6.8 Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20)
Indigenous peoples in the case of this Assessment are given a somewhat broader definition than that presented in this Operational Directive, and are not necessarily clearly identifiable, disadvantaged minority groups. This Assessment defines indigenous people to include the long-term resident tribal groups that occupy the rural landscape of Zambia in a predominantly subsistence setting, living a traditional lifestyle. In many cases these people have been uprooted at least once during the colonial period, so may not necessarily still reside on original ancestral lands. However, for the most part their livelihoods are tied to the land, traditional local chieftainship governance systems prevail, traditional land tenure rights are understood and adhered to, burial lands are nearby, sacred ceremonial sites exist, and ethnic distinctions are relatively intact. In general, these people live in poverty with limited access to basic health and educational facilities. They are also typically the last to be considered when developments occur or land is required for some other purpose, as amply demonstrated during colonial resettlement to gain access to prime agricultural land or create even the national parks now being addressed by the SEED Project. Recent lodge developments along the river in the Livingstone area are having a similar effect by fencing off traditional access to the water, not to mention disruption of wildlife corridors. Traditional
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/world Bank 21 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment fishing areas exist within Kafue National Park that are a constant source of friction between community and officials along with to other resources including wildlife and wood. The SEED Project is active in areas occupied by indigenous peoples and it is important that their issues be carefully considered. Issues to consider and steps to take include:
* need to gain a thorough understanding of existing cultural, social and economic conditions beyond what is feasible during this short assessment; * establish a comprehensive consultation, sensitisation and participation process that does not simply inform of what is about to happen, but seeks inputs into what and how things could or should not be undertaken; * ensure access to traditionally valued resources are not denied without an agreeable programme of altematives; * respect traditional religious, ancestral and other cultural values; * minimise dilution of traditional integrity through careless imposition of other population groups; * establish a monitoring programme to track impacts;
At the same time, it is important to differentiate true cultural values, aspirations and needs from those conveniently put forward for political expediency or personal gain. This can be a sensitive issue open to abuse by more aggressive, opportunistic local leaders often to the detriment of their own community.
Tourism may bring economic opportunity, but may also bring negative physical and psychological impacts from outside including:
* aspirational frustrations through observing the unattainable wealth of others; * invasion of privacy by insensitive visitors; * drug and prostitution temptations; * dilution of cultural norms through exposure to other customs (can also be enriching); * diversion of economic efforts and traditional decision-making roles to new activities.
6.9 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
This will likely, although not necessarily, be triggered by the SEED Project. Until details of the Project are clarified the exact nature and extent of possible resettlement is not known. A separate consultancy, with which this team has met, is undertaking the resettlement assessment. However, resettlement is closely linked with social, economic and environmental impacts and was also looked at during the course of this assessment. Small settlements have been identified for possible resettlement, but before decisions are made it will be useful to carefully review the pros and cons of relocation in light of current approaches to integrating community interests and contributions into protected area and natural resource management. It is more beneficial to establish harmonious, mutually beneficial community relations than to isolate and alienate. This issue needs comprehensive follow-up assessment.
6.10 Cultural Property (OP 4.1 1)
Assessment of cultural properties potentially affected by SEED was limited to personal observation in the Mosi-oa-Tunya/Livingstone area. Settlement has occurred along this stretch of the Zambezi for millennia with numerous stone age and iron age sites known and many more not yet investigated. More contemporary, yet traditional, cultural sites also exist including burial grounds, secret ceremonial sites, valued landmarks and customary villages. Another set of cultural properties exist from the colonial era including a cemetery and other relics at the site of an early river crossing point, and the wealth of more contemporary heritage architecture in Livingstone itself. These all provide opportunities, but also need early
Government of the Republic of Zambia/Norld Bank 22 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment recognition to ensure their preservation. A full inventory and mapping is recommended in close collaboration with the active museum and heritage conservation agencies already present in Livingstone.
7.0 Assessment Methodology
7.1 Team
The Consultant Team included two foreign experts paired with two local experts:
Rob Story: Team Leader and Socio-Economic Specialist (foreign): Overall responsibility for client liaison, team coordination and report preparation with technical responsibility for the socio-economic aspects of the work.
Bruce Thompson: Environmental Specialist (foreign): Prime responsibility for completing the environmental assessment aspects of the work.
Nyambe Nalumino: Environmental Specialist (local): Working closely with Bruce Thompson and contributing his extensive local knowledge and experience in the environment sector.
Mary Kazunga: Social Specialist (local): Contributing extensive local social and economic knowledge to the team as well as assisting with community stakeholder consultations.
7.2 Schedule
The Consultant Team was contracted in late April, 2003 with a request to undertake the work as quickly as possible for a 30th May 2003 deadline. In response, preparatory work was completed during the first week of May with the Team mobilised in Zambia commencing 6 May. This draft report was completed in the field by 30 May as requested. Completion of the Final Report is contingent upon receipt of comments from the client and the World Bank. A detailed Work Schedule is presented in Appendix 1.
7.3 Information Sources
This Assessment is based on information gathered from a number of different sources using a variety of methodologies. No statistically valid surveys were conducted and primary research was limited to field observation and a range of stakeholder interviews. Throughout this Assessment items are identified for further detailed data and study either where time constraints on this Assessment did not permit, or where SEED Project details are not yet sufficiently defined to allow.
7.3.1 Documentation
A full range of existing documentation was gathered and reviewed. See Appendix 2 for a complete list.
7.3.2 Field Work
Considerable emphasis was placed on field work to validate and expand upon existing documentation. Field work combined a full range of Project Area stakeholder interviews with professional observation of field conditions. The Team travelled to both Kafue and
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNWorid Bank 23 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Mosi-oa-Tunya National Parks, and their respective surrounding areas, in order to observe and conduct a series of interviews with local government officials, community leaders, private-sector operators, and residents at large. Appendix I presents details of Field Work activities.
7.3.3 Consultations
a. Strategy
The consultation programme was set up to cover as broad a range of stakeholders as possible in the time available. These included public and private sector individuals, community residents, producers and consumers. A series of formal interviews was arranged with government officials and community business leaders, but at the same time, equal weight was given to casual conversations with workers, residents and fellow visitors during the field work. This was intended to capture not only the official view, but the anecdotal on-the- street view of reality. Whenever possible, discussions were held in the stakeholders own premises.
b. Consultations
Appendix 3 lists the consultations undertaken in the course of preparing this Assessment.
c. Future Recommendations
As the SEED Project moves further into detailed planning and implementation, it is recommended that this process continue, but be supplemented by a series of open house, multi-stakeholder workshop sessions where disparate views of the same issues can be heard, discussed and incorporated. It is also crucial that key stakeholders and/or prime informants be included in the process. Apparently the Senior Warden of Kafue Park South was not, for example, consulted during revision of the Kafue General Management Plan.
7.3.4 Previous Experience of the Team
Members of the Team have been working in the Kafue and Mosi-oa-Tunya/Livingstone area in recent years on related development projects including socio-economic, environmental and institutional aspects. The Team has drawn on this previous familiarity with stakeholders and development issues in those areas to complement the specific work of this Assessment.
7.4 Integration with Other SEED Studies
There are a number of other studies either completed, planned or underway in support of the SEED Project. These include work on:
• Biodiversity * National Park General Management Plans for Kafue and Mosi-oa-Tunya * Strategic Development Plan for Livingstone * Resettlement Framework * Pest Management Plan * Gemstone Marketing Assessment * Risk Capital Assessment for SMEs * Value-Added Agriculture and Food Processing
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNvorld Bank 24 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
The Team has made every effort to integrate with these initiatives, meet those responsible for their preparation and attempt to complement work in other sectors wherever possible. For the most part, none of these components is complete and some have not started. Consequently, all will likely require further assessment and follow-up during implementation. Appendix 2 lists all studies reviewed.
7.5 TOR Deliverables
Table 7.1 below, the deliverable tasks identified in the SEED Project Terms of Reference for the Social and Environmental Assessment are shown, along with the location in this report that addresses each deliverable.
Deliverable Location in Report
A. Environmental Assessment: 1. Assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts due to the planned construction activities (access roads, air strips, park management infrastructure, rehabilitation of urban roads in Section 9 Livingstone and access roads to the Mosi-o-Tunya Park) in and around the national parks and Livingstone; 2. Preparation of a Pest Management Plan (PMP) which will be initially geared towards the proposed pilots designed to gain experience Addressed in a separate with agribusiness activities, and which can be subsequently study, but discussed briefl expanded when additional agribusinesses will be supported under in Sections 9 10 and 12b the APL. The consultant should review the Zambia Export Growers Association Plan to build on what is already in process in Zambia; 3. Preparation of environmental screening procedures to be used by the SME Fund to ensure that the fund has the capacity to screen Section 10 sub-projects it will fund; 4. Discussion of Zambia's environmental policies, legal, regulatory and administrative frameworks as well as the World Bank's safeguard policies, particularly safeguard policies pertaining to natural habitats, Sections 3, 4, 5, 6 cultural property, involuntary resettlement, pest management and safety of dams; 5. Assessment of the impacts of the GEF component which is designed to address conservation of natural habitats and maintenance of ecological functions in the Kafue and Mosi-o-Tunya National Parks through specific activities that would secure management and conservation of critical species and habitats that Sections 9, 10 are of key significance to global biodiversity and to Zambia's economic development. In support of the GEF component and in line with OP 4.04, the project will also finance rehabilitation of degraded natural habitats in these two parks; 6. Gather information concerning the safety of the dam just outside Section 12 Kafue Park; 7. Recommend environmental and social issues to be included in the comprehensive strategy for the gemstone industry under the Section 9, 10 gemstone component; 8. Devise a consultation process with relevant stakeholders to be carried out during EA preparation and record the results of this Section 7. List of process in the EA report; consultations in appendix. 9. Preparation of appropriate mitigation measures, cost estimates, and Section 10 institutional arrangements for their implementation; 10. Preparation of monitoring indicators; Section 13 11. Preparation of a monitoring plan which will include institutional arrangements for monitoring and cost estimates for such activities; Section 13 12. Evaluate the IUCN Report on Victoria Falls as a World Heritage Site Section 12 and recommend an action plan.
B. Social Assessment: 13 Clarify the project's social development objectives; Section 1
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 25 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
14. Identify and assess the social safeguard issues; Section 6 15. Gather information and analyze the information on social diversity, Section 9 gender, vulnerability and social rsks; 16. Gather information and analyze information on all stakeholders; Sections 4, 9 17. Descrbe the social arenas, including socio-economic profile on Section 4 project-affected people; 18. Examine the stakeholders opportunities to participate in project design and implementation and in the preparation of a participation Section 9.5, 10 strategy; 19. Provide a descrption of the information, consultation, and disclosure Section 7 and Appendices
20. Identify the impact of project activities on different stakeholder Section 9 categodes; 21. Examine the formal and informal institutions, including informnal rules Discussed throughout and behaviour; 22. Recommend institutional arrangements and indicators for monitorng Section 12 and evaluation.
7.6 Comments on Assessment
This assessment was carried out simultaneously with the preparation of a number of other SEED-related studies and design exercise. At this point, most are not complete and the actual details of SEED components are not defined in terms of precise location and magnitude. Consequently, the socio-economic and environmental assessments are strategic in nature and, in most cases, not site-specific. As a result, the assessment lacks precise quantification of impacts in terms of exact numbers of people, hectares of land, and dollar values of mitigation, supporting and monitoring actions. These cannot be completed until Project design is completed. However, it is assumed that at the same time, this strategic impact assessment will help determine the final form of Project components. For example, this assessment should have close links to the resettlement work being separately completed, but it too is restricted by the lack of precise Project definition and will require follow-up completion of a Resettlement Action Plan. In some cases the short timeframe for this assessment meant it was not possible to hold some desired interviews. In these cases, the Team has had to rely on previous knowledge or substitute informants. Again, revisiting some of these areas is recommended. As acknowledged by Project coordinators in the field, a total period of approximately 3-4 months is required to fully assess the impacts of the Project including collection of precise field data. This can only be undertaken once details of the Project design are complete.
8.0 Issues and Impacts -Assessment Approach
This section outlines the process used in this assessment, for characterizing the issues and impacts that could potentially occur as a result of the various SEED program components. The results of this analysis are shown in tabular format in Sections 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3, which deal with the tourism, agribusiness, and gemstone components, respectively. Because the nature, location and other matters associated with the projects to be funded under the SME components are not known, this component has been discussed separately in Section 9.4.
The potential impacts were identified on the basis of the printed reports, legislation, government policies and programs and other information that was available to the project team, as well as interviews with various officials and stakeholders, as well as direct observations in the field. For the tourism component, issues and potential impacts were identified for (a) Kafue National Park, Game Management and surrounding areas; and (b) Livingstone and Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park and surrounding areas including the World Heritage Site at Victoria Falls. The Agribusiness, Gemstone and SME components were so
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 26 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment discussed on a national basis, as the locations for these potentially funded projects have not been identified and could occur anywhere in Zambia.
Impacts were characterized and assessed according to: (a) the magnitude and direction of impact; (b) the spatial extent of the impact; (c) the duration of the impact; and (d) the potential for mitigation of the impact. In addition, issues/impacts were distinguished as being direct results of the project activities, or resulting indirectly from the proposed project activities. These criteria are discussed below.
8.1 Magnitude and Direction of Impact
Impacts were characterized as to whether they were anticipated to be positive (a beneficial impact in environmental or socio-economic terms), or negative (an adverse effect), or neutral (neither clearly positive or negative in effect).
The magnitude of the potential impact was assessed, subjectively, as being high, medium or low, as represented by the number of "+" or .-" symbols. For example, a high positive impact is represented as `+ + +", while a low magnitude negative impact is represented as "-".
8.2 Extent of Impact
Each potential impact was characterized as to whether it would be limited to a particular site of sites ("Site"); or spread throughout the corresponding Park ("Park"); or the Park as well as the adjacent Game Management Areas ("Park/GMA"); or a broader area than this (e.g., "Regional"). In some cases, it is appropriate to identify the spatial extent as being related to the "watershed" or the "groundwater aquifer", as the case may be.
8.3 Duration of Impact
The period of time over which each impact is expected to be manifested was indicated by the following scale:
"C": during construction period only, provided mitigation is implemented;
"ST": expected to be short term in duration (i.e., up to 1 year); or
"LT": the impact would occur over the long term (> 1 year) unless successfully mitigated.
8.4 Mitigation Potential (Reversibility)
The potential for mitigating each anticipated impact was assessed using the following:
"G": Good potential for mitigation. Mitigable in the short-term with standard best management practices;
"F": Fair potential for mitigation. Mitigable over the long-term, with diligent application of recommended management practices (discussed in Section 10, Mitigation);
"P": Poor potential for mitigation. Difficult or unlikely to be mitigated successfully, and may have to be regarded as a cost of development;
"+": anticipated impact is positive in direction.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 27 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
While mitigation per se is unnecessary for impacts that are positive in direction, it is to be noted that support programs are often necessary to ensure that these positive impacts are realized and enhanced. Recommendations for support mechanisms have also been identified in the Tables in Section 10, as a form of mitigation.
8.5 Direct and Indirect Impacts
For the purposes of this report, direct impacts is intended to mean those impacts that result or potentially result from the activities involved in construction and operational activities of the project components. These would include, for example, soil erosion from road construction activities, as well as noise and dust from machinery, disturbance of soils, or loss / changes of vegetation.
Indirect impacts stem from changes in demographic, transportation, economic or other factors that are in turn a result of project activities. An example might include the impacts on forests as a result of increased demands by local communities which have increased in population due to enhanced economic inputs from increased tourism in the area.
Cumulative impacts, i.e., impacts that result from a combination of human activities and stressors, are regarded and discussed with the indirect impacts.
Key "strategic issues" have also been identified. This includes underlying matters of process, such as the efficacy of monitoring and enforcement, and application of environmental assessment to proposed developments.
8.6 Cost Levels
For each recommended mitigation or monitoring measure, an estimated costing level has been provided. Because many of the elements of the SEED Programme are not yet defined in detail or extent, it is not possible to provide more than a general estimate of the level of costing required, on an annual basis.
The following has been used to designate estimated costs of mitigation or monitoring measures:
"L" Low (less than US$ 10 K per annum);
"M" Medium (US$ 10 K - 100 K per annum); or
"H" High (more than US$ 100 K per annum).
9.0 Issues and Impacts
This section provides an account of the socio-economic and environmental issues and impacts identified as relevant to the various components of the proposed SEED Project. Linkages are also identified between impacts. The findings are presented in tabular form by Project Component.
Consideration is given to both direct impacts of SEED activities and resulting indirect impacts. For example, impacts related to construction of a SEED-funded road are direct impacts, whereas impacts resulting from the construction of a lodge made possible by the road is considered an indirect impact.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNWorld Bank 28 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
The columns of the tables characterize the potential impacts in terms of (a) the direction of impact; (b) the spatial extent of the impact; (c) the duration of the impact; (d) the potential for mitigation of the impact; and (e) linkages between issues/impacts.
Cumulative impacts, i.e., impacts that result from a combination of human activities and stressors are listed at the end of each of the tables.
The key strategic issues are also listed at the end of each table. This includes underlying matters of process, such as the efficacy of monitoring and enforcement, and application of environmental assessment to proposed developments.
Three overriding issues hindering social, economic and environmental advances came up repeatedly during preparation of this Assessment:
* lack of institutional coordination, cooperation, integration and capacity; * poor infrastructure - roads and communication in particular; * lack of access to appropriate financing.
The following should be read with these three in mind. Section 9.5 presents a separate discussion of the institutional issues affecting all Project efforts.
9.1 Tourism Component Issues and Impacts
9.1.1 Socio-Economic
Increased tourism in Livingstone can have an overall positive impact on social and economic conditions. At the same time, however, a number of issues need to be addressed to avoid a range of potentially negative impacts. Table 9.1 below summarises both.
On the positive side, increased tourism will obviously create employment. Short-term direct employment will result from construction activities, including those funded through SEED. Project details are not finalised, but the following is indicative of the potential short-term magnitude of economic impact:
Assume US$ 1 million invested in construction.
Assume 40% labour cost = $400,000 @ a $40/month wage rate 10,000 person months of employment or 830 person years.
Long-term employment will result from development of additional tourist facilities and perhaps more importantly, from supporting industries taking advantage of supply needs to tourist facilities as well as the improved infrastructure constructed under the tourism banner. Modest tourist lodges' staff - guest ratio is approximately 1:1 while higher end facilities exceed 2:1.
Employment example: Modest lodge catering to 20 guests:
20 employees at $30/month (current wages) injects a direct $600 per month into the local economy and will directly impact 110 persons based on an average household of 5.5 persons. As this money finds its way into the community there is a further economic multiplier effect to consider.
