The Distribution and Origin of Radon, CO2 and SO2 Gases at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Distribution and Origin of Radon, CO2 and SO2 Gases at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica The Distribution and Origin of Radon, CO2 and SO2 Gases at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica par Glyn Williams-Jones Département de géologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) Avril 1996 Université de Montréal Glyn Williams-Jones - MCMXCVII Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé The Distribution and Origin of Radon, CO2 and SO2 Gases at Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica présenté par: Glyn Williams-Jones a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Président-rapporteur: Dr. Walter E. Trzcienski Membre du jury: Dr. Hélène Gaonac’h Membre du jury: Dr. John Stix Frontispiece Arenal To all those that made this thesis possible. ii Abstract Volcanic gases are one of several important indicators used to better understand and forecast volcanic activity. However, direct sampling of these gases is often dangerous or impossible due to the high level of activity and the common inaccessibility of the crater areas of many volcanoes. Indirect methods such as the study of soil gases or the use of remote sensing techniques are thus required. Soil gases such as radon and carbon dioxide have been shown to correlate well with variations in volcanic activity. Similarly, the remote sensing of gases such as sulphur dioxide has proven significant in the geochemical characterisation of both passively and actively degassing volcanoes. Techniques such as these can now provide important clues to the behaviour and future activity of the volcano. This thesis investigates the degassing of Arenal volcano. A small stratovolcano in northwestern Costa Rica, Arenal is one of the most active volcanoes in Central America, having been in continuous eruption since its reactivation in July 1968. Estimates, using petrologic and remote sensing techniques, are made of the quantity of SO2 emitted from Arenal since 1968 and are related to a degassing model for the volcano. Observed spatial and temporal patterns of soil and plume gases are correlated to eruptive and seismic activity, and the origin and transport of these gases at Arenal is discussed. Measurements of seismicity, radon, CO2 and SO2 gas were made as (1) the results could be compared to other volcanoes where similar measurements have been made, (2) it was comparatively simple to measure radon, CO2, and SO2, and (3) these gases are believed to respond to changes in activity and the stress-state of the volcano. iii Resumen Los gases volcánicos son uno de los varios indicadores importantes usados para entender mejor y pronosticar la actividad volcánica. Sin embargo, el muestreo directo de éstos gases es frecuentemente peligroso o imposible a causa del alto nivel de actividad y la usual inaccesibilidad del área de cráter de muchos volcanes. Los métodos indirectos tal como el estudio de gases de suelo o el uso de técnicas de teledetección son necesarios. Se observó que los gases de suelo tal como radon y el dióxido de carbono son apropiados para correlacionar bien las variaciones de la actividad volcánica. Igualmente, los gases estudiados a distancia tal como: dióxido de azufre, ha probado ser importante en la caracterización geoquímica pasiva y activa de volcanes con emisiones gaseosas. Técnicas como éstas pueden proveer ahora, pistas importantes del comportamiento y actividad futura del volcán. Esta tésis investiga la emisión gaseosa del volcán Arenal, un pequeño estratovolcán en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Arenal, es uno de los volcanes más activos en Centroamérica, con erupción continua desde su reactivación en Julio de 1968. La estimación, por medio de técnicas petrológicas