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Hydrologic Data for the Great and Denbow Heaths in Eastern Maine, October 1980 Through September 1981

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Hydrologic Data for the Great and Denbow Heaths in Eastern Maine, October 1980 Through September 1981 HYDROLOGIC DATA FOR THE GREAT AND DENBOW HEATHS IN EASTERN MAINE, OCTOBER 1980 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1981 By William J. Nichols, Jr., Joseph A. Smath, and James T. Adamik U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 83-866 Prepared in cooperation with the MAINE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Augusta, Maine November 1983 CONTENTS Page Abstract........................................... 1 Introduction....................................... 1 Purpose and Scope............................. 1 Acknowledgments............................... 2 Location of study area............................. 3 Data-collection site numbering system.............. 3 Piezometers................................... 3 Great Heath.............................. 3 Denbow Heath............................. 3 Surface-water sites........................... 7 Data-collection network ........................... 7 Climatology................................... 7 Surface-water data............................ 9 Great Heath.............................. 9 Denbow Heath............................. 9 Ground-water data............................. 9 Great Heath.............................. 9 Denbow Heath............................. 23 Water-quality data............................ 28 References cited................................... 40 Definitions of terms............................... 41 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing location of Great and Denbow Heaths..................................... 4 2. Map showing location of data-collection sites for Great Heath...................... 5 3. Map showing location of data-collection sites for Denbow Heath..................... 6 TABLES Page Table 1. Climatological data, October 1980 to Sep­ tember 1981, Washington County, Maine....... 8 2. Streamflow for Pleasant River near Epping, ME (site 13, USGS station number 0102.2260) October 1980 to September 1981.............. 10 3. Gage heights for Taylor Brook at the Great Heath, ME (site 3, USGS station number 01022260) October 1980 to September 1981.... 11 4. Summary of hydrologic data for surface-water sites, Great Heath, October 1980 to September 1981.............................. 12 5. Summary of hydrologic data, for surface-water sites, Denbow Heath, October 1980 to September 1981.............................. 14 TABLES-cont. Table Page 6. Daily mean gage-height readings, central drainage ditch, Denbow Heath, April to September 1981.............................. 15 6A. Daily mean gage-height readings, perimeter drainage ditch, Denbow Heath, April to September 1981.............................. 16 7. Descriptions of piezometers and water levels for Great Heath, October 1980 to September 1981. ....................................... 17 8. Water levels in Great Heath observation well 17-5, October 1980 to September 1981... 24 9. Descriptions of piezometers and water levels on Denbow Heath, October 1980 through September 1981.............................. 25 10. Chemical analyses of samples from ground- water sites at the Great Heath.............. 29 11. Chemical analyses of samples from surface- water sites at the Great Heath............. 34 12. Chemical analyses of samples from ground- water sites at the Denbow Heath............. 36 13. Chemical analyses of samples from surface- water sites at the Denbow Heath............. 38 11 CONVERSION FACTORS For use of readers who prefer to use metric units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below. Multiply To Obtain SI inch (in) millimeter (mm) 25.40 centimeter (cm) 2.540 meter (m) .0254 foot (ft) meter (m) .3048 mile (mi) kilometer (km) 1.609 square mile (mi 2 ) square kilometer (km2 ) 2.590 gallon (gal) liter (L) 3.785 cubic meter (m3 ) .003785 cubic feet (ft 3 ) cubic meter per second .02832 (m3/s) cfs-days cubic meter (m3 ) 2447 cubic feet per second liters per second 28.32 (ft 3 /s) (L/s) tons (short) megagram (metric ton) .9072 Temperatures given in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit by the equation: °F = 1.8°C + 32. National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929): A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first- order level nets of both the United States and Canada, called NGVD of 1929, is referred to as sea level in this report. 