Major impediments to achieving social and economic gains from tourism include:
Government of the Republic of ZambiaAWorld Bank 29 HABICO Tourism Component Table 9.1 Socio-Economic Issues and Impacts
A. Kafue National Park and Surrounding Areas
SEED Supported Activities 1. Improved Park infrastructure and facility development: access roads, TS-1: Short-term employment opportunities during + GMAs and ST + game-viewing routes, construction. beyond airstrips, Park management facilities. TS-2: Improved working conditions for Park staff. Easier to + Park LT + attract and keep good staff. TS-3: Increased long-term local employment for + GMAs and LT + infrastructure and facility maintenance. beyond TS-4: Attract private-sector investment in additional + Regional, LT + infrastructure, accommodation and other tourism activities. national ZAWZ, TS-5: Increased tourism & resulting revenue. + GMAs, LT + national TS-6: Improved access roads allow better market access + for local community products. Economic benefit. GMAs LT TS-7: Potential for loss of local cultural integrity through GMAs LT F increased outside visitation. 2. Improved Park protection operations & management from enhanced staff, capacity TS-8: Decreased (illegal) access to Park natural resources and role of CRB Village Scouts. Upgrading of law by local communities. Positive for Park, negative for +/- Park, GMAs LT/ST +/G enforcement operations to communities. protect critical species and habitats. TS-9: Increased employment for Village Scouts in CRB + GMAs LT + programmes. __GMAs_LT__ TS-10: Improved natural resource management through enhanced CRB programmes (eg. hunting) contributes + GMAs LT + revenue to improve community social amenities TS-1 1: Stronger management may put pressure on +/- Park, GMAs LT/ST +/G existing encroachment leading to resettlement. Positive for Park, potentially negative for affected persons. TS-12: More attractive to a greater number of visitors - + ZAWA, Park LT + increase in Entry Fee revenue.
TS-13: Lost access to traditionally valued sites, resources. GMAs 3. Promotion and Awareness TS-14: Increased community awareness of value of + GMAs LT + Programmes natural resources. TS-15: Increased long-term revenue from better managed + GMAs LT + natural resources, including hunting, on sustainable basis.
TS-1 6: Increased visitation. .ZAWA, GMAs LT +G
Indirect Spin-Off Activities ___ 1, Increased tourist TS-1 7: Increased long-term local employment at new ZAWA, + accommodation: camps, accommodation facilities and complementary activities. +GMAs, L lodges, hotels. national 2. Increased tourist activities: TS-1 8: Potential for family split and social disruption due GMA LT F Game Drives, Cultural Tours, to migrant workers to employment opportunities. G fishing, etc.______3. Increased support industries supplying food, TS-19: Increased long-term local employment LT + curios, transportation, opportunites at support industres and services. + L uniforms, candles, soap, fumiture, etc. TS-20: Increased tourism threat to local cultural integrity. GMA LT F TS-21: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration of people putting pressure on social GMA LT F services. TS-22: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration of people from outside putting GMA LT F pressure on traditional leadership roles. TS-23: Potential for increased prostitution catering to GMA LT P increased workers and (lesser extent) tourists. TS-24: Opportunity to diversify tourism revenue sources + GMA LT + including cultural visits to local communities. TS-25: Population influx to ltezhi-Tezhi would require additional planning, infrastructure, management, housing, Itezhi-Tezhi LT F social services. _ TS-26: Opportunity for increased participation by women in social and economic activities. + GMArTown LT +
2 TS-27: Lost access to traditionally valued sites, resources. LT GMA_G
B. Mosi-oa-Tunya, LivingstoneArea
SEED Supported Activities 1. Improved Park TS-28: Short-term employment opportunities during + ST ParklTown + infrastructure.... construction. 2. Improved Park protection, TS-29: Improved working conditions for Park staff + LT Park + management.... including safety. Easier to attract and keep good staff. TS-3OPotential resettlement from Imoshu Village, ZESCO -/+ ST Park G/+ Camp and Songwe Point. See Resettlement Plan. 3. Promotion and Awareness TS-31: Increased long-term local employment for + LT + Programmes infrastructure and facility maintenance. 4. Improved drainage and TS-32: Attract private-sector investment in additional + LT District solid waste management in infrastructure, accommodation and other tourism activities. Livingstone._ TS-33: Increased tourism & resulting revenue. + LT Region + TS-34: Lost access to traditionally valued sites, resources. LT Region G TS-35: Improved health and sanitation conditions for + LT Town + Livingstone residents.
Indirect Spin-Off Activities ___ 1, Increased tourist accommodation: camps, TS-36: Short-term construction employment opportunities. + ST Region + lodges, hotels. 2. Increased tourist activities TS-37: Increased long-term local employment at new + LT Region + fsigam Dies,culua.Tus accommodation facilities. fishing, etc. 3. Increased support industries supplying food, TS-38: Increased long-term local employment + curios, transportation, opportunities at support industries and services. uniforms, candles, soap, furniture, maintenance, etc. TS-39: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration of people putting pressure on ST Town F planning, infrastructure, management, housing, social services. TS-40: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration of people from outside putting LT Region F pressure on traditional leadership roles.
3 TS-41: Potential for increased prostution catering to - LT Town P increased workers and (lesser extent) tourists. TS-42: Opportunity to diversify tourism revenue sources LT Region + including cultural visits to local communities. TS-43: Threat of decline in living standards for influx of attracted migrant workers exceeding available economic ST Town F opportunities. Squatter seHtlements in Victoria Falls town are an example.
TS-44: Potential for increased petty crime. LT Town F TS-45: Spin-off economic opportunities in supporting + LT Region + Livingstone's growth. SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
* lack of institutional coordination, integration and cooperation. This includes breakdowns between government agencies, between private-sector and public sector, and between both and affected communities. Consultation and participation are weak. The lack of institutional effectiveness is threatening the very future integrity of the assets being promoted as an attraction. Refer to the Environment section below and Section 9.5.
* the "hassle factor" in dealing with non-supportive bureaucracies is reportedly on the increase and is creating serious disincentives to investment. These are compounded by new visa charges and what appear to be increasingly prohibitive immigration regulations making it difficult to import the personnel skill sets required to develop business and build local capacity.
* poor condition of physical infrastructure, particularly roads, is seriously impeding the growth of tourism. Visiting Kafue National Park from nearby Livingstone is a 10 hour venture with a solid 4x4. Most of Kafue is impossible to access during the rainy season.
Other issues:
* Stakeholder consultation, particularly with local communities, is essential to sensitize people to proposed development impacts and opportunities. Tangible local benefits must be realised to gain support for what may otherwise be seen as simply outside intrusion into tradition resource areas and activities. Positive action is beginning to happen through the Community Resource Boards (CRBs) established around Kafue and supported by ZAWA. In the Livingstone area, a number of tourism initiatives on Chief Mukuni's traditional lands adjacent to Mosi- oa-Tunya National Park have the potential for overall community benefit although the trickle-down effect is not yet apparent.
* Threats to cultural integrity must be considered as a result of in-migration of job- seekers from elsewhere in the country and region, and the influence of foreign visitors.
* Resettlement of long-term residents or indigenous persons from parks or infrastructure developments may become an issue and is being dealt with in a separate study. However, there is a need to review this situation carefully and consider alternatives. Opportunities for mutual benefit by remaining in place may be identified with the creation of alternative economic activities in natural resource management.
* Investment incentives could include encouragement of local employment, use of local suppliers, worker training, improvement of labour conditions, consideration of gender balance, and improved access to social amenities.
* Lack of a varied tourism product. Diversification both geographically and sectorally is required. The traditional base has been wildlife, which still has tremendous potential, but other cultural and natural heritage resources exist.
* Government support: policy statements are strongly recognizing tourism as a potential growth sector. As discussed in several places around institutional barriers to development, policy must now be turned into action lead by the GRZ. This can be done primarily by establishing an investor-friendly bureaucratic environment and marketing Zambia to the world.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNWordd Bank 30 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
9.1.2 Environmental
The potential impacts of the SEED project are examined in the context of impacts that could result directly or indirectly from SEED project activities. Such impacts will be experienced in Kafue National Park and Surrounding Game Management and other areas, in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, and in adjacent areas including the World Heritage Site and Livingstone.
Improved Park infrastructure and facility development including the rehabilitation and development of access roads, game-viewing routes, airstrips, and Park management infrastructures will have positive and negative direct impacts. These may occur, for example, in the form of soil erosion, habitat fragmentation or threats to cultural/traditional sites and objects, resulting from construction. Improved park protection operations, from enhanced staff, capacity and role of village scouts through CRBs, and the upgrading of law enforcement operations to protect critical species and habitats, will have mainly positive impacts in terms of overall improved game management.
In addition, however, there will be impacts that are brought about as indirect impacts of the project. The improvements to Parks infrastructure and access, as well as the enhanced management of wildlife, will ultimately bring about an increase in the number of spin-off activities such as the development of more lodges and other accommodation. In tandem with this increase in access and facilities, it is anticipated that this will bring about a long-term increase in the number of tourists using the parks, and more tourism-related activities such as boating, rafting, hiking and game-driving. The increase in tourist use of the parks and adjacent areas will almost certainly result in a wide range of indirect impacts on the environment. Additionally, people will be drawn to the areas where tourism is increasing, in order to find employment. This, too, will cause a number of impacts on the surrounding environment and natural resources.
Indirect impacts would include, for example, the removal of trees and consequent deforestation, due to the increased need for firewood/charcoal for local communities whose populations have increased. The demand for wood may also increase due to increased demand for wood for the curio market.
It is anticipated that the key indirect impacts may be seen in terms of:
* changes in vegetation and deforestation; * wildfires; * solid wastes and litter; * disturbance of wildlife (e.g., noise) and degradation of habitat; * disruption or fragmentation of wildlife movement corridors; * cutting off people, livestock and wildlife from riparian areas; * human-animal or vehicle-animal incidents; * loss of riparian vegetation; * erosion of banks (e.g., jet boats); * removal of rare and other plants; * noise pollution; * water quality (e.g., sewage inputs, boat discharges); * changes in sedimentation patterns; * loss, disturbance or degradation of cultural / traditional sites; and * loss of archaeological artefacts of cultural / historic interest.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 31 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Cumulative impacts are expected to result from the combined factors of increased numbers of visitors to the parks and increased accommodations, the increased demand for local products, improved road systems and the increase in human populations near and encroaching on the parks. These impacts will potentially be manifested in changes to vegetation and forests, wildlife and wildlife habitat, aesthetics and the 'naturalness' of the parks experience, and local water quality.
Several strategic issues underlie the wide range of direct, indirect and cumulative impacts discussed above. It was apparent in the consultations and observations made by the study team, that there is insufficient monitoring and enforcement of regulations and standards in relation to pollution in the Parks or adjacent areas. Examples noted include: the active discharge of untreated sewage into the Zambezi River from various points and overspillage from the Livingstone town lagoon into the adjacent Mosi-oa- Tunya National Park; inadequate setbacks of septic tanks from river banks at lodges; unpermitted cutting of trees (e.g., areas around Mosi-oa-Tunya); inadequate setbacks from river banks (e.g., lodge/hotel developments less than 50 m from Zambezi R. edge); and various other matters that are worthy of enforcement under GRZ regulations and policies.
The application of ElAs to proposed new tourism and other developments appears to be inconsistent, with many new facilities being approved with little or no coordinated assessment or input from key resource management and regulatory agencies or potentially affected stakeholders. There is not a well defined focal point for EIA coordination. The Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) appears not to have an active presence in the licensing of new developments, e.g., in the Livingstone and Mosi-oa-Tunya areas, and it is suggested that ECZ should have a more immediate and assertive presence in that area.
All of the above mentioned direct, indirect, cumulative impacts and strategic issues, are outlined in Table 9.2.
9.2 Agribusiness Linkages
9.2.1 Socio-Economic
The proposed support to suppliers through agro-processors should provide indirect access to development capital for smaller producers. This, along with the proposed SME component, will help overcome the current lack of finance available to this sector through the formal banking system. The capital will come in the form of technical assistance and advances on required inputs. Benefits will accrue throughout the supply chain with more opportunity for raw producers, better supply to processors, and increased product to market. One principle of the component is to spread at least a portion of the benefits down to smaller producers and help move some into a more formal business environment. Care must be taken in the detailed design of the component to ensure this actually happens as it will be easier for participating processors to stick with known, larger suppliers. Other social concerns can be built into programme criteria to ensure fair treatment of workers, gender equality in the workforce and decision-making processes, formal training attached to technical assistance, and assistance with providing access to basis health and education opportunities for workers at the lower supply levels as well as at the value-added processor level.
The agricultural component of this Project can help demonstrate and establish significant environmental and social development methods that directly support tourism development. A good example is the work being done by Organic Village Industries who support fair trade practises and engage rural village residents to provide raw
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Wodd Bank 32 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
material. Villagers in the GMAs around Kafue National Park are among those harvesting natural forest products for processing. This provides an alternative source of community income to replace poaching, while creating incentives to sustain the resource base that also draws tourists. Expanded opportunities for women to participate in more than subsistence economic activities are created. It is well known that the best custodians of natural resources are those who know them best and rely upon them for an existence. With institutional coordination with agencies such as ZAWA, this kind of custodial partnership can provide mutual benefits all around. Again it is the institutional limitations that will determine the success rate. Refer to Table 9.3.
9.2.2 Environmental
The Agribusiness Linkage component of the SEED programme aims to strengthen linkages between agriculture and food processing companies and out-grower farmers by introducing an efficient supply chain structure to the market. As such, the component will potentially involve a fairly wide range of agricultural and agro- processing projects or activities, which in turn will have a range of impacts on the environment.
While the actual projects or activities to be assisted under the programme will only be known upon its implementation, there are a number of issues and activities that have environmental implications and are associated with the agricultural or agro-processing sector. These are listed below:
* irrigation of crops; * use of chemical fertilizers; * use of chemical pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, other); * generation of animal wastes (e.g., manure); * generation of process wastes (liquid effluents, hair, hide, offal, etc.); * generation of waste crop residues that cannot be exported; * control of animal diseases (e.g., foot-and-mouth); * seed selection and certification; * production of organic and/or chemical-free produce; and * land use issues in siting of facilities.
Some of the environmental effects that may occur directly or indirectly from the above activities, are listed below:
* effects on groundwater quality and resource (water table changes); * decline in soil quality (contamination by chemicals or wastes); * decline in long-term soil fertility; * water demand and strains on local water supply; * alteration of water quality (contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, waste effluents); * risks to human and animal safety (pesticides); * ecological (non-target, food chain) effects; * transmission of animal diseases; * waste management capability; * contamination of organic and/or chemical-free produce; and * land use conflicts and opportunity losses.
The key potential impacts to the environment and natural resources are outlined in Table 9.4.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNworld Bank 33 HABICO Tourism Component Table 9.2 Environmental Issues and Impacts
A. Kafue National Park and TE.1 Soil erosion and instability will result due to site C G Surrounding Areas: construction activities.
Improved Park infrastructure TE.2 Borrow pits will be needed, because a large amount and facility development: of gravel will be needed due to the poor state of the roads. site C / LT F rehabilitation and Excavation of borrow pits will have associated soil, visual, development of access wildlife, safety and other effects. roads, game-viewing routes, airstrips, and Park TE.3 Habitat fragmentation and effects on wildlife corridors Park LT G management infrastructures. from roads and firebreak delineation
TE.4 Threats to archaeological, and cultural/traditional site LT G sites may occur during road improvements.
Improved park protection TE.5 Enhanced numbers and condition of wildlife will +.+ + Park/GMA LT + *operations, from enhanced result due to strengthened wildlife management. staff, capacity and role of village scouts through CRBs. TE.6 The improvements will result in reduced levels of Upgrading of law poaching, due to better enforcement and increased enforcement operations to presence of private game drive operators. Increased + + Park/GMA LT + protect critical species and quotas will occur in GMAs resulting in more incentives for habitats. communities.
Potential Indirect Impacts
Improved access, e.g., roads, TE.7 More vehicles and aircraft will be in the Park, Park LT G airstrips, and resulting in more noise and possible disturbance of wildlife accommodation, and and tourism appreciation. enhanced promotion and public awareness of the TE.8 Deforestation and soil impacts due to utilization of GMA LT G significance of Zambia's wood for firewood / charcoal, by local communities. wildlife resource and tourism opportunities in the Park. TE.9 Deforestation due to increased demand for wood due to increased populations and tourist demand for curio GAL products; timber for lodge and other construction. TE.10 Cutting down of trees for honey production activities, due to increased demand by tourists, lodges. GMA LT G Offsetting this, however, enhanced opportunities in honey production could divert rural people away from poaching as livelihood, resulting in reduced poaching.
TE.1 1 Increased wildfires resulting from honey harvesting GMA LT G activities, due to increased demand by tourists, lodges.
TE.12 Increased solid wastes and litter resulting from Park/GMA LT G increased visits to Park and/or lodges by tourists. B. Impacts on Livingstone and Mosi-oa-Tunya Potential DIrect Impacts impact Extent Duration Mitigation Issue National Park and Poeta ietIpcsDirection EtnDuain Potential Linkages Surrounding Areas
Rehabilitation and TE.13 Soil erosion and instability may result due to site C G construction of tourism and construction activities. park management infrastructures, e.g., gates, TE.14 Borrow pits will need to be excavated, with site LT F housing, offices, access associated soil, visual, wildlife, safety and other effects. routes, artificial water supplies. TE.15 Disturbance of wildlife will occur from noise from the site C F construction activities, which will be especially felt in the Zoological Park.
TE.16 Habitat fragmentation and effects on wildlife Park LT F corridors will result from roads and firebreak delineation
TE.17 Threats to archaeological, and cultural/traditional site LT G sites will occur during improvements.
TE.18 There will be some fragmentation of riparian areas Park LT F due to jetties and viewing points.
Improved park protection TE.19 Numbers and condition of wildlife will be enhanced . . . Pak LT + operations, from enhanced due to strengthened wildlife management, and elimination ar staff, and capacity. of overgrazing in the Zoological Park.
2 TE.20 Reduced levels of poaching, due to better + + + Park LT + enforcement and increased presence of private game drive operators. Impact Extent Duration Mitigation Issue Potential Indirect Impacts: Direction EtnDutin Potential Linkages
Improved access (via access TE.21 More vehicles and aircraft will operate in the Park routes, airport) and facilities; area, resulting in more noise and possible disturbance of Park LT G and enhanced promotion and wildlife and tourism appreciation. Higher risk of vehicle- public awareness of the animal collisions and related risks on roads. significance of Zambia's wildlife resource and tourism TE.22 Deforestation and soil impacts will occur due to opportunities in the Park. utilization of wood for firewood / charcoal, by local communities. There are enough trees in the Livingstone area (i.e., 30 km radius) to support a "medium" tourism regional LT G growth scenario, but the wood is being harvested intensively over small "strips" of land, accentuating the problem in a localized area. However, the demand for charcoal is a function or urban growth in Livingstone.