y de teledetección, se hizo teniendo en cuenta la cantidad de gas SO2 emitidas del volcán desde 1968, y son relativas a un modelo de emanaciones gaseosas para Arenal. Los modelos espaciales y temporales de los gases de pluma y suelo observados, se correlacionan con la actividad sísmica y eruptiva. También, el orígen y el transporte de éstos gases en Arenal se discute en esta tésis. Las medidas de sismicidad y medidas particulares de los gases radon, CO2 y SO2 se hicieron con motivo de que: (1) los resultados podrían compararse a otros volcanes iv donde medidas similares son disponibles, (2) los gases radon, CO2, y SO2 son comparativamente simples de medir, y (3) se piensa que éstos gases responden a cambios en la actividad volcánica y el estado de tensión del volcán. v Résumé L’Arenal est un stratovolcan situé à 10.463°N 84.703°O dans le nord-ouest du Costa Rica en Amérique Centrale. Arenal est le volcan costaricien le plus petit, avec un volume de 15 km3, mais aussi le volcan le plus actif du pays. Il consiste d’un édifice avec des flancs pentus formé de deux cratères sommitaux (C and D), et il est verdoyant sur les flancs nord, sud, et est. Un grand champ de laves jeunes, mis en place depuis 1968, couvre le flanc ouest. Arenal est situé entre deux massifs, la Cordillera de Guanacaste au sud-est et la Cordillera Central au nord-ouest. L’ensemble de ces deux cordillères forment la chaîne volcanique qui comprend l’arc du Costa Rica. Environ trois kilomètres au sud de l’Arenal on retrouve le volcan dormant de Cerro Chato. Le matin du 29 juillet, 1968, après 10 heures d’activité sismique intense, l’Arenal est entré en éruption de façon explosive, il a continué son activité éruptive durant une période de trois jours, tuant ainsi 78 personnes et dévastant une région de 12 kilomètres carrés sur le flanc ouest. L’explosion initiale était suivie par des colonnes d’éruptions pliniennes, des coulées pyroclastiques et des bombes et blocs éjectés de façon balistique. Trois nouveaux cratères (A, B, C) ont été formés durant cette période, avec une orientation approximative est-ouest sur le flanc ouest du volcan. Un autre épisode explosif a commencé le 17 juin 1975, avec l’emplacement d’une coulée pyroclastique de cendres et blocs le long de la vallée Rio Tabacon. Ce dépôt provient de la formation des nuées ardentes produites par des avalanches d’une coulée de lave provenant du cratère C. Jusqu’en juin 1984, l’Arenal a continué son activité fumerolienne forte avec l’extrusion de lave bloqueuse de type aa. Cette date marque une augmentation de l’activité à Arenal, avec le début d’éruptions de cendres et de grandes coulées pyroclastiques. Cette vi activité se change en phase éruptive strombolienne produisant des tephras et des laves de composition basaltique-andésitique. De nos jours le volcan Arenal est encore dans cette phase strombolienne. Les objectifs de ce mémoire sont, premièrement l’évaluation de la distribution des gaz de sol sur les flancs du volcan Arenal, deuxièmement l’estimation de la quantité du gaz SO2 dégagé par le volcan Arenal depuis 1968, en utilisant des techniques pétrologique et télédétectée, troisièmement la tentative de trouver des patrons spatial et temporel observés dans les gaz de sol et les fumerolles durant l’activité éruptive et sismique, et finalement une discussion sur l’origine et le transport des gaz pour le volcan Arenal. Pour réussir à ces objectifs, des mesures de sismicité, et des mesures de gaz de radon, de CO2 et de SO2 ont été effectuées avec l’idée de comparer les résultats à d’autres volcans où des mesures semblables ont été faites. De plus, il était relativement simple de mesurer le radon, le CO2, et le SO2, et il est suggéré que ces gaz répondent bien aux changements de l’activité volcanique et à l’état de stress du volcan. Des mesures des concentrations de radon et CO2 ont