111 HYDROLOGIC DATA FOR THE GREAT AND DENBOW HEATHS IN EASTERN MAINE, OCTOBER 1980 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1981 By William J. Nichols, Jr., Joseph A. Smath, and James T. Adamik ABSTRACT Hydrologic data collected on the Great and Denbow Heaths, Maine, from October 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981, include precipitation, pan evaporation, air temperatures, streamflow, ground-water levels, and water-quality constituents. These data were collected for a peat-bog hydrology study conducted in cooperation with the Maine Geological Survey. The data network consisted of climate information from three rain gages, an evaporation pan, and two maximum-minimum thermometers; surface water information from two continuous gaging stations and nineteen partial record sites; ground-water information from an observation well equipped with a continuous recorder and one hundred and six piezometers; and water-quality information from thirteen wells and seven surface-water sites. Water-quality constituents include: field determinations of pH, specific conductance, and temperature; and laboratory determinations of common inorganic cations and anions, trace elements, and selected organic compounds. Methods used for the collection and analyses of data included standard Survey techniques modified for the unique hydrologic environment of the study area. INTRODUCTION Peat resources in Maine represent a potentially significant ecomomic resource. However, little information is available about the impact the resource development will have on the peat bogs and their watersheds. The MGS (Maine Geological Survey) and U.S.Geological Survey began a joint study in April 1980 to describe the hydrology of two Maine peat bogs. The results of this study will help resource managers to make sound decisions on the development of the resource. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to make data available to those interested in Maine's peat resource, to those assessing water resources that may be affected by peat mining, and to supplement an interpretive report to be published at the completion of the study. The data presented in this report were collected from October 1980 through October 1981, by the U.S. Geological Survey with assistance from MGS personnel and field observers. .1 The two bogs studied were the Great Heath and Denbow Heath in eastern Maine. The Great Heath, which has not been mined, is the largest sphagnum peat bog in the state with an estimated peat resource of seven million short tons. The Denbow Heath, which is being mined for horticultural peat, has peat resources estimated at two and three-quarter million short tons. (Cameron, 1980) Acknowledgments The authors extend their thanks to Jonathan Bedard of Columbia, Peter Grant of Deblois, and David Livingston of Cherryfield, Maine, for serving as field observers. Their assistance made possible the collection of valuable clima- tologic data. LOCATION OF STUDY AREA The Great and Denbow Heaths are located in the coastal counties of Washington and Hancock, Maine (fig. 1). The Great Heath study area (fig. 2) lies within the region bounded by 67°47' and 67°52' longitude and 44°41' and 44°45' latitude and is located within the townships of Columbia, T18MD, and T19MD. It is approximately 6 miles northeast of Cherryfield and about 8 miles east of Deblois. The Denbow Heath (fig. 3) lies within 68°02' and 68°05' longitude and 44°43' and 44°45' latitude and is located within the townships of Deblois and T16MD. It is approximately one mile west of the town center of Deblois. DATA-COLLECTION SITE NUMBERING SYSTEM Piezometers Great Heath The system of numbering piezometers was adapted from Cameron (1980). It consists of local identifiers, which are one- or two-digit numbers, that are unique to the site. At each site the unique number is followed by a sequence number, which indicates the relative depth of a piezometer to others in the same cluster. The sequence number ranges from one to four with one being the deepest piezometer in the cluster. Sites located along the perimeter of the heath have a letter designation of "M" preceding the local number. In addition, sites G-C and G-P have no site numbers. Piezometer G-C is installed in clay and G-P is in peat. Denbow Heath The system of numbering the piezometers is based on pace and compass traverses. Three north-south transects were established on the heath. There are four sites located on each transect. They are labeled "D" for Denbow. Each piezometer cluster is assigned a sequential number, starting with the northwest site. For example, D-l identifies the northern-most piezometer cluster on the first transect. D-2 identifies the piezometer cluster south of D-l on transect 1. An exception is piezometer cluster D-12 which is on the eastern section of the heath, north of D-ll. 88° 00' B7M5' 44*41'- EXPLANATION Study Areas Scale o 10 Miles 10 15 Kilometers Bate from U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000 quadrangles: Bangor, Eostport 1956. Figure 1.- Location of the Great and Denbow Heaths 67-S2'30" 67* 50' 67*47 30 44*45 - 44*42'30" " EXPLANATION Boundary of peat deposit Base prepared from advance prints Oonhnuoue-record gaging station with pie)eoi of the following U.S. Geological Miscellaneous measurement ** wMft preleot i Survey ortnophotoquaa*: Cherry- I Stag*-measurement station
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