TE.23 Deforestation will occur due to increased utilization of wood (teak, ironwood, zebrawood, etc.) for curio regional LT G market. Stands of teak around the Park have been affected. Permits are required in forest areas, but there is little monitoring/enforcement. See above comments.
TE.24 Conflict is occurring between local communities which are encroaching on the Park boundary, and Parks regional LT G management (e.g., illegal use of wood for firewood, water from broken pipes and poaching).
TE.25 Increased wildfires may result from encroaching Park LT G communities and their activities, but balanced with improved surveillance capability by ZAWA..
TE.26 Increased solid wastes and litter will result from increased visits to Park and/or lodges by tourists, and by Park LT G encroaching settlements. The current waste problem deserves serious attention.
3 TE.27 Increased numbers of flights (helicopters, ultralight, fixed wing) may take place over the Park/NHS, resulting in more noise and reduced Park appreciation, and Park LT G disturbance of local wildlife. There are now 11 helipads in the gorges. This is believed to have affected water eagles, other birds / fauna in the gorges area.
TE.28 Grazing by cattle will conflict with park ecology, Park LT G e.g., near Songwe village.
TE.29 Disruption of animal access and blockage of animal movement corridors to river and other areas is currently region LT F occurring and may get worse, due to developments (e.g., rgo petrol station in major elephant corridor in Livingstone; fencing along river banks and around lodges).
TE.30 Increased human-animal incidents may take place, region LT F e.g., injuries by elephants which have been wounded,reinLF harassed or deprived of habitat.
TE.31 Loss of, or damage to, riparian vegetation along the Zambezi River banks will happen, due to development of Park (river lodges, hotels, etc.; and loss of wildlife access to LT F remaining riparian habitat due to fencing, jetties and other banks) structures. Disturbance of vegetation and banks by boating points of entry. _
TE.32 Erosion and rock falls are being caused by jet boat site (islands activity on Zambezi River (from 4th gorge to the Falls); siriverbanks) LT G resulting safety risk and accidents; these effects will become more common if boat use increases.
TE.33 Removal of rare, endangered or other plants from site (islands, LT G the WHS, by tourists, may occur more frequently, e.g., riverbanks) removal of orchids from the islands.
TE.34 Noise pollution from cruise boats, which disturbs Park LT F wildlife and natural Park experience.
4 TE.35 Disturbance of riparian wildlife by tourism activities, e.g., rafters has been occurring and this could increase if Park (River) LT G tourism grows. This is especially so below the Falls where Taita falcons and Black Eagle have been severely affected by tourist activities.
TE.36 Fumes and spills from boat activities are possibly affecting fish and other aquatic fauna (and fish flesh Park (river) LT G tainting), which would increase with more boat use. (Several interviewees noted this, but several other were doubtful of the cause.)
TE.37 Changes in sedimentation patterns in the Zambezi River result from built shoreline structures. This is altering Park (River) LT F the configuration of islands and shoreline downstream by disrupting natural sedimentation patterns. With more development, this effect will grow.
TE.38 Sewage contamination of Park and other areas is presently occuring and could get worse with more development. Existing contamination was observed, for Park (River) LT F example, on Park lands adjacent to Livingstone sewage lagoon. Sewage contamination of Maramba River has also been reported.
TE.39 Disturbance and lack of privacy from tourism Park LT F activities has been a problem with traditional / sacred sites in the WHS area. This disturbance would increase.
TE.40 There is a proliferation of weed plants (Lantana) and displacement of native plants in forest area of WHS. Park (WHS This needs to be addressed in any case, as it degrades forest area) LT G the naturalness of the site.
Impact Mitigation Issue Potential Cumulative Impacts Direction Extent Duration Potential Linkages
Improved Park management Vegetation and forests within the Park is likely to +.+ + Park LT + practices improve in quality due to good management practices.
5 Numbers of wildlife are likely to increase due to decreased poaching and improved range and wildlife +.+ + Park LT + management.
Increased numbers of visitors Vegetation and Forests: Deforestation around both to the Park. National Parks could accelerate due to utilization of wood GMA, for curios, firewood, charcoal and honey production, as Customers, Increased number of well as agricultural clearing, all of which would be fuelled urban LT G accommodations for tourists. by increased tourism activity. Riparian vegetation is being development increasingly affected due to tourist activities (islands and areas Increased demand for local banks), jetties and other entry points, and fencing or other products due to more tourists structures being built along the river banks.
Improved road system. Wildlife: While game management will be improved by the proposed project, wildlife of many species are now Increase in human being affected adversely because of new developments populations near Park, and which interrupt movement corridors, habitat and access to encroachment of settlements. rivers. More tourism could fuel more of these impacts. Park LT G Vehicle-animal collisions are likely to increase with road improvements, especially on the new road through Mosi- oa-Tunya National Park. Human/animal conflicts could increase, with more settlements, developments, roads and barriers coming into place.
Aesthetics and Naturalness of Park/WHS experience: Increase in ambient noise levels from helicopters and other aircraft, boat motors, cruise events and traffic would Park, WHS LT G negatively affect the pristine experience of both Parks, particularly Mosi-oa-Tunya and the WHS. Increased numbers of tourists in these areas would also erode this experience.
Water quality: Water pollution can result from oily Park River LT G discharges from tour boats (Zambezi R.), sewage pollution (Zambezi and Maramba Rivers), and eroding banks.
Strategic Issues: . Monitoring and Enforcement: Insufficient monitoring and enforcement of regulations and standards in relation to pollution (e.g., sewage spillage from Livingstone town lagoon, inadequate setbacks of septic tanks from river banks at lodges), illegal cuffing of trees (e.g., areas around Mosi-oa-Tunya), setbacks from river banks (e.g., lodge/hotel developments less than 50 m from Zambezi R. edge), and other matters. EIA process: The application of ElAs to proposed new tourism and other developments appears to be inconsistent, with many new facilities being approved with little or no coordinated assessment or input from key resource management & regulatory agencies or potentially affected stakeholders. There is not a well defined focal point for EIA coordination. ECZ appears not to have an active presence in the licencing of new developments, e.g., in the Livingstone, Mosi-oa-Tunya areas. Agribusiness Linkages Table 9.3 Socio-Economic Issues And Impacts
Expand Outgrower AS-1: Improved access to capHtal for small farmners + LT + Operations through processor support. AS-2: Improved access to technical assistance. + I LT i + I AS-3- Liong-temm farm employment generation. | + | LT | + AS4: Improved access to social amenities, poverty + LT + reduction through increased economic activity. _ _ I I AS-5: New training opportunities provided. + | ST + AS-6: Potential to reduce rural-urban migration and + LT + therefore urban poverty. AS-7: Farm expansion opening new arable/settlement lands. Potential negative impacts relate to environmental +/- LT +/G land use issues. SS-8: opportunity to promote gender equity through + LT + funding application and screening processes SS-9: opportunity to promote better worker conditions + LT + through funding applicabon and screening processes _ _| SS-10: supports poverty reduction + LT +
Expand Agro-Processor AS-1 1: Increased production potential - increased + LT + Business employment. AS12: Increased opportunities for supporting industries - + LT + construction, transportation, marketing, maintenance.
AS-13: Short-term employment for facility construction. + LT + _ AS-14: National economic boost. + LT + I AS-15: Potential for increased export market. + LT + AS-16: Increased management workload LT G SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
9.3 Gemstone Industry
9.3.1 Socio-Economic Working conditions are notoriously bad, again due in part to the largely unregulated nature of the business and remote locations in which the work occurs. Legislation is in place, but again not making it into practise. Wages are reportedly as low as US$ 10 per month in some operations. Larger operations are in a much better and more responsible position to provide worker safety equipment and improved conditions, but the vast majority of operations are small, remote, under-funded and rely on exploiting workers to a certain extent to remain in business. Smuggling has greatly reduced government revenues from the sector, thereby restricting reinvestment into essential infrastructure to promote further development. The re-introduction of a formerly existing Gemstone Exchange Scheme is intended to bring back an attractive marketing support system and encourage more formal trade. Caution is required here, as reports from other sectors suggest that recent government involvement has had the opposite effect through overly complicated or uncoordinated bureaucracy. The proposed creation of a Mining Community Development Fund is intended to ensure that mining operations contribute directly to the development of the local communities in which they operate. A lack of community consultation and unclear land tenure/ mining rights issues contribute to local disputes and wariness. The SME component of the SEED Project can help support growth in the sector and at the same time can attach social development criteria ensuring improved worker safety and living conditions, fair wages, better access to health services, and increased community consultation. Voluntary resettlement will be a potentially significant indirect impact if government chooses to support development of new infrastructure, primarily roads, to open up new mining areas. Improved infrastructure always attracts new population seeking improved economic opportunities. In turn, this will put pressure on government to provide other infrastructure and services including health and education facilities. Environmental management will also be critical to avoid destruction of other potential economic resources. Throughout the world examples exist of massive environmental damage in conjunction with newly opened and largely uncontrolled mining areas. Table 9.5, extracted from the Draft Final Report, Study for Regional Mining Bureaus6, presents an excellent overview of stakeholder issues including socio-economic. One aspect of the gemstone sector, as with others, that has significant potential for local social and economic benefit is to promote increased value-added activities in Zambia. At present, the vast majority of gemstone material is exported in raw form for processing elsewhere. SME Investment Fund support would be one vehicle to help create local skilled employment opportunities. Impacts and issues are summarized in Table 9.6. 9.3.2 Environmental The Gemstone Sector component of the SEED programme aims to develop a comprehensive strategy for stimulating the gemstone sector in Zambia. This includes market research and supply side surveys.
6 Goran Fredrikson, Swedish Geological AB, Feb. 2003
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 34 HABICO Agribusiness Linkages Table 9.4 Environmental Issues and Impacts
Irrigation of Crops AE-1: Impacts on Groundwater: Excessive irrigation of crop lands may result in leaching of salts into the groundwater, as well as resulting in changes in the seasonal groundwater table. Chemical leaching is aqufe LT G especially likely when irrigation is used along with the application of chemical fertilizers. Leaching of nitrates, for example, into the groundwater may result in adverse impacts to drinking water quality taken from nearby wells, with human and/or livestock health implications.
AE-2: Impacts on Soil: Excessive irrigation of crop lands site LT G can result in degradation of soil quality/fertility over the long-term, due to leaching, salinization, acidification, etc.
AE-3: Impacts on Water Demand/Supply: The demands of water for crop irrigation may be relatively large in relation to the overall local water supply, and may place a strain on watershed LT F-G the availability of water for other uses, i.e., domestic, industrial, recreational, ecological and other agricultural needs. AE-4: Impacts of Water Impoundment: Impacts on aquatic ecosystems could occur due to water capture and conveyance structures (weirs, canals, dams, etc.) These watershed LT F-G effects could include changes in nutrient status, temperature profile and fish movement, for example.
Use of Chemical Fertilizers AE-5: Impacts on Soil Fertility: The use of chemical fertilizers, which primarily contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, can adversely affect soil fertility where there is long-term intensive use. The accumulation of site LT G salts in the soil can occur, particularly when used in conjunction with irrigation, and ultimately the levels of organic matter and tilth of the soil decline, resulting in degradation of its fertility. AE-6: Impacts on Water Quality: Chemical (and other) fertilizers contain the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, which are essential for plant growth. With over-use of fertilizers, these nutrients may enter adjacent waterbodies with surface runoff, stimulating the growth of aquatic weeds and algal blooms. Not only does this choke watershed LT G watercourses and make them unsuitable for various uses, it may also disrupt habitats for fish and other aquatic organisms. The decay of algae and other aquatic plants can result in the lowering of oxygen levels in the water, posing a threat to all aquatic animal life.
Use of Chemical Herbicides AE-7: Human and Animal Safety: Many pesticides include and Insecticides substances that are toxic to humans and animals, to various degrees. Over-exposure can result in serious site ST G acute or chronic health symptoms and high levels of exposure may result in fatalities.
AE-8: Ecological Effects: Herbicides and insecticides are designed to control weed plants and animal pests, respectively, and therefore the presence of residues in the terrestrial and aquatic environments may have long-term site L effects on exposed wildlife, non-target (food chain) - wateLTr G organisms, and vegetation. This is especially so where excessive use of pesticides occurs. In many instances, the long-term food chain effects of these chemicals and their metabolites are not fully understood.
Generation of Animal Wastes AE-9: Contamination of soil or water: Animal wastes, e.g., hog manure, become an environmental problem where large amounts are produced in intensive livestock operations. If not controlled, the entry of organic pollutants and nutrients into the soil or surface runoff may result in site LTF contaminated groundwater or surface water bodies. This watershed LT in tum can result in the proliferation of aquatic weeds (e.g., water hyacinth) which choke up waterways. It may also result in increased levels of salts, e.g., nitrates, in groundwater, which can in tum affect drinking water from local wells.
2 Generation of Process AE-1 0: Water or soil contamination: The majority of agro- Wastes processing facilities produce one or more streams of liquid or solid wastes. The types and quantities of wastes depend on the material that is being processed, i.e., dairy, juice, meat, etc. Many food or drink processing plants produce liquid wastes that are high in organic pollutants site / and nutrients. The discharge of this material into surface LT G waters can result in high levels of organic pollution (i.e., watershed high BOD, low oxygen levels), turbidity (suspended solids), or eutrophication (nutrient enrichment resulting in aquatic weeds and declining ecological quality). Contamination of soils and groundwater can also result if wastes are discharged to land, soakaways or similar means.
Generation of Waste Crop AE-1 1: Waste disposal: In export markets, substantial Residues quantities of the harvested product may be rejected for site LT G exports if found to be short of the export criteria. This poses the problem of disposal or alternative use of the product in environmentally acceptable fashion.
Control of Animal Diseases AE-12: Disease transmission: Communicable diseases are a serious agricultural problem in many parts of the world and result in serious economic losses and waste site ST or LT G animal carcasses which have special disposal requirements. Some, such as foot-and-mouth disease, are highly contagious and can spread quickly from operation to operation, and from country to country.
Seed Selection AE-13: Seed quality: To ensure quality of product and avoidance of economically damaging weed species, it is site LT G important to use seed stock of appropriate quality and certification.
Production of Organic AE-14: Chemical contamination: Organic produce that is Produce to be marketed as chemical-free needs to be protected from inadvertent contamination in the growing and storage site ST G process. One contamination route is via the use of compost which incorporates crop residue from fields which have been exposed to chemical pesticides or fertilizers. site and Facility Siting AE-1 5: Land use constraints: The development of farms adjacent LT F-G _
3 or agro-processing facilities involve the use of land, which lands is committed to this purpose over the long term. This, however, may conflict with other alternative land uses, such as community residenUal, urban development, commercial/industrial, recreational, ecological and other. In addition, odours or discharges to air or water may conflict with adjacent land uses such as recreation, tourism or wildlife management. Gemstone Sector Table 9.6 Socio-Economic Issues and Impacts
Amend legislation and GS-1: Create improved, clear investment, licensing and regulations. operating environment allowing industry expansion and +L resulting increase in employment and local economic +L benefits. GS-2: Increase community consultation requirements on + LT + land use, environment, workers' conditions, opportunities. GS-3: Clarify land tenure, exploration title issues thereby + ST + reducing conflicts with ill-informed local land owners. GS-4: Improve workers safety and other employment conditions. Currently being exploited in unregulated + LT + environment. Wages as low as US$ 10 per month. GS-5: Could reduce profit margins of some exploiting ST G companies. Strengthen administraton of GS-6: Improve workers safety and other employment + LT + Mining and Investment Acts. conditions, and provide for increased monitoring. GS-7: Provide for easier access to essential working capital thereby expanding mining sector and generating + LT + more employment. GS-8: Greater community awareness of mining operations, opportunities, regulations. Reduce local + ST + resentment of mine exploitation. Reduce illegal mining. GS-9: Increase govemment control and potential revenue, + LT + but need to avoid creating disincentives. GS-10: Improve workers safety and other conditions. + LT + Modify tax and licensing regime. GS-1 1: Create investment incentives. + LT + GS-12: Increase government revenues for reinvestment in infrastructure and social amenities. + LT + Improve market linkages GS-13: Expand employment potential. + LT + SME Investment Fund GS-14: Will provide viable financing alternative to inaccessible formal Banking system. Expand sector and + LT + employment. Encourage technology GS-15: Creates training opportunities to increase + LT + transfer from larger mines. employability of local residents. Expand sector.
INDIRECT
. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Development of supporting GS-16: Will encourage migration to new economic road and other infrastructure. opportunities with need for housing and social amenities. Also potential for negative environmental impacts. Much of LT F potential gemstone resources are located in currently inaccessible areas. GS-17: Potential impact on indigenous settlements, traditionally valued sites, access to other traditional natural LT F resources including water and forests in newly developed areas. SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
While the activities of the SEED programme will not affect the environment per se, it is relevant to assess the potential impacts to the environment and natural resources that could occur from the expansion of gemstone mining activities in Zambia which will be anticipated ultimately as a result of the programme.
This is examined in the context of impacts that could result directly or indirectly from gemstone mining activities. Such impacts will be experienced from small-scale gemstone mining projects to large ones which may entail large number of workers forming communities near the mining sites. Small gemstone mining operations are developed without mechanization, and pits are excavated primarily using picks and shovels. Excavated pits in small mining operations are typically 15-20 m in diameter and less than 10 m in depth. Larger operations produce pits that are typically 50 m or more in diameter and of greater depth. In many cases, these pits are left unreclaimed after their useful life, and this poses a number of environmental and safety issues.
The development of mining infrastructure and access, the excavation of pits for gemstone extraction, and the gemstone mining and processing activities may result in a number of direct impacts to the environment, which are listed below:
* Soil erosion and instability may result from various mining and associated construction. * Air quality impacts may result from dust raised in mining and transportation activities. * Many mining pits remain unreclaimed after use, which results in a potential safety hazard to wildlife and humans, especially children. * Unreclaimed gemstone mining pits present a negative aesthetic (visual) impacts on the landscape, which could affect other potential pursuits such as residential or tourism development. * Obstacles to other land use and natural re-vegetation are posed by the proliferation of unreclaimed mining pits. * Unreclaimed mining pits that have collected water are ideal breeding places for the mosquito vectors of malaria, posing a significant health threat in nearby communities or for workers. * Significant safety risks result from inadequate protective gear being provided for mine workers.