montré des maxima seulement près des failles possibles et sur les flancs inférieurs du volcan. Les données de δ13C ont aussi été les plus lourdes sur les flancs inférieurs et près de ces failles possibles. Il y a peu d’expression de la structure en surface du volcan Arenal parce qu’il est couvert de laves récentes. Le niveau d’activité élevé de l’Arenal rend difficile les corrélations entre l’activité sismique et les fluctuations des gaz de sol. Par contre, ces fluctuations peuvent être expliquées par des variations dans la pression atmosphérique. Ces observations impliquent que les concentrations des gaz de sol sont influencées principalement par le niveau de développement du sol. Ensuite, le dégazage diffus des vii gaz magmatiques profonds sur les flancs supérieurs des volcans est négligeable dû à la faible perméabilité du sol causée par le couvert des roches volcaniques jeunes. Finalement, l’augmentation du dégazage magmatique sur les flancs inférieurs est le résultat d’une augmentation de la fracturation des laves plus âgées. Les gaz de sol mesurés pour deux autres stratovolcans actifs associés à la subduction (le Poás, Costa Rica et le Galeras, Colombie) ressemblent bien à ce qui a été observé à l’Arenal. Les concentrations de radon étaient maximales seulement près des zones de failles, des zones d’activité sismique, près des cratères et fumerolles, et sur les flancs inférieurs de ces volcans. Les valeurs les plus negatives de δ13C ce trouvaient près des fumerolles à l’intérieur des cratères actifs, près des failles et sur les flancs inférieurs. Ces observations impliquent que les failles majeures peuvent canaliser les gaz profonds vers la surface seulement s’ils ont une expression superficielle. Des volcans, comme ceux étudiés ici, réagissent comme des bouchons dans la croûte continentale, limitant le dégazage aux fumerolles, failles, et flancs inférieurs fracturés. L’utilisation de la télédétection des gaz pour l’étude des volcans actifs est encore jeune. Le seul gaz qui peut être télédétecté de façon routinière est le dioxyde de soufre, en utilisant la spectroscopie de corrélation dans la région ultraviolette du spectre électromagnétique.
Recommended publications
  • Arenal Volcano Tours
    TRUST THE EXPERTS Hand Crafted Itineraries Curated Hotel Collection Luxury Vehicles Experienced Travel Consultants ARENAL VOLCANO 24/7 In-Country TOURS Assistance The Arenal Volcano once erupted an average of 41 times per day. Today, the volcano is in a resting phase but still a sight to behold. The region is not only home to the volcano, it also benefits from volcano-fed thermal hot springs, plunging waterfalls, the impressive Over 50,000 Satisfied size of Lake Arenal, and a rich secondary rainforest ecosystem with Customers exotic wildlife. Now considered by many the adventure capital of Costa Rica, Arenal is a great base for adventure tours like zip-lining, whitewater rafting, COSTA RICA waterfall rappelling, and more. EXPERTS The listed tours are available from hotels in the central Arenal zone. 3166 N Lincoln Ave., Additional fees may apply for hotels outside of the central zone Suite 424 Chicago, IL. 60657 www.costaricaexperts.com Phone: 800-827-9046 Fax: 773-935-9252 Arenal Hanging Bridges Hike Hike across the Arenal Hanging Bridges with a naturalist guide for a perfect half-day Arenal tour. This ecotourism project of solid ground trails and state of the art hanging bridges was designed for the observation and conservation of Costa Rica’s incredible nature. The reserve, with nearly 370 acres of rainforest, is home to countless species of amazing birds, mammals, and lush vegetation. You will walk along the treetops with your naturalist guide, encountering 8 fixed bridges and 6 hanging bridges. These connect gaps in the reserve canyon, allowing you to walk right into the most important layers of the rainforest.
