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Some Facts and Fancies About Mind and Body (Pdf) Address. left his rural home, the village preacher and the academy teachers to sit at the feet of college SOME FACTS AND FANCIES ABOUT MIND AND professors, his expectation was keen and his BODY.* faith ascendant. His acute interest in the prob- lems of nature drew him to and chem- BY CHARLES A. DREW, M.D., BRIDGEWATER, MASS., physiology Medical Director State Asylum for Insane Criminals. istry, while a natural bent and sympathy for led him into the ranks of Mr. President and Fellows of the Massa- humanity medicine. " In as a chusetts Medical Society: is not the pride of his knowledge college senior Electricity there lurked a sense of not a form of more than water is a form disappointment, energy, any because he had rather of energy. Water may be a vehicle of energy slighted opportunities, because of a that behind the when at a level or in motion; so may elec- dawning suspicion high veil of were laws and realities the cannot be manufactured, as phenomena tricity. Electricity ultimate nature of which he never heat can; it can be moved from to might know. only place As he his medical ex- place, like water; and its energy must be in the began studies, smoldering was fanned to a rose form of motion or of strain. Electricity under pectation glow, hope high ' gross and the of strain constitutes charge' ; in loco- again; anatomy physiology electricity were but in anat- motion constitutes a current and magnetism; organs interesting, microscopic in vibration constitutes What omy and cell biology, especially as applied to electricity light. those cells of the nervous itself is we do not but it central system, lay electricity know, may, hidden the veritable elements of the soul. If perhaps, be a form or aspect of matter. So the riddles of life were not it was held to have for years the of Clerk- solved, taught thirty disciples be due to of the or to Maxwell. Now we may go one step further and imperfections microscope but this was more than say matter is composed of electricity and nothing faulty technique; forty else." years ago. The science of physiological psychol- The I have read from the of ogy was then young and overconfident. It quotation you pen with to its Sir Oliver as it in pointed pride the revelations of in- Lodge, appeared Harper's ductive and in the for August, 1904, must serve me as experimental methods, and, Magazine assurance of its its older introduction and text, from which I reserve the lusty youth, laughed to scorn. to wander as do some I rival, metaphysical psychology, Maud- right wide, theologians. thesis " and " would refer a sley's on Body Mind had not then you for complete elucidation of the " " of been written, but Herbert Spencer's First Electronic Theory Matter," which I shall " in to — Principles was being widely read, and Charles only touch its relation my theme, to Sir " " Oliver thesis, in the— Scien- Darwin's Origin of Species had been pub- Lodge's unabridged several influence of mas- tific American Supplements, Nos. 1428 to 1434, lished years. The this inclusive, and to " Modern Theory of Physical terpiece of a master mind was even then shaking the foundations of many cherished beliefs con- Phenomena," by Augustus Rigbi, as translated earth and heaven. by Augustus Trowbridge, and published by the cerning things of Doubt and Macmillan in 1904. apprehension were the first reactions for many Company conservative minds. Gleesome As my subject deals largely with theories, I aggressiveness " marked the attitude of others who may quote you in partial that the- thought they justification saw in the of evolution the of ory originally fashions science out of facts, and theory beginning is the the end of man's faith and hope in the soul's indispensable precondition of every im- " immortality. The brain secretes thought and portant scientific advancement." " consciousness as the liver secretes and Without further introduction or to " bile, attempt Without no disarm you, I submit my story. phosphorus thought," were pithy which served as a in Some a a epigrams rallying cry the years ago personal friend, physician rebellion of the nineteenth the of the best and one of the senior members century against type, in a of this talked to me of some older philosophy favor of strictly material Society, daydreams of of his manhood. At a certain he interpretation the phenomena of conscious early age sup- mental life. posed there must be men living wise enough to explain all the mysteries of life and mind. The It would not be quite true to say that these of mind seemed included in those of catch phrases have no potency to-day, but the phenomena fallacies have been times life, but conscious life, or self-consciousness, they embody many an a uncovered. seemed additional and super- " problem, With and added mystery. He could not then see how phosphorus you light your candle, these could be solved the laws of with phosphorus you discover Neptune and write problems by the Fifth how and molecular physics; and after many years of Symphony ; charmingly simple with mind convincing," wrote John Fiske1, with thinly study, keenly alert and open to the " evidence