In addition, however, there will be impacts that are brought about as indirect impacts of mining projects. Indirect impacts would include, for example, the removal of trees and consequent deforestation, due to the increased need for firewood/charcoal for local communities whose populations have increased. Some of the other potential indirect impacts from gemstone mining operations include the following:
* Stresses on supply of good quality water result from concentrations of migrant worker communities near mining areas. * There is the potential for local deforestation and related soil impacts due to heightened demand for firewood / charcoal, by local worker communities. * Communicable diseases such as diarrhoea become more prevalent where worker populations reside in large, dense communities with little access to clean water. * Increased solid wastes, litter and human wastes, and improper disposal thereof, potentially result in soil and water pollution, where worker populations reside in large, dense communities.
Cumulative impacts are expected to result from the combined factors of pit excavation and gemstone extraction, development of mining infrastructure and access,
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Wofld Bank 35 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
and increased numbers of migrant workers coming to live near mining sites, associated with increased demand for basic local services such as water and firewood. These impacts will potentially be manifested as in changes to air quality, water quality vegetation and forests, and wildlife and wildlife habitat, as well as aesthetics.
Several strategic issues underlie the wide range of direct, indirect and cumulative impacts discussed above. It was apparent in the consultations and observations made by the study team, that more monitoring and enforcement of regulations and standards is needed, particularly in relation to mining safety and the reclamation of old mining pits. Many mining operations, particularly small-scale ones, are commenced without any environmental screening or assessment. ElAs should include not only conditions for constructing and operating a mine in a safe and environmentally sound manner, but also for decommissioning and reclaiming mining works including pits. Regional Mining Bureaus are supposed to be administering the licensing process including environmental screening and assessment, but the existing Bureaus are under- resourced to carry out such functions effectively.
All of the above mentioned direct, indirect, cumulative impacts and strategic issues, are outlined in Table 9.7.
9.4 SME Component
9.4.1 Socio-Economic
Lack of access to appropriate financing is repeatedly cited as the major constraint to private sector development in Zambia regardless of the sector. When combined with onerous approval and licensing processes, and increasingly restrictive immigration policies, the investment environment is not healthy. The proposed SME Investment Fund is intended to overcome the access to capital hurdle for at least some companies. Small, in this case, is being defined7 as companies with annual revenues in excess of US$250,000. This fund is clearly not targeting micro enterprises which equally need support. However, other micro-finance programmes exist in Zambia and efforts should be made to integrate the SEED SME programme with these as part of developing an efficient supply chain across a wide range of industries. The SME companies targeted by SEED are those in the best position to be engaging in value-added processing activities - important to the economic growth of the country. Value-added processes typically require more skilled workers. Consequently, training incentives should be attached to funding programmes to help advance the national labour force. Opportunities exist to also ensure gender equity, improved working and safety conditions, and improved access to housing, health and education facilities. Screening and assessment processes for funding approval should include a number of worker- related social and economic criteria in addition to solid business plans and environmental assessment requirements. Table 9.8 summarises potential socio- economic issues and impacts in this sector.
9.4.2 Environmental
Because the Fund will be applicable to a wide range of possible projects in a wide range of commercial and industrial sectors, the range of potential environmental and socio-economic impacts that may result from their development or operation is also very broad. Some of the potential environmental impacts that could occur from the development and operation of small-medium scale enterprises are shown in Table 9.9. This is not intended to be a comprehensive or detailed list, but rather a guide as to the
7Risk Capital Investment for Small and Medium Enterprises in Zambia, Gibson, Dec. 2002.
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 36 HABICO Gemstone Sector Table 9.7 Environmental Issues and Impacts
. . ~~GE-1: Soil erosion and instability may result from various site (mine LT (mini'ng Development of mining mining and associated construction. Certain mining area) period' G infrastructure and access extraction, processing and transportation activities also e cause the entry of silt into nearby watercourses. Excavation of pits for Site (mine LT (mining gemstone extraction GE-2: Air quality impacts may result from dust raised in area) period) G mining and transportation activities. Gemstone mining and processing activities GE-3: Many mining pits remain unreclaimed after use, which results in a potential safety hazard to wildlife and site (mine LT (after humans especially children. Pits from small-scale . .i) G operations are in the range of 15-20 m diameter and <10 area) mining m in depth. Larger operations may be 50-60 m in diameter.
GE-4: Unreclaimed gemstone mining pits present a site (mine LT (after negative aesthetic (visual) impacts on the landscape, area) mining) G which could affect other potential pursuits such as residential or tourism development.
GE-5: Obstacles to other land use and natural re- site (mine LT (after G vegetation are posed by the proliferation of unreclaimed area) mining) mining pits.
GE-6: A significant health threat is posed by malaria, since site (mine unreclaimed mining pits that have collected water are ideal sie ne LT (after G breeding places for the mosquito vectors of malaria. community) mining) Nearby communities or workers and others may be affected.
GE-7: Significant safety risks result from inadequate protective gear being provided for mine workers. This is site (mine LT (mining G more prevalent in small-medium size mining operations area) period) which do not have the resources and/or awareness for providing appropriate safety and protective gear. site (mine LT (mining 3 GE-8: Use of water in the mines and processing. area) period) Development Activity Potential Indirect Impacts:
Increased numbers of GE-9: Stresses on supply of good quality water result from worker LT (mining G migrant workers coming to concentrations of migrant worker communities near mining community period) live near mining sites areas.
Increased demand for basic GE-10: There is the potential for local deforestation and region LT (mining G local services such as water related soil impacts due to heightened demand for period) and firewood. firewood / charcoal, by local worker communities.
GE-1 1: Communicable diseases such as diarrhea become worker LT (mining G more prevalent where worker populations reside in large, community period) dense communities with little access to clean water.
GE-12: Increased solid wastes, litter and human wastes, worker LT (mining and improper disposal thereof, potentially result in soil and community period) G water pollution, where worker populations reside in large, dense communities.
Development Activities Potential Cumulative Impacts
Excavation of pits for Vegetation and Forests: Removal of trees and gemstone extraction deforestation results from clearing for mine and . LT (mining G infrastructure development; access roads development; region period) Development of mining and heightened demand for wood as migrant workers infrastructure and access come to reside near the mining areas.
Gemstone mining and Wildlife: Mine development, associated machinery noise processing activities and human activity, as well as increased human presence site (mine LT (mining in the area and use of trees for firewood, will result in loss - a F-G Increased numbers of of habitat and disturbance of wildlife. Unreclaimed pits migrant workers coming to may pose a safety hazard to wildlife. live near mining sites
Increased demand for basic Air quality: Local air quality is potentially affected by dust site (mine LT (mining local services such as water from mining activities and transportation, and by smoke area and G and firewood. and dust from worker communities. community) period)
2 bodies; as well as improper disposal of sewage and other sitea amnd LT (mining G wastes in worker communities. Water quality may also be comniy period) affected by the use of explosives and drilling agents. community) Supply of clean water is stressed by large worker communities.
Strategic Issues:
Monitoring and Enforcement: More monitoring and enforcement of regulations and standards is needed, particularly in relation to mining safety and the reclamation of old mining pits.
EIA process: Many mining operations, particularly small- scale ones, are commenced without any environmental screening or assessment. ElAs should include not only conditions for constructing and operating a mine in a safe and environmentally sound manner, but also for decommissioning and reclaiming mining works including pits. Regional Mining Bureaus are supposed to be administering the licencing process including environmental screening and assessment, but the existing Bureaus are under-resourced to carry out such functions. SME Investment Fund Table 9.8 Socio-Economic Issues and Impacts
Support to SMEs SS-1: increased long-term employment in smaller-scale + LT business operations SS-2: potential expansion of some sectors into newly opened lands. Positive economic expansion, Potential negative environmental impacts. Potential govemment +/- LT need to provide support infrastructure - roads, schools, etc. SS-3: training opportunities tied to fund disbursement. + LT Training in both management & technical aspects. SS-4: Improved access to working capital. + ST SS-5: opportunity to promote gender equity through + LT funding application and screening processes SS-6: opportunity to promote better worker conditions + LT through funding application and screening processes SS-7: supports poverty reduction + LT SS-8: market expansion potential with increased + LT productivity, improved quality SS-9: short=term employment opportunities during + ST business expansion - construction, etc. SME Investment Fund Table 9.9 Environmental Issues and Impacts
Air quality - degradation of air quality due to process emissions, smoke from burning, vehicle emissions, fugitive emissions, or dust raised during construction or road travel.
- odours from process emissions, garbage, sewage, or other sources
Soil stability - sheet, rill or gully erosion resulting from earthworks, stripped soil or poorly reclaimed excavation area or slope
- improper drainage of soil during or after construction
- excavation of borrow pits that are not reclaimed properly
Soil quality - spillage or leakage of petroleum products (e.g., petrol, oil) from storage tanks (above or underground) or vehicles
- improper disposal of solid, liquid or hazardous wastes in pits, landfills, piles, etc.
- contamination or depletion of soil fertility through the excessive use of agricultural chemicals
Water quality - sedimentation and siltation of water bodies (rivers, lakes, wetlands) from eroding soil, with effects on water quality
- spillage, leakage or effluent discharge of environmentally deleterious substances, resulting in contamination of water
- contamination of water from use of chemical pesticides
- organic and nutrient contamination of water bodies resulting in low oxygen levels, algal/weed proliferation and consequent decline in water quality and opportunities for use of water
Water supply/demand - strain on local water supply exerted by operations which use large quantities of water
Energy requirements - strain on local electricity supply caused by operations which use large quantities of electricity
Groundwater - spillage or leakage of petroleum products (e.g., petrol, oil) from storage tanks (above or underground) or vehicles
- improper disposal of solid, liquid or hazardous wastes in pits, landfills, piles, etc.
- drawdown of water table due to consumption of groundwater
Vegetation/Deforestation - loss of vegetation due to site preparation - deforestation due to utilization of wood (or charcoal) for energy (e.g., kilns, ovens, boilers, etc.), for building, or as a raw material (fumiture, housing, other built products)
Wildlife and biodiversity - loss of critical habitat to accommodate the project - fragmentation of habitat and disruption of animal travel corridors by poorly sited facilities
- disturbance of wildlife due to noise and human activity during construction or operational phases
Aquatic ecosystems - sedimentation and siltation of water bodies (rivers, lakes, wetlands) from eroding soil, with effects on fish and food chain organisms
- toxic effects of released contaminants, on fish and food
2 Landuse ~~~~-conflicts with surrounding land uses (e.g., recreational, residential, agricultural, grazing, tourism) which are existing or planned
- loss of opportunity for other land uses at the facility site
- poor planning of future land use at site after end of project life
Traditional/cultural resources - interference with ceremonial or other culturally important sites
- loss or destruction of historically important artifacts during construction
Nuisances - noise levels that cause disturbance to neighbouring communities or wildlife
- litter, pests, diseases or fires that are caused by improper disposal of wastes
Human Safety - exposure of workers to hazardous materials during operations, transportation and other phases of development
- exposure of communities to hazardous materials resulting from excessive emissions or during emergencies
- physical dangers posed by excavations, borrow pits, fences, vehicle operation, traffic congestion resulting from development
Natural Resources - use of aggregate resources
3 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
range of typical impacts that could be associated with small-medium scale commercial / industrial or other developments and operations.
9.5 Institutional Issues
9.5.1 National
During the preparation of this Assessment, it became clear that the single most important issue affecting social, economic and environmental impacts - both negative and potentially positive - of all SEED Project components is the lack of institutional capacity, integration, cooperation, coordination and leadership. Although much of the right legislation, regulation and policy is in place to ensure environmental sustainability and local social and economic benefit, the on-the-ground application is not there. These inadequacies are reflected in both bureaucratic issues such as immigration and licensing approval processes that discourage investment, and ad hoc physical developments that threaten the very environment that tourism is based on. Several prime physical examples are glaringly obvious in the Livingstone area where, in the absence of a clear and coordinated planning and approvals process, approvals have simply been obtained from the easiest source without integrated consideration of other factors. The result is typically short-term benefit to a limited number of interests at the expense of longer-term community sustainability.
A Canadian CIDA-funded project has been successfully underway on the Zimbabwe side for the past 3 years (suspended during the past 1 year) addressing these very institutional and stakeholder coordination issues. Discussions for a similar exercise in the Livingstone area to promote a forum for stakeholder coordination in support of SEED and other initiatives have been underway for the past year. This initiative appears to be faltering through lack of GRZ support.
Examples of negative impacts resulting from weak institutional involvement include:
* most lodges built along the banks of the Zambezi are in violation of environmental set-back requirements and/or have been built within prime National Park wildlife habitat. The new Sun hotels are the most glaring example having effectively cut off wildlife and non-guest pedestrian access from a significant stretch of river access in the middle of a National Park. Political influence was allowed to override technical assessment.
* the new Kazungula highway is being constructed through an important part of Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park against the recommendations of the Park's own Management Plan and against recommendations to be made in the Livingstone Strategic Development Plan. At the same time SEED is funding park fence expansion across this highway which will encourage vehicle-wildlife conflicts. Lack of institutional coordination and leadership between LCC, ZAWA and whoever developed the road is clear.
* new housing plots are being allocated and developed immediately adjacent to MOT Park boundaries in Livingstone in violation of Park buffer requirements. Lack of institutional cooperation between ZAWA and LCC.
* a new petrol station is being constructed in the middle of one of Livingstone's most important remaining elephant corridors while all agencies are aware of the issue, the proponent is able to work through the weakest link. Lack of institutional capacity and coordination is the cause.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Vorld Bank 37 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
development of helipads and lodges have proceeded within Chief Mukuni's lands without adequate consultation with, or approvals from, the authorities that should be responsible.
9.5.2 Trans-Boundary Issues
Somewhat beyond the scope of the SEED Project, but critical to the sustainable future of the Mosi-oa-Tunya Livingstone area, is a consideration of trans-boundary management issues. Victoria Falls, the Zambezi River, the gorges, and the UNESCO World Heritage Site are all shared resources of benefit to both Zimbabwe and Zambia. The two countries are charged with custodianship of this local, region and global treasure. The IUCN SEA report of 1996 recommended establishment of a Trans- Boundary Commission to oversee development and management in the region. this body has yet to take effect. Canadian CIDA efforts in the region over the past 3 years further emphasised the need for such trans-boundary collaboration and resulted in, successful trans-boundary workshops held in January of 2002. The current political situation in Zimbabwe has diverted attention from these initiatives, and CIDA efforts to integrate work on the Zambian side are stalled in GRZ support processes. Implementation of the SEED Project must recognize the regional and international interests in the area.
10.0 Proposed Mitigation and Supporting Actions
The following series of tables suggest actions to mitigate potential negative impacts of the SEED Project and supporting actions to help ensure that potentially positive impacts are realised. The tables highlight issues identified in Section 9.0, recommend mitigation actions, suggest who should be responsible for implementing them, the timeframe involved, an indication or order of magnitude cost and, finally, linkages to other impacts. These tables should be read in conjunction with those of Section 9.0.
10.1 Tourism Component
See the following Tables 10.1 and 10.2.
10.2 Agribusiness Component
See the following Tables 10.3 and 10.4.
10.3 Gemstone Component
See the following Table 10.5.
10.4 SME Component
Mitigation recommendations in this case take the form of recommended screening and assessment procedures. Refer to the following Section 11.0.