    [Show full text]
  • AMENAZA VOLCÁNICA EN COSTA RICA 363.34 C733r Costa Rica
    Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias - Volcán Turrialba - Cartago Costa Rica Turrialba Atención de Emergencias - Volcán Comisión Nacional de Prevención Riesgos y Fotografía: EL RIESGO DERIVADO DE LA AMENAZA VOLCÁNICA EN COSTA RICA EL RIESGO DERIVADO DE LA AMENAZA VOLCÁNICA EN COSTA RICA 363.34 C733r Costa Rica. Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias El Riesgo derivado de la amenaza volcánica en Costa Rica / La Comisión; Red Sismológica Nacional; Guillermo E. Alvarado Induni; Alberto Vargas Villalobos; Nuria Campos Sánchez e Ignacio Chaves Salas, coautores – 1a. Ed. – San José, C.R. : CNE, 2014. 32 p. : il. ; 8,5 x 11 cm. ISBN 978-9968-716-31-4 1. Volcán. 2. Erupciones volcánicas. 3. Vigilancia volcánica. 4. Mapa de Riesgo. 5. Gestión del Riesgo. 6. Prevención y mitigación. I. Red Sismológica Nacional. II. Alvarado Induni, Guillermo E. III. Vargas Villalobos, Alberto. IV. Campos Sánchez, Nuria. V. Chaves Salas, Ignacio. VI. Título. Créditos Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias. Dirección de Gestión del Riesgo. Unidad de Normalización y Asesoría y Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo. Área de Amenazas y Auscultación Sismológica y Volcánica. C.S. Exploración Subterránea / Negocio, Ingeniería, Construcción, ICE Compilación y Elaboración Máster Nuria Campos Sánchez, Unidad de Normalización y Asesoría. Licenciado Ignacio Chaves Salas, Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo. Doctor Guillermo E. Alvarado Induni, RSN (UCR-ICE). Máster Alberto Vargas Villalobos, RSN (UCR-ICE). Revisión parcial o total Sergio Mora Yehudi Monestel Rodrigo R. Mora Mauricio Mora Waldo Taylor Geoffroy Avard Luis Madrigal Ramón Araya Foto de portada: Geól.
    [Show full text]
  • Mejoras En El Paradigma Del Manejo De La Gestión Del Riesgo En Los Parques Nacionales Volcánicos De Costa Rica, Entre El Año 2000 Y El 2020
    Revista Geológica de América Central, 64, 1-15 , 2021 doi: 10.15517/rgac.v0i64.46615 ISSN: 0256-7024 Mejoras en el paradigma del manejo de la gestión del riesgo en los parques nacionales volcánicos de Costa Rica, entre el año 2000 y el 2020 Improvements in risk management paradigm in Costa Rican volcanic national parks between 2000 and 2020 Guillermo E. Alvarado*, Lidier Esquivel y Blas Sánchez Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE), Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo, San José, Costa Rica *Autor para contacto: [email protected] (Recibido: 23/08/2020; aceptado 13/01/2021) RESUMEN: Costa Rica es conocida a nivel mundial como una meca turística. A partir de 1955, casi todos los grandes volcanes comenzaron a ser declarados parques nacionales, deteniendo la ocupación y explotación humana en la cúspide de estos sectores, al tiempo que varios parques han estado expuestos a la actividad eruptiva de los cinco volcanes históricamente activos. Los parques nacionales volcánicos están sujetos al turismo y, con ello, al peligro de que se puedan generar afectación y pérdidas en vidas huma- nas. La muerte de una turista norteamericana y su guía costarricense en el año 2000, así como la repentina erupción del Poás en el año 2017, aunado a la persistente actividad eruptiva del Turrialba por más de 10 años, fueron los mecanismos disparadores de cuatro grandes cambios en el manejo y seguridad de los parques volcánicos costarricenses: a) la generación del decreto de restricción del uso de la tierra alrededor
    [Show full text]
  • Eruptive History of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, 7 Ka to Present
    + MODEL ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research xx (2006) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Eruptive history of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, 7 ka to present Gerardo J. Soto ⁎, Guillermo E. Alvarado Área de Amenazas y Auscultación Sísmica y Volcánica, Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, Apdo 10032-1000, San José, Costa Rica Received 30 June 2005; accepted 28 March 2006 Abstract New tephra-stratigraphic studies of Arenal volcano have been used to update its volcanic history. Deposits of major eruptions are renamed AR-1 to AR-22 (from older to younger, in stratigraphic order), extending from 7 ka B.P. to 1968 A.D. Arenal tephras overlie regional tuffs that are N20,000 years old. Isopachs and characteristics of the most relevant and recognized fall deposits are presented. Among Arenal eruptions, plinian events like AR-20, AR-15, AR-12 and AR-9, were the most relevant, with tephra volumes up to 0.44 km3. These plinian eruptions are separated by periods of 750–1080 years. Also 8 subplinian, 7 violent strombolian and 2 vulcanian eruptions have been recognized and correlated in Arenal's tephra sequence. Tens of other minor explosive eruptions resembling in size to AR-22, which occurred in July 1968, have been recognized. Lava cycles have generally followed the plinian eruptions. Typical erupting volumes for these cycles have been in the order of ∼ 0.7 km3. The estimated total volume of tephra fall is ∼ 4.5 km3. The rate of total volcanics erupted is ∼ 2.7 km3 ka−1 (0.086 m3 s−1).