from chemical and physiological labo- veiled irony. And yet was anything save a ratories, the mystery to him continues supremely bit of rhetoric really gained by singling out but as a as in phosphorus among the chemical constituents of interesting, much mystery the days " of his brain tissue rather than nitrogen or carbon? early boyhood. " The have often com- As a boy, he looked for some great preacher or phosphorus philosophers to he pared thought to a secretion," writes William philosopher explain these mysteries. As ' ' ' James.2 The brain secretes as the *The Annual Discourse delivered before The Massachusetts thought " Medical Society, June 14, 1905. kidneys secrete urine or the liver secretes bile/ The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal as published by The New England Journal of Medicine. Downloaded from nejm.org by JOSH ROSENFELD on April 25, 2016. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. From the NEJM Archive. Copyright © 2010 Massachusetts Medical Society. are phrases one sometimes hears. The lame tiny, underneath the scientific finish of members analogy need hardly be pointed out. The mate- of this Society, as to ask your attention to two rials which the brain pours into the blood (choles- modern theories which seem most worthy con- terin, creatin, zanthin, or whatever they may cerning the relation of the minds and bodies of be) are the analogues of the bile and urine, being of men. in fact real material excreta. But we know First, I would call attention to some features nothing connected with kidney and liver activity of the brain productive or " liver-bile " function which can be in the remotest degree compared theory of the ultramaterial psychologists, and, with the stream of thought which accompanies secondly, to some phases of the transmissive the brain's material secretions." brain function theory of Schiller4 and William These opinions from the writings of two of the James.5 New World's profoundest scholars were written I do not know that the liver-bile, brain-thought in the dawn of the twentieth century. theory is more commonly held by members of In a recent paper on the treatment of paresis, our profession, yet the conclusion easily follows Dr. Edward Cowies3 writes: "We are learning the observation of the coincident development that inasmuch as psychology can tell us nothing of brain and mind, the lapse of consciousness to explain the normal mechanism of mental from pressure on or injury to brain tissue, and the activities, we cannot expect to see through the greater intelligence of men and animals having microscope an explanation of diseased thoughts the deepest cerebral sulci and the most complex and feelings." arrangement of cortical gray matter. I doubt We must not conclude from this that Dr. Cowles if the case of the physiologist has been more was unmindful of the alleged way in which, ac- strongly put than in the words of Sir Frederick to the laws of cerebral neural Harrison,6 who wrote, in defending the so-called cording association, " undulations transform themselves into sensations, positive philosophy," more than thirty years sensations add themselves together to form ago: "Man is one, however compound. Fire feelings, and feelings unite themselves to form his conscience and he blushes. Cheek his cir- ideas, and ideas congregate to form abstract culation and he thinks wildly or thinks not at reasoning, etc. ; rather we understand the doctor's all. Impair his secretions and his moral sense meaning to be that physiological psychology and is dulled, discolored, or depraved; his aspirations anatomical pathology do not adequately explain. flag, his hope, love, faith reel. Impair them His hope apparently turns to the deeper under- still more and he becomes a brute. A few drinks lying plane of physiological chemistry, and he degrade his moral nature to that of a swine. qu tes Dr. Otto Folin approvingly as follows : Again, a violent emotion of pity or horror makes " Microscopically visible structural changes in him vomit. A lancet will restore him from any tissue or in the cells of any tissue must delirium to clear thought. Excess of thought be preceded by more or less pronounced meta- will waste his sinews. Excess of muscular exer- bolic changes. Metabolic changes are chemical cise will deaden thought. An emotion will double changes. Chemical changes are the physical the strength of his muscles. And, at last, the exchanges and transmutations that take place in prick of a needle or a grain of mineral will in an the physical units of matter, the molecules; and instant lay to rest forever his body and its unity, the molecules are beyond the ken of the micro- and all the spontaneous activities of intelligence, scopists." feeling and action with which that compound These quotations of a comparatively recent organism was charged." date, from men well informed in that medical With a mind tuned to recognize the significance specialty most concerned with the phenomena and interdependence of that aggregate of phe- of mind, neither affirm nor deny the material nomena we call mind and that aggregate of phe- nature of our conscious mental life.
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