11.0SME - Recommended Screening and Assessment Procedures
11.1 Overview of the SME Fund Application and Selection Process
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaAWorld Bank 38 HABICO Tourism Component Table 10.1 Socio-Economic Mitigation And Support
A. Kafue National Park and SurroundingAreas
SEED Supported Activities
TS-1: Short-term employment Requires GRZ tendering policies encouraging local employment. GRZ, private LT opportunities during construction. Training support for needed skills. Develop contractor awareness. sector TS-2: Improved working conditions for Management awareness required. ZAWA LT Park staff. TS-3: Increased long-term local Provide necessary training to develop local skills. Provides GRZ, private employment for infrastructure and alternative employment opportunities to poaching. sector ST facility maintenance.______GRZ marketing and promotion. See also SME Component where TS-4: Attract private-sector investment.need for appropriate financing is highlighted. Provide investment GRZ, private LT TS4 tprivate-sector Investment. incentives and ease through revised Investment Act. Ensure sector immigration procedures encourage needed workers and visitors. TS-5: Increased tourism & resulting Marketing required by GRZ and private sector. GRZ, private LT revenue, sector TS-6: Improved access roads allow better market access for local GRZ support. GRZ ST community products. Economic benefit. TS-7: Potential for loss of local cultural Priv. Sector integrity through increased outside Need both visitor and community sensitization programmes. Community LT visitation. TS-8: Decreased (illegal) access to Park natural resources by local Increased awareness, patrolling and provision of alternate ZAWA, CRB LT communities. Positive for Park, negative sources of income. for communities. T. I a mEnsure continuation of programme through ZAWA with TS-9: Increased employment for Vsilage accompanying resource support for training, equipment, ZAWA, CRB LT transportation, etc. Enhance CRB/GMA awareness programmes. TS-10: Improved natural resource management through enhanced CRB Strengthen ZAWA and MTENR management capacities to set programmes (eg. hunting) contributes quotas, manage licenses, and handle finances. International ZAWA, CRB LT revenue to improve community social marketing by GRZ and private sector required. amenities leading to resettlement. Positive for resettlement including potential integration in new roles as Park, Cornmunity ST Park, potentially negative for affected natural resource custodians. persons. TS-1 2: More attractive to a greater Strengthen ZAWA revenue/financial management.. Set Fees in number of visitors - increase in Entry accordance with market acceptance. Ensure immigration ZAWA, GRZ ST Fee revenue. procedures encourage visitors. Develop inventory of valued traditional sites and resources TS-13: Lost access to traditionally through community consultation. Develop culturally sensitive ZAWA, NHCC, T valued sites, resources. programme for continued access balancing resource Community S conservation requirements. TS-14aIncreased community Design and implement awareness programmes through SEED, GRZ ST resources. traditional leadership and a variety of media. TS-15: Increased long-term revenue from better managed natural resources, Implement existing CRB policies, Strengthen CRB, ZAWA mgmt. ZAWA, CRB ST including hunting, on sustainable basis. TS-16: Increased visitation. Ensure immigration procedures encourage visitors. GRZ LT Indirect Spin4Off Activities TS-i1 7: Increased long-term local Private-sector sensitization to promote local employment and employment at new accommodation skills training. Provide investment incentives and ease through GRZ, private facilities and complementary activities, revised Investment Act. Ensure immigration procedures sector LT encourage needed workers and visitors. TS-18: Potential for family split and Need to sensitize employers and encourage provision of family- social disruption due to migrant workers oriented housing, appropriate transport, access to social Private sector LT to employment opportunities. amenities. TS-19: Increased long-term local Refer to SME Component. Encourage private sector tourism employment opportunities at support operators to support local enterprise. Ensure immigration GRZ LT industries and services. procedures encourage needed workers. TS-20: Increased tourism threat to local Implement programme of cultural sensitization for visitors and ZAWA, NHCC cuTural: Intraegrity, imtrattoa local residents alike. Develop community visitation policies and PZiAte seCto LT cultural integrity. guidelines for tour o erators. Prvate sector TS-21: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration Involve other relevant Ministes and local government in planning GRZ of people pufting pressure on social and development of new facilities and services. Consider c ity LT services. programme of local tourism private-sector support. TS-22: Attraction of new economic Need to sensitize local govemment and communities. Traditional opportunities will increase in-migration leaders have potentially vital role in natural resource GRZ, NGO,LT of people from outside putting pressure management. community
2 on traditional leadership roles. TS-23: Potential for increased Cannot be avoided. GRZ can increase health issue awareness prostitution catering to increased programmes. The higher the level of local employment, the less GRZ, NGO LT workers and (lesser extent) tourists. the reliance on prostitution. Prostitution is largely poverty driven. TS-24: Opportunity to diversify tourism Develop revenue-sharing programmes between tourism Private sector, reeneouce icldigcultural visits ...... LT to local communities. operators and communities. Establish national guidelines. community TS-25: Population influx to ltezhi-Tezhi would require additional planning, Requires Provincial and MLGH support and capacity building to GRZ, local LT infrastructure, management, housing, local govemment. government social services. _ TS-26: Opportunity for increased GRZ,NGO participation by women in social and Promote gender awareness at all levels. private sector LT economic activities. B. Mosi-oa-Tunya, LivingstoneArea
SEED Supported Activities TS-27: Short-term employment Requires GRZ tendering policies encouraging local employment. GRZ. private S May need training support to ensure skills are available. Develo sectorST oppotuntiesdurng onstucton. contractor awareness. p sco TS-28: Improved working conditions for Park staff. Easier to attract and keep Management awareness required. ZAWA LT good staff. TS-29: Potential reseKtlement from See Resettlement Plan. Also recommended to look at GRZ, Imoshu Village, ZESCO Camp and alternatives where existing seKtlement may be integrated and community ST Songwe Point. provide additional natural resource management. TS-30: Increased long-term local Provide necessary training to develop local skills. Provides L D employment for infrastructure and alternative employment opportunities to poaching. LCC, Distrct LT facility maintenance. _,_. TS-31: AKtract private-sector investment GRZ marketing and promotion. See also SME Component where in additional infrastructure, need for appropriate financing is highlighted. Provide investment GRZ, District, LT accommodation and other tourism incentives and ease through revised Investment Act. Ensure private sector activities. immigration procedures encourage needed workers and visitors. TS-32: Increased tourism & resulting Marketing required by GRZ and private sector. Ensure GRZ, private LT immigration procedures encourage visitors. Existing visa charges sector L revenue, in Zimbabwe and Zambia seriously discourages visitation. TS-33: Lost access to traditionally Develop inventory of valued traditional sites and resources valued sites, resources. Developments through community consultation. Develop culturally sensitive NHCC,NGO cutting off river access for people and programme for continued access balancing resource CC,mNGO LT cutting off river access forpeopleand conservation requirements. Specific cases exist with Mukuni community animals, people in Mosi-oa-Tunya NP. Enforce Park GMP and maintain
3 coditions for Livingstone residents. upgraded infrastructure, new programs. Indirect Spin-Off Activities Requires private-sector sensitization encouraging local TS-35: Short-term construction employment. May need training support to ensure skills are LCC, GRZ, ST employment opportunities. available. Develop contractor awareness. Provide investment private sector incentives and ease through revised Investment Act. Requires private-sector sensitization encouraging local TS-36: Increased long-term local employment. Training support to ensure skills are available. Private sector employment at new accommodation Develop contractor awareness. Provide investment incentives GRZ LT facilities. through revised Investment Act. Ensure immigration procedures encourage needed workers and visitors. TS-37: Increased long-term local Provide investment incentives through revised Investment Act. employment opportunities at support LCC to provide properly planned and serviced development GRZ, LCC LT industries and services. infrastructure to support and encourage new industry. TS-38: Attraction of new economic Capacity building of LCC to better manage urban planning, opportunities increases in-migration development, service provision and maintenance. Requires putting pressure on planning, significant levels or currently missing inter-agency cooperation SEED,GRZ ST/LT infrastructure, management, housing, and communication. social services. TS-39: Attraction of new economic opportunities will increase in-migration Need to sensitize communities. Build cooperation between GRZ,LT of people from outside putting pressure contemporary and traditional institutions. Traditional leadership a community on traditional leadership roles. potentially valuable resource management vehicle. TS-40: Potential for increased Cannot be avoided. GRZ can increase health issue awareness prostitution catering to increased programmes. The higher the level of local employment, the less GRZ, NGO LT workers and (lesser extent) tourists. the reliance on prostitution. Prostitution is largely poverty driven. TS-41: Opportunity to diversify tourism Requires cooperation between private sector and local revenue sources including cultural visits communities. Capacity building for local communities and Private sector, LT to local communities. sensitization for both communities and visitors on mutual needs community and respect. TS-42: Threat of decline in living Advance planning and service provision, altematives required by LCC LT standards for influx of migrant workers. LCC. TS-43: Potential for increased petty Increase community awareness and policing. Seek cooperation LCC LT crime. from Business Associations and community groups. TS-44: Spin-off economic opportunities Requires active marketing by GRZ, LCC and local Chamber of GRZ, LCC, in supporting Livingstone's growth. Commerce. Provide investment incentives and ease through private sector LT revised_Investment Act. _____4
4 Tourism Table 10.2 Environmental Mitigation and Support
A. Impacts on Kafue National Park and Potential Direct Impacts Surrounding Areas
TE.1 Soil erosion and Develop and apply environmental guidelines for contractors. Roads Board ST L instability L-M TE.2 Borrow pits Reclaim borrow pits after use, or develop to new use, e.g., ponds for wildlife Contractors ST use. L TE.3 Habitat fragmentation Minimize firebreaks along corridors or in critical habitat areas, to the extent ZAWA, CRBs LT possible. LT
Conduct archaeological survey before construction, and carry out rescue TEA Cultural/traditional operations where appropriate. Make operators aware of possible artifacts, and HCC,NMB sites halt construction if they are encountered, until value can be assibsed. Avoid LM damaging or degrading sites of cultural / traditional value, in consultation with T traditional leadership. Donors, TE.5 Strengthened wildlife Support ZAWA efforts for enforcement through human and financial resources cooperating partners, LT H management and capacity building. Evaluate ZAWA wildlife management efforts regularly, NGOs (e.g., and identify need for enhanced management if necessary. EU, IUCN, WWF)
Donors, cooperating H TE.6 Reduced poaching Support ZAWA efforts for surveillance and enforcement. Support use of village partners, scouts through CRB's, as surveillance system. NGOs (e.g., LT EU, IUCN, WWF)
Potential Indirect Impacts: TE.7 Vehicles and aircraft ZAWA L noise Monitor noise and related complaints by visitors. Consider noise buffers (e.g., LTL trees) in critical areas. Provide use limits if noise becomes a consistently reported irritant.
(fi8 Deforestation Strictly enforce the permitting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Forestry LT L-M (firewood, charcoal) number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes.
TE.9 Deforestation (curios) Strictly enforce the permitting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Forestry LT L-M number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes.
TE.10 Cutting trees Promote means of obtaining honey other than cutting down trees. This might Forestry, LT L (honey) involve the use of hives built from boards, which are re-usable. NGOs (e.g., WWF)
TE.11 Wildfires Promote means of obtaining honey that does not involve buming. This might Forestry, LT L involve the use of hives built from boards, which are re-usable. NGOs (e.g., WWF)
Provide solid waste disposal facilities as required, given the volumes/sources City,/District TE.12 Wastes and litter and types of waste (e.g., litter bins, controlled landfill). Monitor to ensure that Counci s, ST H lodge operators dispose of their wastes properly, and discourage inappropriate Local Gov't, disposal or burning. Donors B. Impacts on Livingstone and Mosi oa Potential Direct Impacts Tunya National Park and Surrounding Areas: Mitigation I Support Responsibility Time Frame Costs Linkages
TE.13 Soil erosion Develop and apply environmental guidelines for contractors. ECZ, ZAWA, ST L (construction) Road Board
TE.14 Borrow pits Reclaim borrow pits after use, or develop to new use, e.g., ponds for wildlife Contractors, ST L-M use. ECZ
TE.15 Construction noise Avoid times of year when wildlife is most sensitive. ECZ, ZAWA ST L
TE.16 Habitat Minimize firebreaks along corridors or in critical habitat areas, to the extent ZAWA ST L fragmentation possible. TE.1 7 Cultural/traditional NHCC M
2 sites Conduct archaeological survey before construction. Make operators aware of possible artifacts, and halt construction if they are encountered, until value can ST be assessed. Avoid damaging or degrading sites of cultural / traditional value, in consultation with traditional leadership..
TE.18 Fragmentation of Enforce guidelines for jetty construction (e.g., spacing at least a minimum NHCC, ZAWA, LT riparian area jetties, distance apart, design, colour, etc.). LCC, ZNTB viewing points)
TE.19 Strengthened wildlife Support ZAWA efforts for enforcement through human and financial resources TE.19mStrengthoergrazidle and capacity building. Evaluate ZAWA wildlife management efforts regularly, Donors LT H management, overgrazing and identify need for enhanced management if necessary. Expansion of game area will reduce overgrazing. TE.20 Reduced poach'ing Support ZAWA efforts for surveillance and enforcement. Donors LT M
TE.21 Noise from vehicles, Monitor noise and related complaints by visitors. Consider noise buffers (e.g., aircraft, vehicle-animal trees) in critical areas. Provide use limits if noise becomes a consistently LTA, ZAWA, LT M Goiliscons,vic-nm reported irritant. Enforce speed limits on roads, using speed bumps, radar at LCC, ZNTP regular intervals. Enforce rules on maximum number of simultaneous flights (6) in Special Rules Area; flying height (1500 ft); noise certification from ICAO. Potential Indirect Impacts:
TE.22 Deforestation Strictly enforce the permitting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Forestry LT L (firewood / charcoal) number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes.
TE.23 Deforestation (curio Strictly enforce the permitting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Forestry LT L market) number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes.
TE.24 Encroaching on Park Enforce the buffer area limits around the Park. No new developments within City/District boundary 500 m of Park boundary. Establish moratorium on new developments around Councils, LT L-M Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. Traditional leaders ______
TE.25 Wildfires Establish and maintain firebreaks. Monitor human activities in or near the Park, ZAWA LT L to discourage setting of fires. Provide solid waste disposal facilities as required, given the volumes/sources Donors, TE.26 SolId wastes and types of waste (e.g., litter bins, controlled landfill). Monitor to ensure that operating ST lodge operators dispose of their wastes properly, and discourage inappropriate partners
3 TE.2 Noserom ircaft Develop policy on number of local flights over the WHS. Review the current NHCC, ZAWA,L number of helipads and establish maximum number. Provide limits to aircraft Av itin ZNTBST excursions per day if noise becomes a consistently reported irritant. Aviation,ZNTB TE.28 Cattle grazing Discourage grazing of cattle in the Park. ZAWA LT L
Avoid siting developments where it results in disruption of animal movement NHCC, ZAWA, TE.29 Disruption of animal routes and normal access to water/rivers. Avoid disruption of routes used to Councils and ST or LT L access lead livestock to water. Assess all new developments through a other anning comprehensive environmental assessment, taking into account critical wildlife other ppanning habitat and movement corridors. . approval~~~~~~~~~~~bodies
NHCC, ZAWA, TE.30 Increased human- ZNTB, animal incidents Educate visitors on dangers of approaching wildlife (e.g., signs, leaflets). Councils and ST or LT L approval bodies
Buffer distances from River bank (50 m) should be observed for any new TE.31 Loss of riparian developments. Islands on the Zambezi River should be treated as Specially NHCC, ZAWA vegetation Protected Areas. No developments should be allowed on islands within the ZNTB, ST or LT L WHS. Restricted access to Siloka, Sekute and Kalunda Islands; others Councils designated no access. Monitor points of concern for canoe safaris.
TE.32 Erosion by jet boats Agree on guidelines for boat operations, and pre-qualification criteria for NHCC, ZAWA, ST or LT L licencing. Councils
TE.33 Removal of plants Islands on the Zambezi River should be treated as Specially Protected Areas. NHCC, ZAWA, ST L Discourage collection of rare or endangered plants. ZNTBc
TE.34 Noise from cruise Agree on permitted number of boats, and monitor and enforce accordingly. NHCC, ZAWA, ST - LT L boats Apply licencing system for boats and jetties. Councils TE.35 Disturbance of ST or LT L
4 riparian wildlife Islands on the Zambezi River should be treated as Specially Protected Areas. NHCC, ZAWA, No developments should be allowed on islands within the WHS. Restricted ZNTB, access to Siloka, Sekute and Kalunda Islands; others designated no access. Councils Monitor points of concem for canoe safaris.
or LT L TE.36 Fumes and spills Agree on guidelines for boat operations, and pre-qualification criteria for NHCC, ZWA, ST licencing. Councils
TE.37 Sedimentation Discourage disturbance or alteration of River banks by new developments. NHCC, ZAWA, ST or LT L paHTems Develop and enforce guidelines for boat operations. Councils
to the sewage overflow problem at Livingstone town lagoon. Enforce TE.38 Sewage Attend M contamination setback limits for septic tanks (61 m) along the River. Attend to sewage LCC ST discharge points to Zambezi river in the Park. L TE.39 Traditional / sacred Restrict public use of traditional sacred sites in line with traditional ritual and NHCC, ZAWA LT sites ______other requirements.
weeds (Lantana) from the WHS L-M TE.40Weed control Develop a program to control or eradicate ST-LT TE.40 Weed control forest area. Such efforts should be conducted using manual, cultural or bio- ZAWA, NHCC control methods in preference to chemical herbicides. Potential Cumulative Impacts L Vegetation and Forests - Strictly enforce the permiHting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Vegetation and Forests number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes. Forestry LT - Monitor and discourage 'poaching" of wood from the Parks.
- Assess all new developments through a comprehensive environmental assessment, taking into account critical wildlife habitat and movement L-M Wildlife corridors. Avoid siting developments where disruption of wildlife or livestock LCC, ZAWA, LT movements will result. - Discourage human activities in critical areas of wildlife habitat (e.g., Islands on the Zambezi River treated as Specially Protected Areas). _ L-M Aesthetics and Naturalness - Promote policies of low volume, high value tourism in Livingstone and WHS LCC, ZAWA, ST-LT of ParkNWHS experience area. NHCC, ZNTB - Limit visitor accommodation to 'medium" growth scenario (as per IUCN,
5 negative impacts on environment. - Establish and enforce guidelines for number of boats, aircraft flyovers, and guidelines for boat operations.
- Enforce setback guidelines for septic tanks in developments along river. Conduct monitoring to ensure that sewage treatment at lodges/hotels is adequate and does not result in discharge of untreated sewage. LCC, ZAWA Water quality - Establish and enforce guidelines for boat operations/maintenance, to ensure LCCZ ST-LT L no oily discharges to surface waters. - Curtail existing incidences of sewage discharge to environment (as identified above).
Strategic Issues:
Monitoring and Establish / implement enforcement policy and inspections plan, targeting LCC, ZAWA, Enforcement activites or facilities that pose a potential hazard to the Parks environment and NHCC,ECZ ST-LT M resources. Respond actively to complaints of environmental damage, degradation or pollution.
EIA process Assess all proposed new developments through an environmental screening LCC, ZAWA, ST-LT L and conduct a comprehensive environmental assessment for those that have NHCC, ECZ
______the potential to adversely affect the environment. Agribusiness Linkages Table 10.3 Socio-Economic Mitigation and Support
AS-i: Improved access to capital for Provide financial management training. Link to SEED SME small farmers through processor programme. GRZ encouragement to revise formal banking policies, support. procedures also needed. AS-2. Improved access to technical Establish formal policies and programmes for processor-supported as-imtaIme. technical assistance and supplier training. GRZ support for formal assistance. training institutions required. AS-3: Long-term farm employment Encourage labour-based techniques. Encourage processors to generation. include small-scale, informal sector producers. AS-4: Improved access to social GRZ return improved national revenue to support provision of social amenities, poverty reduction through amenities in rural areas. increased economic activity. ______AS-5: New training opportunities Link with technical assistance. Establish formal policies and provided. programmes for processor-supported supplier training. AS-6: Potential to reduce rural- Increased rural productivity will justify GRZ investment in rural urban migration and therefore urban infrastructure and services. Encourage processors to include small- poverty. scale, informal sector producers. AS-7: Farm expansion opening new Requires GRZ and local authority planning coordination to ensure infrastructure. arable/settlementS-7:rFable/seemete andsionlands openi bestProvide use security of land, ofenvironmental land tenure. mitigation, access to SS-8: Opportunity to promote Treat as a cross-cutting through all steps of selection and gender equity through funding imlenao. application and screening processes P AS-9: Increased production potential Encourage labour-based techniques. Ensure fair labour laws are in - increased employment. place and enforced. AS-10: Increased opportunities for supporting industries - construction, Promote hiring/training of local labour through screening processes. ¶transportation, marketing, maintenance. AS-1 1: Short-term employment for Link to SME for access to capital. facility construction. AS- 12: Potential for increased Requires supportive government policies, good transportation export market. infrastructure. GRZ marketing of Zambia internationally. Tradeshow support. Agribusiness Linkages Table 10.4 Environmental Mitigation and Support
g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mn _ of
Soil chemistry and suitability, evapotranspiration rates, recharge/discharge Agriculture, AE-1: Impacts of irrigation and appropriate irrigation levels should be assessed for proposals which Farmers Union, LT M-H on mroundwater include irrigation, in order to avoid groundwater impacts. Farm operators ECZ, National ongroundwater should be instructed on acceptable irrigation criteria, such as acceptable Agric. volumes, application methods, timing and other key parameters. Information Service
Min. of Soil chemistry and suitability, salt levels and leachability, etc. should be Agriculture, AE-2: Impacts of irrigation assessed for proposals which include irrigation, to determine irrigation levels Farmers Union, LT M-H on soil that will be suitable over the long term in order to avoid adverse effects on ECZ, National on soil soils. Farm operators should be made aware of acceptable irrigation criteria, Agric. e.g., volumes, application, timing and other key parameters. Information Service
The amount of water that will be required for irrigation should be reviewed for each proposed operation, and viewed in the context of other competing uses, AE-3: Impacts of irrigation i.e., domestic, industrial, recreational, ecological and other agricultural needs. Water Bd., Min. LT M requirements on water There should be a component (water management) plan on how water use will of Agriculture, demand/supply be optimized or conserved. It should be assured that this use of water will not Farmers Union adversely affect other local water users or ecological needs.