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Environmental Profile the Republic Costa Rica Prepared By
    Draft Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Silliman, James R.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 26/09/2021 22:54:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228164 DRAFT Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 AID RSSA SA /TOA 77 -1 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. July 1981 - Dr. James Silliman, Compiler - c /i THE UNITEDSTATES NATION)IL COMMITTEE FOR MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE art Department of State, IO /UCS ria WASHINGTON. O. C. 2052C An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development(A.I.D.), Office of Science and Technology (DS /ST) and the U.S. Man and the Bio- sphere (MAB) Program. It is a preliminary review of information avail- able in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S. bilateral assistance. This report is the first step in a process to develop better in- formation for the A.I.D. Mission, for host country officials, and others on the environmental situation in specific countries and begins to identify the most critical areas of concern.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trip Through Lush Greenery: Costa Rica and Nicaragua Known for Its Great Wealth of Species, Costa Rica’S Beautiful Flora and Fauna Awaits You
    Tour Code CRCG 2020 A trip through lush greenery: Costa Rica and Nicaragua Known for its great wealth of species, Costa Rica’s beautiful flora and fauna awaits you. One third of its area is protected. Lagoons, beaches, coastal landscapes on both the Caribbean and Pacific sides are a must as well as the dense jungle, rainforests and volcanic landscapes. On our visit to several national parks, by bike or on foot, we discover a rich world of exotic birds and butterflies. This bike tour gives a detailed overview of these two neighbouring countries and introduces you to a sea of colours. Day 10 Granada - Walking in Mombacho Day 1 Costa Rica – San José Day 6 Arenal 40 km After a short 15-minute transfer, we arrive at A short transfer brings us to the lake dam. Departure from Frankfurt to San Jose (night the foot of Mount Granada, Mombacho. A flight with a stopover in Santa Domingo, The bike trip begins here. It follows the truck takes us to the crater from which many (flight 14.5 hours) water’s edge, through the rainforest and hiking trails leave into the rainforest. You small villages, towards Tilaran. may see monkeys (you will almost certainly Day 2 San José hear them). Granada with its colonial Day 7 Around Miravalles Volcano 55 km heritage, should not to be missed. Arrival in San José the capital of Costa Rica and transfer (30 min.) to our hotel. The Gold A quiet bike ride from Bagaces to the slopes Day 11 Belan/Rivas – San Juan del Sur of the impressive Miravalles volcano which museum is one of the largest collections of 41 km gold in America and the city is also a real is the culminating point of the day, with its jewel of history and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Department of the Interior
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COSTA RICA VOLCANO PROFILE by Cynthia M. Stine1 Norman G. Banks1 Open-File Report 91-591 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. *U.S. Geological Survey David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory 5400 MacArthur Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98661 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.......................................................^ Background......................................................... Tectonic setting..................................................................................................................................................5 General description of volcanic hazards.......................................................................................................5 TephrafaU...........................................^ Pyroclastic flows and surges..............................................................................................................6 Mudflows...............................................................................................................................................6 Lava flows..............................................................................................................................................6 Debris avalanches................................................................................................................................?
    [Show full text]
  • This 8-Day Trip Begins with a Visit to Poas Volcano
    Iowa State University Costa Rica for Families June 26th-July 2nd, 2022 7 Days / 6 Nights Recommended for families with children 6 and up Join us on a special trip designed for fun-loving families seeking out the treasures of friendly, laid-back and tropical Costa Rica. We visit the area around Arenal Volcano, which is an active volcano that can put on quite a show at night! Arenal is considered one of the ten most active volcanoes in the world, and the area around it is a veritable playground for families. The volcano itself is quite a sight, and if the weather is right your family will see an amazing natural wonder. Walk along the treetops, glide from platform to platform for a bird's- eye view of the forest on an exhilarating canopy tour and relax at the end of the day in hot springs warmed by heat from the volcano. The South Pacific region of Costa Rica is a true paradise, and one of the most biologically diverse slices of planet Earth. Covered in dense tropical rainforest, fertile valleys, waterfalls, coastal mangroves and rivers, the region is a perfect destination for wildlife viewing, whitewater rafting and ziplining, among countless other outdoor adventure activities. See crocodiles (safely!) and snorkel amidst a wide variety of coral reef and marine life. Spend some time at the beach or hotel pool. Day 1 Depart U.S. / Arrive San Jose • Upon arrival at the airport, you will be met and transferred to your hotel, where your Costa Rica family vacation begins. • Overnight: Autentico Hotel Day 2 La Fortuna, Arenal Region B, L, D • La Paz Waterfall Gardens This wildlife park has the largest butterfly garden in the world, hummingbirds galore, tropical gardens and an array of waterfalls.
    [Show full text]
  • Print Dossier
    22 days 11:34 06-09-2021 We are the UK’s No.1 specialist in travel to Latin As our name suggests, we are single-minded America and have been creating award-winning about Latin America. This is what sets us apart holidays to every corner of the region for over four from other travel companies – and what allows us decades; we pride ourselves on being the most to offer you not just a holiday but the opportunity to knowledgeable people there are when it comes to experience something extraordinary on inspiring travel to Central and South America and journeys throughout Mexico, Central and South passionate about it too. America. A passion for the region runs Fully bonded and licensed Our insider knowledge helps through all we do you go beyond the guidebooks ATOL-protected All our Consultants have lived or We hand-pick hotels with travelled extensively in Latin On your side when it matters character and the most America rewarding excursions Book with confidence, knowing Up-to-the-minute knowledge every penny is secure Let us show you the Latin underpinned by 40 years' America we know and love experience 11:34 06-09-2021 11:34 06-09-2021 Jumping off from the Panama Canal, this really is a journey of discovery, revealing the highlights of 6 countries crammed into the isthmus linking Mexico with South America. Crowned by a chain of volcanoes, dotted with twinkling lakes, defined with coral beaches, blessed with a balmy mix of tropical and temperate climate, and punctuated with lively indigenous villages, Mayan ruins and impressive colonial towns, these lands offer a breathtaking experience for visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neotropical Variegated Squirrel, Sciurus Variegatoides (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Nicaragua, with the Description of a New Subspecies
    THE NEOTROPICAL VARIEGATED SQUIRREL, SCIURUS VARIEGATOIDES (RODENTIA: SCIURIDAE) IN NICARAGUA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES HUGH H. GENOWAYS AND ROBERT M. TIMM ABSTRACT The Neotropical variegated squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides, is represented in Nica- ragua by five known subspecies—adolphei, belti, boothiae, dorsalis, and underwoodi. Analyses of morphometrics, color, and color patterns of 394 specimens from throughout the country and all available literature support the retention of these subspecies, but also reveal the presence of a sixth population of these squirrels, which is worthy of description and recognition as a new subspecies. This new subspecies is confined to Isla de Ometepe in Lago de Nicaragua. Variegated squirrels on Ometepe are on aver- age the smallest variegated squirrels in the country in most cranial