The need for the impoundment should be carefully evaluated, in the context of the entire watershed and potential impacts on hydrology, nutrient status, movement of fish, fish and riparian habitat, temperature profiles, public safety and other matters. If the project is to go ahead, it must be designed so as to Water Bd., Min. AE-4: Impacts of Water allow adequate flows for ecological needs and other water users in the of Agriculture, LT M Impoundments watershed, and to avoid significant changes to water quality. The efficiency of ECZ water transfer must be maximized so that unnecessary water loss is avoided. The operator must adopt and implement safety measures for the design, bid tendering, construction, operation and maintenance of the dam and associated works.
______LT M ____LT______X_ _ -- - ______AE-5 Impacts of fertilizers For crop cultivation operations, plans should be included for the use of Min. of on soil fertility chemical and other fertilizers. It should be assured that the amounts and Agriculture, types of chemical or other fertilizers are suitable for the soil type of the site, Farmers Union and long-term use will not result in a degradation of soil fertility. Farm operators should be made aware of acceptable use patterns of chemical or other fertilizers, i.e., approprate nutrient mix and formulations, application criteria to prevent over-use, timing and intervals of application and other key parameters.
For crop cultivation projects, plans should be made for the use of chemical and AE-6: Impacts of chemical other fertilizers. It should be assured that the amounts and types of chemical Agriculture, ST-LT M fertilizers on water quality or other fertilizers are suitable and do not result in excessive use and inputs of Farmers Union nutrients to surrounding surface waters.
For operations that involve the use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides or other agents) plans should be indicated for the types and formulations of chemicals to be used to control specific weeds or pests. Only products that are authorized by the Govemment and meet international standards are AE.7Hmacceptable. Proper handling and application techniques, and disposal of AE-7:t containers should be indicated. Applicators should be trained and qualified to Miln.of ST-LT carry out pesticides applications. The manufacturer's label instructions for Armers M application methods, quantities to be applied, handling practices, and other matters must be observed. Operators should be made aware of safety precautions and emergency procedures as specified in the manufacturer's label.
As above. Operators should be made aware of the proper application rates of Min. of AE-8: Ecological effects of chemical pesticides, allowing for site conditions such as wind and important Agriculture, M chemical pesticides habitat features, e.g., wetlands, feeding areas, etc. These precautions are National Agric. LT normally identified in information contained in the manufacturer's label. Info. Serv.
AE-9. Contamination of soil Opportunities to use animal waste for compost should be identified where Min. of and environmentally safe. For wastes that cannot be used, an Agriculture, LT M or water by animal wastes feasibleacceptable disposal method/location must be identified. Farmers Union
ECZ, Min. of AE-10: Water or soil Operators should identify any solid or liquid wastes that will be generated by Agriculture, LT M contamination by effluents, the facility during normal or emergency conditions, identifying the types and Farmers Union
2 wastes quantities of each waste stream. Options for reducing these wastes or for beneficial use should be assessed and built into the process if feasible.
Government regulations and guidelines. Operator awareness of waste reduction opportunities should be built through workshops or extension programs.
Where large quantities of the harvest may be rejected for exports, the proposal AE-1 1: Residue waste should include a plan to ensure that residue handling and management are in ECZ, Min. of disposal place to minimize loss and to identify markets or use of the residue. Agriculture, LT M Opportunities to use plant residue for compost should be identified where Farmers Union feasible.
For livestock operations, the breeds (e.g., hogs) should be free from Mi. of AE-12: Disease communicable diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease. Farmers should Agriculture, LT M transmission have access to veterinary services; and a system of inspections and Farmers Union certifications should be in place.
AE-13: Seed quality Seed varieties to be used by farmers should be those authorized by the Min. of LT M Government and meeting intemational standards. Agriculture, ______Farmers Union
AE-14: Chemical Plans for organic (chemical free) produce should outline how the produce will Mi. of contamination of organic be protected from contamination by pesticides, fertilizers or other chemicals. Agriculture, M-H produce For example, the collection of agricultural residue for composting should be Farmers Union, LT kept isolated to reduce the risk of chemical contamination. Min. Science & Technol. ______
Plans for new operations should clearly indicate the location of the proposed facility in relationship to surrounding land uses (including planned future use). AE-15: Land use It should also identify any emissions, effluents, noise, etc. that will result from constran ts the operation of the facility. The proposal should be reviewed in the context of ECZ, Mul. of L possible land use conflicts, and it should be ensured that the project will not Agrculture LT result in the disturbance of land use objectives or foreclosure of other key land use opportunities in the area.
ECZ, Min. of L
3 Environmental review Proposed new operations applying for funds under the program should be Agriculture LT reviewed for potential impacts on the environment. A checklist has been provided for this purpose (see Appendix). Gemstone Sector Table 10.5 Socio-Economic Mitigation and Support
GS-1: Create improved, clear Woktowards a "one-stop-shop" for licensing and approvals. ivestment, licensing and operating ReieInvestment Act to minimise bureaucratic interference. environment allowing industry Increase coordination between various interested agencies and expansion and resulting increase in eliminate immigration, equipment import roadblocks. Clarify roles employment and local economic and responsibilities of regulatory agencies. Include incentives for benefits. local employment where skills exist. consultation Require series of community consultation, participation sessions GS-2: Increase community ronment, with full range of stakeholders, not restricted to local leaders, to requirements on land use, environment, ensure increased local community awareness of proposed workers' conditions, opportunities. activities, opportunities. GS-3: Clarify land tenure, exploration Develop and promote clear mineral rights legislation. Sensitize GS-3:tCleissues there reducingexlonfls local communities and industry. Address, in particular, traditional title issues thereby reducing conflicts leaders in rural areas who still hold office and respect on basis of with ill-informed local land owners. land allocation powers. GS-4: Improve workers safety and other Enforce minimum wage regulations, increase monitoring of mine employment conditions. Currently being sites, promote awareness among miners of rights and employers' exploited in unregulated environment. Igt Wages as low as US$ 10 per month. obligations. Need to carefully monitor corruption temptations by industry and GS-5: Could reduce profit margins of regulators to avoid control of currently wide, and presumably more GSome exploitingreducmprofies. margi lucrative, smuggling activities. Promote fact that legalisation some exploiting companies. increases access to formal sector financing, training and technical assistance. GS-6: Improve workers safety and other employment conditions, and provide for See GS-4 above. increased monitoring. GS-7: Provide for easier access to essential working capital thereby Link to proposed SME Investment Fund. Hold financing expanding mining sector and generating workshops for mining sector. more employment. GS-8: Greater community awareness of mining operations, opportunities, See GS-2 above. regulations. Reduce local resentment of mine exploitation. GS-9: Increase govemment control and Focus govemment control on mining policy, marketing support, potential revenue, but need to avoid environmental protection, workers' safety and employment
1 creating disincentives. conditions, and fair collection of revenue. Avoid bureaucratic interference which encourages corruption and creates investment disincentives. Regulate mining techniques, mandatory provision of safety GS- 10: Improve workers safety and clothing and limited working hours. Create incentives encouraging other conditionsv provision of acceptable housing and access to health and r conditions. education facilities. Appropriate housing may avoid common family splits with migrant workers _
GS-1 1: Create investment incentives. Minimise bureaucratic interference. Recreate "one-stop-shop" for investment as originally envisaged in 1991 Investment Act before being diluted in 1993 and 1996 revisions. GS-12: Increase government revenues Increase govemment agency dialogue, cooperation and for reinvestment in infrastructure and coordination to promote transfer of revenues to areas of greatest social amenities. national need. All of above activities will lead to increased employment and GS-1 3: Expand employment potential. resulting poverty reduction and improvement of access to social amenities. Access to capital is single greatest impediment to industrial GS-14: Will provide viable financing growth in all sectors. Support creation of a viable and sustainable altemative to inaccessible formal SME Investment Fund with a widespread reach. Link also to Banking system. Expand sector and existing and proposed micro-financing schemes, as majority of employment. existing mining operations do not qualify as medium size by SEED Project definition. GS-15: Creates training opportunities to Promote technology transfer from larger companies to smaller. increase employability of local Consider programme similar to proposed Agribusiness outgrower residents. Expand sector. scheme to improve efficiency of total supply-processing chain. _
INDIRECT GS-1 6: Will encourage migration to new Requires multi-agency coordination (Ministries, Provincial economic opportunities -need for Administrations, Distict Administratons, Local governments, housing and social amenities. Potential communities and industry) to ensure appropriate settlement for negative environmental impacts. plannininstructre d opent,renviro pr otecin, Much of potential gemstone resources planning, infrastencture development, environmental protection, are located in inaccessible areas. and social amenity provision. GS-17: Potential impact on indigenous Conduct early community/traditional leadership consultation settlements, traditionally valued sites, sessions. Require social, cultural and archaeological arcess to other traditional natural assessments along with mandatory ElAs prior to approving new resources including water and forests in licenses and opening up new areas. newly developed areas.______2
2 Gemstone Sector Table 10.6 Environmental Mitigation and Support
GE1: Soil eoinad Ensure soil protection and erosion measures are being implemented where EC,RBSTL intbly ersilaion ad necessary, and that water bodies are being protected from activities that rcause EC,RBSTLM
GE-2: Air quality impacts Use dust control measures (e.g., water spraying) where air quality near ECZ, RMBs ST-LT M communities is potentially affected.
GE-3: Safety hazard to Develop and implement an enforcement policy for mandatory reclamation of ECZ, MTENR widlf andtyhans fo mining pits and associated infrastructure. Build into the EIA and planning for RMB ST M wildlife and humans from any new mining operabons. Monitor to ensure compliance. Develop s pits guidelines and standards for decommissioning and pit reclamation.
GE-4: Aesthetic (visual) Implement and enforce pit reclamation policy as in GE.-3. ECZ, MTENR, ST-LT M impacts from unreclaimed RMBs pits
GE-5: Obstacles to other Implement and enforce pit reclamabon policy as in GE.-3. Assess alternative ECZ, MTENR, ST-LT M -n Obstaces o er and end land uses as part of the environmental screening and licencing RMBs and useprocess.
GE-6: Health threat posed ECZ, MTENR, ST-LT M by malara Implement and enforce pit reclamation policy as in GE.-3. RMBs, Central ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Boardof Health______
GE-7: Mining safety risks Monitor and enforce mining operations to ensure safety requirements are RMBs, ECZ ST-LT M being met, including provision and use of safety equipment.
ECZ, Water Affairs Dept, GE-8: Use of water Evaluate the use of water in mining operations, and develop/enforce water use Water ST M policies where warranted. Resources Action Programme
.~~~~~ Potential Indirect __ Impacts: ._ ECZ, Water Affairs Dept, GE-9: Stresses on water Evaluate water demands/supply in communities near mines, and where Water ST M supply necessary develop/implement measures for clean water supply. Resources Action Programme
GE-10: Deforestation and Strictly enforce the permitting system for tree harvesting, and gauge Forestry Dept LT M related soil impacts number/location of permits to foster sustainable forest use for all purposes.
1: Communicable As in GE.9. ECZ RMBs,T-LT M GE-1 Board TTM ~~Central diseases diseases ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~of Health
Ensure adequate and environmentally sound disposal is available for wastes ECZ, Councils ST-LT H GE-12: Increased wastes generated by worker communities.
Cumulative Impacts: _
Address cumulative impacts to vegetation and forests through the above recommended mitigation measures, in the overall context of regional land use Forestry Dept, LT H Vegetation and Forests planning, regulatory enforcement and monitoring. Conduct environmental ECZ screenings and assessments for new projects, taking into account the potential cumulative impacts posed by existing and proposed mining and other projects.
Address cumulative impacts to wildlife and wildlife habitat through the above recommended mitigation measures, in the overall context of regional land use ZAWA, Wildlife planning, regulatory enforcement and monitoring. Conduct environmental MTENR, CRBs LT H screenings and assessments for new projects, taking into account the potential cumulative impacts on wildlife posed by existing and proposed mining and other projects.
Address cumulative impacts to air quality through the above recommended mitigation measures, in the overall context of regional land use planning, T Air quality regulatory enforcement and monitoring. Conduct environmental screenings ECZ LT and assessments for new projects, taking into account the potential cumulative impacts on air quality posed by existing and proposed mining and other
2 Address cumulative impacts to water quality through the above recommended mitigation measures, in the overall context of regional land use planning, Water Affairs LTH Water quality regulatory enforcement and monitoring. Conduct environmental screenings Dept, MTENR and assessments for new projects, taking into account the potential cumulative impacts on water posed by existing and proposed mining and other projects.
Strategic Issues:
Enforce mining safety standards. Develop and implement an enforcement Monitoring and policy for mandatory reclamation of mining pits and associated infrastructure. enforcement Monitor to ensure compliance. Develop guidelines and standards for decommissioning and pit reclamation.
Conduct environmental screenings and assessments for new small, medium Environmental assessment or large scale mining projects, including the consideration of potential cumulative impacts and reclamation issues. SME Investment Fund Table 11.1 Environmental Assessment Checklist Of Potential Impacts
Land use:
- what are the surrounding land uses, and will the project or activity conflict with existing or planned land use (e.g., recreational, residential, agricultural, grazing, tourism)?
- will the project result in a loss of opportunity for alternative land uses at the facility site? -what plans are there for land use at the site after end of project life?
Natural Resources:
- what natural resources, e.g., water, electricity, soil, gravel, timber, etc. will be used by the project during construction or operational phases?
Air quality:
- Does the project involve process emissions, smoke from burning, vehicle emissions, fugitive emissions, or dust raised during construction or road travel, which may affect local air quality?
-will the project result in odours from process emissions, garbage, sewage, or other sources, which will pose a disturbance to nearby communities?
Soil:
- is there the potential for soil erosion resulting from excavations, grading, stripping, or unreclaimed slopes?
- are there plans to provide for adequate drainage of soil during and after construction?
- are on-site or off-site borrow pits being excavated, and if so are there plans to reclaim them in a reasonable time period?
- will chemical fertilizers be used, and is the proposed use such as to avoid depletion of soil fertility through the excessive use?
Groundwater:
- will groundwater be used for the project, and has the availability of local groundwater been assessed?
- will the project require storage of petroleum or similar products (e.g., petrol, oil, lubricants, solvents) (above or underground) and is there a plan to prevent spillage or leakage?
- will the project require the disposal of solid, liquid or hazardous wastes in pits, landfills, piles, etc., and if so is there a plan to either divert waste from land disposal or conduct it in an approved and environmentally sound manner?
Water quality:
- is the project site located near any water bodies (rivers, lakes, wetlands) and if so, are there measures planned to protect them from siltation due to soil erosion?
- will the project result in the intentional discharge of liquid waste effluents?
- will chemical pesticides be used as part of the project or activity?
- is there a plan in place to ensure human and animal safety from chemical pesticides, and prevent the exposure of non-target wildlife?
Water supply/demand:
- what quantities of water will be required by the project on a long-term basis?
- has the effect of water use by the project been assessed in terms of other water users? Energy requirements:
- what are the requirements of the project for electricity?
- will this requirement impact the local supply of electricity?
Vegetation:
- to what degree will vegetation be lost due to site preparation, and will the site be reclaimed and re-vegetated at the end of project life?
- what wood requirements will the project entail, and where will it be obtained? Has a permit for harvesting wood been obtained from GRZ?
Wildlife and biodiversity:
- will the project or activity result in the permanent loss of critical wildlife habitat (terrestrial, aquatic, wetland)?
- is the proposed project site located in or near wildlife travel corridors?
- are there sensitive wildlife populations in the area which would be affected by the noise and human activity of the project or activity du?ng construction or operational phases?
Aquatic ecosystems:
- is the project or activity located near any rivers, lakes or wetlands that could be adversely affected by the project construction or operations?
Traditional/cultural resources:
- will the project or activity interfere with or degrade the value of any local ceremonial or other culturally important sites during construction or operation?
- is there a potential for the project to result in the permanent loss or destruction of any historically important artifacts during construction?
3 Nuisances:
- will the project or activity result in ongoing or event noise levels that cause disturbance to neighbouring communities or to wildlife, during the construction or operations phases?
- what solid wastes will be produced by the project, and will this result in litter, pests, diseases or fires that are caused by improper disposal of wastes?
Human Safety:
- will workers be using or handling hazardous materials during operations, transportation and other phases of development?
- is there the potential for exposure of communities to hazardous materials resulting from excessive emissions or during emergencies?
- will the project construction involve the excavation of borrow pits at the site or elsewhere?
- will the project result in increases in local traffic or changes in traffic patterns which could affect safety? SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
An overview of the SME application, review and evaluation process is given in a document prepared by the Institute for SME Finance (December, 2003). It proposes the following elements: Programme Operations Guidelines; Investment Policy Guidelines; Investment Strategy Guidelines; Terms Sheets for GRZ Loans; Fund Management Agreement; and Application to Manage an SME Fund.
The Programme will be managed by a Programme Committee composed of members from both the public and private sectors. The Committee will be responsible for: recommending to the GRZ the initial terms of the programme including Programme Operations Guidelines, Investment Policy Guidelines, and Investment Strategy Guidelines; selecting the Fund Manager; reviewing the financial statements; and recommending changes in the terms, documents, policies and methodologies, and financial resource levels.
Any prospective Fund manager must submit a business plan for the Fund, providing an outline of the operations of the Fund and financial projections. The Programme Committee will evaluate and recommend the selection of Fund Managers. Among the material leading to a Loan Agreement between the GRZ and the Fund, is a Fund Management Agreement between the Fund and the Fund Manager, which establishes the Program Guidelines, operating procedures, investment strategy and an Investment Policy of the Fund.
Among other things, the Investment Policy must contain a schedule of prohibited investments, including activities that are harmful to the environment.
The proposed Investment Policy Guidelines (Institute for SME Finance (December, 2003), Annex 4, part 4) require a consideration of environmental matters and use of natural resources, and that the promote the development of SMEs in a manner consistent with GRZ Environmental Policies including the protection of the environment and the development of Zambia's natural resources. A Fund should avoid any investment in a SME where the expected result of the investment would be to initiate or increase business activities that GRZ policy have determined are harmful to the environment.
The proposed Application to Manage an SME Fund (Institute for SME Finance December, 2003, Annex 7) collects information from the Fund applicant on financing, staffing, etc., but does not specifically deal with environmental matters.
11.2 Mainstreaming Environmental Assessment into the Review Process
There are three key points of the process where it is critical consider environmental matters and use of natural resources:
a the evaluation of the Fund Manager's Investment Policy by the Programme Committee; * the evaluation of specific SMEs and related projects/activities by the Fund Manager and Programme Committee; and * the monitoring of compliance with the terms of the Agreement by the Programme Committee.