measures; however, in postorbital breadth, the island population averages larger than the samples from the surrounding mainland. This island population is the smallest and most distinctive of any population of variegated squirrels from throughout the species’ geographic range. The baculum is distinct in size, shape, and angle of the disc. Ometepe variegated squirrels have a distinctive albeit a highly variable color pattern. Although there are some color differences between the populations found on the north island (Volcán Concepción) and the south island (Volcán Maderas), all specimens from Ometepe are regarded as belonging to a single subspecies because there are no discernable differences in cranial measures. Throughout Nicaragua’s Pacific lowland dry tropical forest region, there is no evidence of integration between S. variegatoides dorsalis with S. v. adolphei, the subspe- cies occurring to the north; between S.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanes Ofi Cina Regional Llanuras Del Norte Ciudad Quesada, Tel.: 2461-9102 • Ictsancarlos@Ict
    Instituto Costarricense de Turismo Departamento de Servicio al Turista La Uruca, costado este del Puente Juan Pablo II Apdo Postal 777-1000 • Tel.: (506) 2299-5800 www.visitecostarica.com Ofi cinas Centrales Tel.: 2299-5827 • Fax: 2291-5720 [email protected] Ofi cina de Información San José Tel.: 2222-1090 • [email protected] Counter de Información Aeropuerto Juan Santamaría Alajuela. Tel.: 2443-1535 • [email protected] Ofi cina de Información Aeropuerto Daniel Oduber Liberia, Guanacaste. Tel.: 2668-0095 • [email protected] Ofi cina Regional Limón y Caribe sur Limón, Tel.: 2758-0983 • [email protected] Ofi cina Regional Nicoya Guanacaste Tel.: 2685-3260 • [email protected] RUTA Ofi cina Regional Puntarenas Puntarenas, Tel.: 2661-0337 • [email protected] COLONIAL Ofi cina Regional Pacífi co Central Quepos, Tel.: 2777-4217 • [email protected] y de los Ofi cina Regional Pacífi co Sur Río Claro, Tel.: 2789-7739 • [email protected] volcanes Ofi cina Regional Llanuras del Norte Ciudad Quesada, Tel.: 2461-9102 • ictsancarlos@ict. go.cr Línea Gratuita: 800-turismo (800-887-4766) Emergencias 9-1-1 Actividades Introducción Así como muchos países del continente, Costa Continuando hacia el noreste, en la provincia Rica se sitúa dentro del llamado cinturón de de Alajuela se encuentra el Volcán Arenal, fuego del Pacífi co que reúne a la mayoría de los fi gura cónica casi perfecta y que es uno volcanes del mundo. de los 10 volcanes más activos del mundo. Luego se encuentra el Volcán Poás, uno de En nuestras cordilleras (excepto la de Talamanca) los más visitados del país.
    [Show full text]
  • Area De Conservación Guanacaste Costa Rica
    AREA DE CONSERVACIÓN GUANACASTE COSTA RICA The Area de Conservación Guanacaste is a mosaic of national parks, forest reserves, wildlife refuges and offshore waters which protects an entire 105 km gradient from mangroves and dry forest on a coast with upwelling currents, coral colonies and reefs, to cloud forest at 2,000 metres and high level Atlantic rainforest. It has sufficient habitats, elevational and climatic, to support at least 60% of the species of Costa Rica, both now and in a warming future climate. Its Pacific tropical dry forest is the largest and best preserved left in MesoAmerica, and has several rare and endangered species. COUNTRY Costa Rica NAME Area de Conservación Guanacaste NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SERIAL SITE 1999: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Natural Criteria ix and x. 2004: Extended by the Santa Elena property under the same criteria. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE [pending] INTERNATIONAL DESIGNATIONS 1999: Laguna Respringue and Manglar de Potrero Grande designated Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention (75 ha and 139 ha). IUCN MANAGEMENT CATEGORY Rincón de la Vieja National Park: II National Park Santa Rosa National Park: II National Park Guanacaste National Park: II National Park Bahia Junquillal National Wildlife Refuge: IV Habitat / Species Management Area Horizontes Experimental Forest Station: Unassigned BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE Central American (8.16.1) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Located in northwestern Costa Rica approximately 120 km north of Puntarenas. The site extends from the volcanic ridge of the Cordillera de Guanacaste to 6 and 12 km out to sea off the south coast of the Santa Elena peninsula.
    [Show full text]