Criteria for the consideration of environmental and natural resources are necessary for these critical decision points in the process. Additionally, criteria are needed to formulate application forms that will provide enough information to make such an evaluation. The remainder of this section proposes environmental criteria and a list of project types that should be excluded in order to adhere to the principle of consistency with GRZ environmental policies.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 39 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
11.3 Environmental Criteria for Project Selection
It is proposed that each prospective SME/project/activity be screened according to a generic set of criteria, which are set out in Table 11.1. These criteria should be reflected in the requirements for a project application package. If one or more of the criteria indicated a potential for environmental harm, then a more detailed Environmental Assessment should be carried out.
11.4 Projects to be Excluded
Certain types of projects should not be considered for funding under the programme, on the grounds that they pose a risk to environmental quality, human health and safety, and the sustainable use of natural resources.
Some examples of projects that should be excluded include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
* projects or activities that foreclose on other, more desirable land uses in the future, or compromise the use of adjacent lands; * projects or activities that will result in the unsustainable use of natural resources such as water; * projects or activities that will result in the emission of toxic substances that have the potential to cause significant environmental damage; * projects or activities in which workers are put at risk from toxic, radioactive or other hazardous substances; * projects or activities that involve or lead to the handling, transportation or disposal of hazardous wastes; * projects or activities that involve the import or export of hazardous wastes; or * projects or activities that will exploit or adversely affect rare or endangered species of animal or plant.
12.OSupplementary Assessments
12.1 Dam Safety
12.1.1 Dam Integrity
The Itezhi-Tezhi Dam is located at ltezhi-Tezhi on the Kafue River. It is adjacent to Kafue National Park.
The study team met with Mr. Kamanga, Resident Engineer, ZESCO in May, 2003, in Itezhi-Tezhi, to discuss matters related to the integrity, safety and operation of the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam.
Mr. Kamanga said that ZESCO is aware that there are several ongoing minor leaks in the dam structure, but regular and frequent monitoring is being done by ZESCO, and this situation is considered by ZESCO to be under control. 12.1.2 Downstream Flooding
A local fisherman and businessman was also interviewed by the study team in May, 2003. He commented that when water is released from the dam, it causes flooding in the Kafue River valley downstream. At times, this has adverse effects on crops that
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 40 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
have been planted there, as well as on the structural integrity of buildings, and this is reported to happen most years.
Mr. Kamanga acknowledged that temporary fishing villages are sometimes disrupted in the Kafue River valley below the Dam following release of water. When this happens, there are reports of human waste (sewage) being spread around by the water.
Mr. Kamanga also said that complaints are received from fishermen about the level being either too high or too low. Complaints to ZESCO are also received from fish farms, for the same reason. In his opinion, the trick is to achieve a balance between too much water released, and too little, and that this is a dilemma because there are a range of stakeholders.
There is some belief that cattle are adversely affected by the annual flooding, e.g., getting stuck in the mud, or the spreading of cow diseases, but the extent of this is uncertain.
In addition to the amount of water released, the timing of the flooding is also critical. The WWF feels that the flooding should be commenced earlier in the year, to accommodate needs for wetlands in the downstream watershed (Kafue Flats).
Farmers downstream have expressed a need for better up-front information of the timing and anticipated flood levels. This would provide them with more assurance of placing their crops where the risk of flooding and damage is low.
12.1.3 Downstream Ecological Needs
The Dam was designed in the context of a 30-year period of hydrological data (1938- 1968) which represented a period of relatively high precipitation. Thus, the assumption that was incorporated into the design and operational concepts was for a greater amount of available flow in the River. This has resulted in a certain amount of caution by the operator in the quantities of water released to the Kafue River downstream. A minimum flow rate of 300 cubic meters per second (300 cumecs) has been estimated by the WWF and others, for the sustainability of the wetlands in Kafue Flats, located downstream. A shortage of water relative to this amount, could affect the ecology of the Flats, and hence the habitat for many bird species and other forms of wildlife which inhabit it, including the Wattled Crane and Red Lechwe.
Mr. Kamanga advised that there have been ongoing consultations between ZESCO and WWF and other stakeholders, regarding the fulfilment of ecological needs, particularly for wetlands in Kafue Flats.
12.1.4 Recommendations
There is a need for resumed consultations between ZESCO and WWF and other stakeholders, regarding the fulfilment of ecological needs, particularly for wetlands in Kafue Flats, and the question of the timing and amounts of flooding in respect to crops, livestock and buildings downstream.
Consideration should be given to how better up-front information of the timing and anticipated flood levels can be conveyed to farmers downstream of the Dam, in order to locate their crops, livestock and temporary structures/buildings where the risk of flooding and damage is low.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 41 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
12.2 IUCN SEA Report Assessment - Strategy for Victoria Falls World Heritage Site
12.1.1 Introduction
The IUCN Report "Strategic Environmental Assessment of Developments Around Victoria Falls" ("SEA") report, which was published in 1996 with Canadian CIDA support, identified needs for sustainable development of the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site, including policies, standards and management measures; and options for institutional mechanisms.
The recommendations of the IUCN Report included:
* strategic recommendations, * biophysical recommendations, and * socio-economic recommendations.
This review assesses the progress made to date, in addressing the above categories of recommendation. It then outlines some of the obstacles to achieving the recommendations. Finally, it proposes an action plan, based on the analysis of the status and potential obstacles.
Note: the following comments apply only to the Zambian side of the river, as a number of recommendations were being acted on in Zimbabwe under the Canadian CIDA- funded Victoria Falls Environmental Capacity Enhancement and Master Plan Project. This work was suspended in 2002 due to the political situation in Zimbabwe.
12.1.2 Status of Strategic Recommendations
Recommendation: Take steps to limit visitor accommodation facilities in line with the medium-growth scenario as a maximum for the Victoria falls area.
Status: There has not been significant progress on this item. Recommendation: Continue to promote the policies of low volume, high value tourism (in both countries); and provide facilities to cater for low spending visitors.
Status: There are more campsites on the Zambian side and low cost lodges in Livingstone.
Recommendation: Consider the WHS as a shared resource (to be managed under agreed common policies).
Status: Little has been done. There is urgent need for a co-ordinating mechanism between the two countries
Recommendation: Prepare a statutory master plan for the Victoria Falls town (as a matter of urgency).
Status: This was under preparation through the Canadian CIDA-funded project noted above. Work was progressing successfully and into Phase 2 when suspension was necessary due to the deteriorating political situation in Zimbabwe. Extension of the work into Zambia has been proposed and is currently stalled under GRZ approval processes.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 42 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Recommendation: Take steps towards granting Victoria Falls Town municipality status (in order to give it greater autonomy in raising finances and making planning and development decisions).
Status: Done
Recommendation: Take steps to encourage the rehabilitation of the industrial sector in Livingstone (e.g., establishment of export processing zone).
Status: Little has been done on this recommendation.
Recommendation: Promote hotel and lodge development in Livingstone area.
Status: Currently not being well promoted. There are many illegal and poor standard lodges
Recommendation: Strengthen the capacity of Livingstone City Council (planning and enforcement).
Status: Staff in the planning department have increased but there is no corresponding financial and material resources to enable them to operate effectively.
Recommendation: Ensure compatibility of land use.
Status: Not being achieved.
Recommendation: Encourage a/l tourist developments and activities to develop links with local communities.
Status: There does not seem to be an institution leading or encouraging such arrangements.
Recommendation: Set up an institutional mechanism for coordinating the planning and management of development in the area.
Status: This has not been done.
Recommendation: All proposals for river regulation and water abstraction should be subjected to Environmental Assessment.
Status: It is unclear whether this is being done consistently.
Recommendation: Carry out a detailed study on the effects of water diversion for hydropower generation at Victoria Falls North Bank.
Status: This has been done by ZESCO. However, the level of stakeholder participation is unclear.
Recommendation: Strengthen local cultural traditions.
Status: Some work is being done by line organizations like NHCC and the museums.
HABICO Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 43 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
12.1.3 Status of Biophysical and Socio-Economic Recommendations
Recommendation: Management of the Victoria Falls and the Rain Forest:
Status: There has been significant improvement of the Victoria Falls rain forest, especially on the Zambian side which was lagging far behind Zimbabwe. Some of the improvements include:
* improved signage; * improved viewing platforms with enhanced safety feature; * non slippery surface for the Knife edge bridge; * a fire prevention plan implemented (including fire extinguishers); and * baboon proof bins.
Recommendation: Controls on aircraft flights over Victoria Falls and the WHS.
Status: There has been progress on this matter, in that now the Livingstone and Victoria Falls governments' civil aviation have agreed on a mechanism of flying within the Falls area. An area of radius two nautical miles from the falls is considered a "special rules area" and all aircraft entering from either Zimbabwe or Zambia into the area are considered neither in Zambia nor Zimbabwe. Each country should send no more that three planes at any one time and heights are 150Oft to 2500 feet. There are no restrictions on the flying hours which have been designated from sunrise to sunset. Other notable issues is that in Victoria Falls most aircraft take off from the Main Airport while in Livingstone there is a new trend of people establishing private aerodromes or helipads. There is a limit at which this will affect the ambient noise levels of the area and affect tourism. Although the flying height limits have been established, a number of stakeholders feel that aircraft operate at lower heights than this. A noise monitoring mechanism should be put in place.
Recommendation: Water Flows Over the Falls.
Status: An agreement was reached between the Zambian Government and ZESCO regarding water over the falls durng the dry season. Water improved over the falls but ZESCO has received several complaints regarding loss of generation.
Recommendation: Relocation of ZESCO Compound (located at the Falls).
Status: Substantial progress has been made in this respect. ZESCO will not develop any further housing units, and 117 plots have been obtained by ZESCO in the city of Livingstone. Some of the houses will be demolished and some will be converted into lodge accommodation.
Recommendation: Development and Implementation of Livingstone Master Plan.
Status: The Livingstone Plan will soon undergo a review and implementation under the World Bank funds. There will be a preparatory phase leading into activities which will run for up to three years. Some of the important aspects to be worked on include roads and a waste management system. Of key importance is how the Livingstone Plan will fit within the wider context of the Victoria Falls area, where there are two countries and a number of government authorities.
Recommendation: Communities, poverty and equity.
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNWorld Bank 44 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Status: The area (Zambian side) does not have deliberate action by the planning and management authorities to empower the local communities except for individual efforts by a few investors to share benefits with the communities. Such empowerment (e.g., partnerships with investors, complementary small businesses) could easily be included in the authorization process. Some complaints received from the curio association is that some hotels are selling curios from south Africa and elsewhere, and often discourage their clients from buying from the locals.
Recommendation: Barriers posed by fencing.
Status: Fences have become a serious problem in the Victoria Falls Area. The problem has become progressively more serious on the Zambian side where investors are seeking to protect their property and clients from the elephant and hippopotamus, among other animals. The Zambian side has seen a sharp increase in fences around the Victoria Falls due to the development of the Sun International Hotel complex. Another area with increasing fences are areas on council land but in the area intended as buffer zones for the Park and the WHS. Fences will have an effect not only on animal numbers but on animal-human interaction.
Recommendation: Aesthetic impact of signs.
Status: The proliferation of signs advertising various enterprises has a negative impact on the visual quality of town entry points. Very little progress has been made on rationalizing the amount of signage, except that relating to the Parks/WHS and Victoria Falls. Most investors do not have a clear standard on signage in terms of size, colour or location. Some signs are so large that they conflict with the overall theme of wilderness value.
12.1.4 Obstacles
This section summarizes some of the obstacles to achieving the key recommendations of the IUCN SEA Report.
a. Lack of institutional mechanisms
The lack of an overall coordinated institutional mechanism to guide the implementation of the IUCN SEA recommendations and principles is a major obstacle affecting the sustainable future of the Victoria Falls area. It has affected monitoring, co-ordination, planning and implementation in the Victoria falls area because of approaches by the various agencies/ministries which are not coordinated. Due to the absence of a coordinated mechanism, cross-cutting issues are left unattended.
b. Difference in perceptions of development
There appears to be a different level of understanding of "sustainable development" as opposed to critical levels at which development adversely affects wilderness value. Zimbabweans seen to be able to tolerate more investment levels than Zambians. This, however, may be a reflection of the respective levels of management which seem to be higher on the Zimbabwean side than the Zambian side and thus could easily accommodate more development without significantly affecting the environment. There is need for an agreement between the two countries on sustainable levels of development.
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 45 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
c. Coordination among Ministries and Councils
Coordination between line ministries working in the Victoria Falls (e.g., NMMZ and Parks in Zimbabwe, or NHCC and ZAWA in Zambia) has been less than ideal because of the mandates and structure of relationships. For example, forestry department will issue a certain number of permits per year without consultation with NHCC or ZAWA. In the same vein, ZAWA will carry out its functions independently of NHCC. Another problem in co-ordination is the lack of resources available to the different ministries operating in the Victoria Falls area.
d. Lack of monitoring of investors' activities
Resource managers typically do very little monitoring of the resources under their mandate, and thus cannot detect problems sufficiently early to prevent them. For example, the Livingstone Council does not apparently check waste disposal facilities by the lodge operators, and it is clear that some of their solid waste is disposed in inappropriate places.
e. Historic Land Use Problems
There are some land use problems in the area which are historic and have affected the implementation of recommendations. For example, there are some farms within the Park area; and there are implementing programmes that are not consistent with the IUCN SEA Report recommendations.
f. Lack of enforcement of planning decisions
There is some suggestion that investors put pressure on planning authorities by simply commencing a development, and the planning authority will eventually authorize the new work. This may be done despite it being within a critical area such as the riparian area or within an animal corridor. Part of the apparent reluctance for not halting such developments is the perception that another authority may have endorsed such developments, restraining the mandated agency from acting.
g. Lack of equitable benefits to communities:
This results from incomplete cooperation between local communities and planning authorities and developers. One example is a Hotel in Zambia that buys curios from South Africa and resells them in Zambia, at the same time allegedly discouraging tourists from buying from the communities (Curio Sellers Association, pers. comm.). Communities are sensitive to such issues and may harbour a negative attitude towards such developments.
12.1.5 Action Plan
Based on the preceding analysis of the status of IUCN SEA recommendations and obstacles to obtaining them, the remainder of this section proposes a series of recommended actions to achieve sustainable development of the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site and surrounding area, including strategic, biophysical and socio- economic priorities.
1. Accelerate the establishment of a co-ordinating mechanism between Zambia and Zimbabwe to manage the WHS as a shared resource under agreed common
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Wodd Bank 46 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
policies. Set up an institutional mechanism for coordinating the planning and management of development in the area.
2. Establish an effective coordination mechanism to ensure that approaches by the various agencies/ministries are coordinated, and that cross-cutting issues are not left unattended (e.g., LCC, MTENR, ECZ, NHCC, ZAWA, Forestry).
3. Strengthen the capacity of Livingstone City Council (planning and enforcement), including financial and material resources to enable them to operate effectively.
4. Complete the development and Implementation of Livingstone Master Plan, including improved roads and a solid waste management system. Ensure that elements of the Plan fit within the wider context of the Victoria Falls area where there are two countries and a number of government authorities.
5. Ensure compatibility of land use, through early and comprehensive planning, and the use of pre-development environmental assessments, to be coordinated among the different government/planning bodies. Takes steps to ensure that the coordinating mechanism for conducting environmental screening/assessment is well recognized and understood.
6. Ensure that all proposals for river regulation and water abstraction should be subjected to Environmental Assessment.
7. Encourage partnerships between communities and investors in the stages of development and the authorization process, so that local communities share in the financial benefits.
8. Develop and implement a compliance policy and monitoring programme to regularly monitor the activities of developers/operators in the area, and enforce the relevant standards and guidelines assertively, visibly and consistently (e.g., siting and setbacks of facilities, sewage treatment and setbacks, disposal of solid wastes).
9. Establish an ECZ field office in Livingstone to give its environmental assessment and enforcement activities a stronger presence.
10. Enforce planning decisions that have been made (e.g., siting and setbacks of facilities, sewage treatment and setbacks) assertively and consistently, in coordination by all planning and regulatory bodies.
11. Accelerate the process of limiting visitor accommodation facilities in line with the medium-growth scenario as a maximum for the Victoria Falls area.
12. Continue to promote the policies of low volume, high value tourism (in both countries); and provide facilities to cater for low spending visitors.
13. Take enhanced measures to encourage the rehabilitation of the industrial sector in Livingstone (e.g., establishment of export processing zone).
14. Continue to strengthen local cultural traditions, e.g., via the NHCC and the museums.
15. Take stronger initiative to promote hotel and lodge development in the Livingstone area, and discourage illegal and poor standard lodges
HABICO Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 47 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
16. More strongly encourage all tourist developments and activities to develop links with local communities.
17. Continue efforts to rationalize water flows over Victoria Falls for energy, ecological and aesthetic purposes. Ensure that potentially affected / interested stakeholders are involved in efforts to determine the effects of water diversion for hydropower generation at Victoria Falls North Bank.
18. Take strengthened measures to enforce guidelines on the numbers and heights of aircraft flights over Victoria Falls and the WHS.
19. Complete the process of satisfactorily relocating ZESCO Compound located at the Falls.
20. Review the effects of barriers to animals posed by fencing, and propose remedial and preventive action to alleviate the problem, e.g., in the development planning and environmental screening / assessment process..
21. Review the current aesthetic impact of signs along the main roads, and establish and enforce acceptable standards to avoid visual degradation of the area.
13.0Monitoring Plans
Ongoing monitoring of SEED activities both during implementation and following are required to ensure compliance with original goals, objectives and safeguards, suggest revisions that may be necessary, and provide insight for improved approaches and methodologies to subsequent projects. Tables 12.1, 12.2 and 12.3 suggest environmental monitoring programmes. Similar programmes are required for socio-economic monitoring.
14.OSummary Recommendations
Detailed recommendations for mitigation and support actions are provided throughout this Assessment and need not be repeated here. However, a number of overriding and cross- cutting recommendations should be highlighted.
14.1 Institutional Coordination
The need for serious work on creating some form of integrated and coordinated institutional forum is essential in Project areas to ensure that a full range of stakeholder interests are considered in the planning, implementation and management of the Project and related activities. This must rise above the separate agendas of individual agencies. Coordination and integration is the first perquisite to implementing all of the recommended mitigation and supporting actions put forward in this Assessment.
14.2 Mitigation, Support and Monitoring
This Assessment, and presumably those to follow, contain a significant number of recommended mitigation actions, support activities and monitoring programmes. To ensure success of the SEED Project, and achieve maximum benefit from the investment, it is strongly recommended that the appropriate institutional arrangements be made, and resources allocated, to ensure they are, in fact, implemented.
Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaAWorld Bank 48 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
14.3 Consultation Programmes
One of the biggest threats to the Project's success is a lack of stakeholder consultation beginning at the very earliest stages of the Project and continuing on an ongoing basis throughout. Although a series of initial information sessions was reportedly held during SEED preparation, many feel the process was a one-off exercise, excluded many interested parties, and has not continued with regular updates. Consultation must be more than one-way information presentations and should provide ample opportunity for stakeholder inputs to shape the final product.
14.4 Communication Strategy
A communication strategy should be an integral part of ongoing stakeholder consultation. This should be developed early and take the form of regular Project Newsletters to stakeholders, radio and TV broadcasts, newspaper coverage, community workshops, and a variety of other media. The SEED Project is sufficiently complex and wide-ranging that community confusion and misunderstanding is likely.
14.5 Project Coordination
There are a number of related development initiatives either planned or underway in the various Project areas. SEED and the other projects can mutually benefit by ensuring that activities are integrated, adjusted as necessary, and complementary. Appendix 4 lists some known initiatives.
14.6 Follow-Up Assessments
There are admitted shortcomings to this Assessment due both to time allowed for the work, and the preliminary early stage of other Project components. This Assessment lacks detailed assessment of site-specific activities and an understanding of the magnitude of many Project activities, and, consequently, the magnitude of the resulting impacts. Detailed follow-up socio-economic and environmental assessments are recommended when Project details are confirmed. An important linkage must be made with the work of the separate Resettlement Action Plan, which is also constrained at the moment due to Project status.
1 5.OConclusion
In summary, SEED has the potential to generate a large number of positive impacts assuming the recommended supporting actions are implemented. A number of potential negative impacts are identified, but all can be relatively easily mitigated. What is important at this point is to be aware of negative possibilities and ensure that the appropriate mitigating actions are commenced in the detailed Project Design and Implementation stages. In this way, the majority of potential negative impacts can, in fact, be turned into positive developments.
HABICO Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 49 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 1: Assessment Work Schedule
Day Date Time Activity
Tues 6 May arrive Lusaka Introductory meeting: Chiluwe, review draft Work Plan Team meeting Wed 7 May mtg. Chiluwe, mtg. F. Mbewe - data collection - confirm data status, set mtg. agenda, review logistics, confirm identification of field visit locations mtg. Tourism, World Bank Team coordination, data collection. Mission Work Plan. Thu 8 May stakeholder meetings, data collection including Agro-processors, Mines Chiluwe - assist with setting field meetings - Livingstone, Kafue, etc. Team coordination meetng Fri 9 May stakeholder meetings, data collection Chiluwe - assist with setting field meetings - Livingstone, Kafue, etc. Team coordination meeting Sat 10 May Data review - Draft Report Outline preparation, Inception Report Sun 11 May Data review - Draft Report Outline preparation, Inception Report Team coordination meeting Mon 12 May Review Draft Report Outline - Chiluwe (& Mbewe if appropriate) Forward Inception Report, Draft Report Outline to WB Washington for comment Complete data collection, continue stakeholder meetings Tue 13 May Lusaka area Agric. field work. Report drafting, data analysis Wed 14 May Continue Lusaka area Agric. field work, if applicable. Travel - Kafue area Thu 15 May Kafue area field work, data collection Fri 16 May Kafue area field work, Report drafting Sat 17 May Kafue area field work, Report drafting Sun 18 May Travel - Livingstone, Livingstone area field work, data collection, Report writing Mon 19 May Livingstone area stakeholder meetings, data collection, Report writing Tue 20 May Livingstone area stakeholder meetings, data collection, Report writing Wed 21 May Report writing, travel to gemstone sample field work area, Kalomo Thu 22 May Gemstone field work, Kalomo. Fri 23 May Travel to Livingstone Sat 24 May Report writin Sun 25 May Report writing. Mon 26 May Complete Agriculture field work. Forward draft portions of Report to MTENR and WB for preliminary comment. Field work debriefing with MTENR, Report writing. Tue 27 May Report writing Wed 28 May Report writing. MTENR progress meeting Thu 29 May Reort writin Fri 30 May Draft Report delivery to MTENR and WB. Report by MTENR and WB Review Finalise within 5 working days of receiving MTENR, WB comments. Report I
Government of the Republic of ZambiahVorld Bank 1 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 2: Documents Reviewed
The following documents were reviewed in the course of completing this Assessment:
* IUCN - Strategic Environmental Assessment, Victoria Falls, 1996, Vol. 1,2,3 * IUCN - Management of the Victoria Falls Area: Which way forward for Zambia and Zimbabwe, Nyambe Nalumino, Jan. 02 * Zambia Workshop Position of Transboundary Issues in the Victoria Falls Area, Sustainable Development Workshop, Nyambe Nalumino, Jan. 02. * The Victoria Falls Environmental Capacity and Master Plan Project - various documents, CIDA, Victoria Falls Consortium, 1999-2002. * The Victoria Falls/Livingstone Area Environmental Capacity and Planning Coordination Project (proposed), Inception Report, CIDA, Victoria Falls Consortium, March 2003. * GRZ Tourism Policy, MTENR * Zambia National Tourist Board, Marketing Strategy 1999-2004 * Transitional National Development Plan - 2002-2005 (TNRP), Ministry of Finance and National Planning. * Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Zambia, 2002-2004, Ministry of Finance and National Planning. * Assessment and Costing of the Priority Needs in Livingstone, SEED Project, Ministry of Local Government and Housing, October 2002. * Development of a Tourism Product, Inception Report, Grant Thornton Associates Ltd., May 2003. * Capacity Building Needs Assessment - Livingstone City Council - SEED Project, Inception Report, October 2002, Grant Thornton Associates Ltd. * Capacity Building Needs Assessment - Livingstone City Council - SEED Project, Draft Report, October 2002, Grant Thornton Associates Ltd. * Risk Capital Investment for Small and Medium Enterprises in Zambia: Assessment and Recommendations, MTENR, Institute for SME Finance, December 2002. * SEED, Project Concept Paper, World Bank, May 2001. * Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet, World Bank, Dec. 2002. * Zambia Agricultural Development Support Programme Project, PID, World Bank, June 2002. * Zambia Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and Joint Staff Assessment, World Bank, April 2002. * Livingstone Development Plan 1995-2010 (Draft), ASCO. * Economic Report 2002, Ministry of Finance and National Planning. * Zambia Social Investment Fund Project: Environmental Impact Study and Guidelines, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Chalo Environment & Sustainable Development Consultants, July 2000. * Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing - Highlights and Selected Indicators, Central Statistics Office. * The Evolution of Poverty in Zambia 1991-1996, Central Statistical Office. * Budget Bulletin Year 2000, Grant Thornton Associates Ltd. * Selected Socio-Economic Indicators 2000, Central Statistical Office. * Living Conditions in Zambia 1998, Central Statistical Office. * Kafue National Park General Management Plan * Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park General Management Plan * National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) * Waste Management Report, Livingstone City Council, Inception Report, Ministry of Local Government and Housing, V# Consulting Engineers, April 2003. * World Bank Safeguard Policies. * Gemstone Marketing Study
Government of the Republic of ZambiaNVorld Bank 2 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
• Risk Capital Investment for Small and Medium Enterprises in Zambia: Assessment and Recommendations (prepared for MTENR, GRZ, by Institute for SME Finance, December, 2002) * Value-Added Agriculture and Food Processing Industries in Zambia, GDS, LCC * Resettlement Policy Framework Draft, Simasiku, May 2003 * Study of the Regional Mining Bureaus, Zambia, Draft Final, Fredrikson
Various pieces of relevant legislation including:
* The Town and Country Planning Act (TCPA) * The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act * The Water Act * The Fisheries Act * The National Parks and Wildlife Service Act * Local Govemment Act * The Tourism Act * National Heritage and Conservation Commission Act * The International Game Park and Wildlife Act * The Forest Act
(note: some of the above were previously reviewed by Team members in relation to their work on the CIDA-funded Victoria Falls/Livingstone Area Environmental Capacity and Planning Coordination Project)
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 3 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 3: Consultations
The following stakeholders and Project informants have been identified for consultation in the preparation of this Assessment. In some case, due to time constraints or unavailability, recourse was taken to information gathered during previous interviews (*) held with these individuals in regard to related work in the Project Area, Feb. 2003:
* Mr. John Chiluwe, MTENR, SEED Coordinator * Mr. Francis Mbewe, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, SEED Finance officer * *Ms. Justina Wake, Director, Tourism Planning, Management & Coordination Department * *Dr. Glynn Khonje, Director, Dept. of Physical Planning and Housing, MLGH * Mr. Harold Mweene, Regional Tourism Development Manager - SW, Livingstone * *Mr. Hapenga Kabeta, Director General, ZAWA, Lusaka * Mr. George Kampamba, Director - Research, Planning & Information, ZAWA, Lusaka * Area Warden (Mr. Evans Mulonda or replacement), Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, ZAWA, Livingstone * Mr. Andrew Nkole, Area Warden, Kafue National Park, ZAWA * *Mr. R.C.H. Hakayobe, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Southern Province * Ms Linda Siwale, Sr. Regional Planner, Southem Province, Livingstone * *Dr. Nicholas Katenekwa, Executive Director of NHCC, Livingstone * *Mr. Mwendapole, Mayor, Livingstone City Council (LCC) * *Mr. Kalenga, Town Clerk, LCC * Mr. Clement Chisango, Director Planning, LCC District Administrators * *Mr. Siasundi, Kazungula District Commissioner; * *Ms. Simango, Livingstone District Commissioner * Mr. Edward Zulu, Chief Inspector, Pollution Control, ECZ, Lusaka * Ms Kamwenje Nyalugwe, Legal Counsel, ECZ, Lusaka * Mr. Peter Zulu, Development Coordinator, ZNTB, Lusaka * Representatives of selected Agribusinesses and their suppliers * Private sector tourist facility operators in the Livingstone and Kafue areas * Employees of Chukwemeka Ltd., Gem Mine near Kafue National Park * Chief Shezongo, Bilili GMA, Kafue * Charles Mbao, Wildlife Police Officer, Kafue National Park * Mrs. Benedict Mbwila, Park Warden, Kafue National Park * Mr. Kashinto Isaac, Biologist, Kafue National Park * Mr. Anwer Patel, business and fisherman, Itezhi-Tezhi * Mr. Kamanga, Chief Engineer, ZESCO, Itezhi-Tezhi Dam * Mr. Peter Jones, Lodge Operator, Livingstone * Operator of Ocean Basket Restaurant, Livingstone * Mr. Richard Chanter, Owner/Operator of Chanters Restaurant and Lodge, Livingstone * Mr. Katenekwa, Director, Livingstone Museum * Mr. Simon Musonda, NHCC, Livingstone * Mr. Donald Chikumbi, Director SW Region, NHCC, Livingstone * Ms. Beauty Chengala, Regional Tourism Development Office - SW, Livingstone * Victor CRB Trainee, Bilili GMA, Kafue * Resident of Imoshu village, MOTNP * Mr. Ronnie Parbhoo, Livingstone Chamber of Commerce * Mr. Simon Ziwa, Sr. Field Surveyor, SW Regional Mining Bureau, Livingstone * Edward, Wildlife Officer, ZAWA, MOTNP * Curio Seller (Curio Sellers' Assocation), Livingstone * Security Officers, North and South Gates of Kafue National Park * Residents of Dam Six village * Vendors of local produce, south of Mumbwa
HABICO Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 1 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 4: Other Related Projects and Development Initiatives
The following projects and potential partners have been identified as relevant and/or complementary to the work of the SEED Project:
1. CIDA-funded Victoria Falls Environmental Capacity and Planning Coordination Project
This Project originated from recommendations presented in the CIDA-funded IUCN Strategic Environmental Assessment of Developments Around Victoria Falls. The Project commenced in 1999 and covers an area of 30 km radius from the Falls. Initially the work focused on the Zimbabwe side, but is in the process of being extended to the Livingstone side. The goal of the Project is:
To promote partnership among the Victoria Falls/Livingstone Area stakeholders to facilitate and coordinate ongoing development in an integrated socially, economically and environmentally sustainable manner.
The Project purpose is:
To invigorate participatory planning facilitation and coordination processes among Project Area community leaders and residents, and planning authority professionals and technicians enabling the preparation of realistic, broadly acceptable and sustainable development plans for The Victoria Falls/Livingstone Area.
This Project clearly complements the work of SEED by supporting longer-term consultation and participatory processes linking SEED efforts to other current and future development initiatives across a full range of stakeholders.
2. USAid: This agency is presently developing a seven-year strategy where economic growth through the use of a sustainable natural environment is a key component. USAID is also partnering with Community-based Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Agriculture (CONASA) on a transboundary wildlife corridor project that involves Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia.
3. IUCN: This agency was responsible for preparation of the comprehensive background Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for The Victoria Falls in 1996, the update in 2001 and hosted the 2002 bi-national workshop held in Livingstone, January 2002. Funding was provided by CIDA for both initiatives. IUCN will be approached to contribute funding of its own as a potential continuing partner in the Victoria Falls area.
3. UNESCO: This agency is responsible for designating The Victoria Falls as a World Heritage Designation (WHS). An important condition of this designation is the development of a proposed World Heritage Site Management Plan for the WHS which has yet to happen. The World Heritage Site Committee has passed eight resolutions over the past few years pertaining to the degradation of the WHS due to incompatible developments impinging upon its environmental integrity.
4. JICA: Japanese funding is supporting SEED project preparation. JICA is involved in a variety of projects in Zambia and may be approached for further infrastructure development in Project Areas. An interest has already been expressed to support down-stream implementation related to the CIDA-funded initiative discussed above.
5. European Union (EU): Under this 'cooperating partner's' Cultural Programme, the Livingstone Museum's internal displays are presently being upgraded plus a new roof
Government of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 1 HABICO SEED Project -Social and Environmental Assessment
also fund a 700- is being installed. This project will be completed in 2003/4. EU will large metre extension to Livingstone Airport's runway in order to accommodate project will be intercontinental jets such as the Boeing 747 and Airbus 340. This Pontoon completed in 2004/5. This agency is funding the upgrading of the Kanzungula traffic using this Ferry to ensure that it can accommodate the increased heavy lorry kilometres of road route. EU also funded the recently completed upgrade of 200 between Monzie and Zimba along the Livingstone - Lusaka TI roadway. in addressing the solid 6. Danida: This Danish-based 'cooperating partner' is involved for other urban waste situation in the Lusaka. This project may serve as a pilot project centres in Zambia including Livingstone. partner' is presently 7. German Branch for Reconstruction (KFW): This 'cooperating Kazungula border involved in upgrading the road leading east from Livingstone, past to Namibian crossing, to Sesheke (where a bridge will be constructed) and onward will have a ports located on the eastern seaboard. The completion of this project and vehicle type dramatic effect on the Project Area due to increased traffic volume (i.e. heavy lorries). and Natural 8. UNDP: currently supporting work in Environmental Conservation Resources Management
HABICO Govemment of the Republic of ZambiaNWorld Bank 2 SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
Appendix 5: Checklist for Evaluating Agribusiness Proposals
QUESTION RESPONSE
Where is the facility or operation to be located? What are the surrounding land uses?
What type of facility is being proposed? How large is the proposed facility or farm, in terms of employees, space, etc.?
Does the operation involve irrigation? If so, is information provided on soil chemistry and suitability, recharge/discharge characteristics of the land, proximity of water bodies or wetlands, evapotranspiration rates, and appropriate irrigation levels, in order to avoid groundwater impacts?
Does the operator show an awareness of acceptable irrigation criteria, such as acceptable volumes, application methods, timing and other key parameters?
Is the proposed irrigation scheme suitable over the long term in order to avoid adverse effects on soils and groundwater?
What quantities of water will be required (irrigation, livestock watering or other use), at what intervals and over what period? Has the proposed use been authorized by local authorities?
What source of water will be used? Is there a competing use (domestic, industrial, recreational, ecological and other agricultural needs), and if so how will the proposed use affect other uses and users?
Does the proposal include a component (water management plan) on how water use will be optimized or conserved?
What chemical or other fertilizers will be used? Will the proposed use be suitable for the soil type of the site, so that long-term use will not result in a degradation of soil fertility (i.e., appropriate nutrient mix and formulations, application criteria to prevent over-use, timing and intervals of application and other key parameters)?
Does the proposal demonstrate an awareness of acceptable use patterns of chemical or other fertilizers? Will the use of chemical fertilizer be suitable and not result in excessive use and inputs of nutrients to surrounding surface waters?
Will chemical pesticides (herbicides, insecticides or other agents) be used? If so, what specific types and formulations of chemicals will be used to control specific weeds or pests? Are the proposed products authorized by the Government and meeting international standards? What are the plans for handling and application techniques, and disposal of containers? Will the f applicators of these chemicals be trained and qualified to carry out pesticides applications?
Does the operator demonstrate an awareness of safety precautions and emergency procedures as specified in the manufacturer's label (application methods and conditions, quantities to be applied, handling practices, safety, disposal and other matters)?
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/Norld Bank 1 HABICO SEED Project - Social and Environmental Assessment
What animal and other wastes will be produced by the proposed operation, and in what quantities? Are opportunities to use animal waste for compost identified where feasible and environmentally safe? For wastes that cannot be used, what are the plans for acceptable disposal method/location?
Will any solid or liquid wastes be generated by the facility during normal or emergency conditions? If so, what are the types and quantities of each waste stream? Have options for reducing these wastes or for beneficial use been assessed and built into the process?
Where and how will solid or liquid wastes be discharged? Has an acceptable means for reducing the environmental hazard of discharging or disposing of such wastes been proposed, and is the proposed method consistent with Government regulations and guidelines? Has the disposal site been authorized by government or local authorities?
Is there the possibility of large quantities of the harvest being rejected for exports in any situation? If so, does the proposal include a plan to ensure that residue handling and management are in place to minimize loss and to identify markets or use of the residue? Are opportunities identified to use plant residue for compost?
For livestock operations, does the proposal identify that breeds are free from communicable diseases (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease)? Does the operator have access to veterinary services? Is there a system of inspections and certifications in place? Are seed varieties to be used by farmers authorized by Government and meeting international standards?
If the proposal is for organic (chemical free) produce, how will the produce be protected from contamination by pesticides, fertilizers or other chemicals?
What are the surrounding land uses adjacent to the proposed facility (including planned future use)? Are there any emissions, effluents, noise, etc. that will result from the operation that will cause disturbance of surrounding human populations, wildlife or other receptors?
Are there likely to be any existing or future possible land use conflicts posed by the development and operation of the facility, or foreclosure of other key land use opportunities in the area? Are these acceptable and in conformance with regional or local land use plans? Can any potential land use conflicts be resolved, and if so how?
Govemment of the Republic of Zambia/World Bank 2 HABICO