Why Do People Live by the Coast? Term – Autumn 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Year 3: Geography Why do people live by the coast? Term – Autumn 2 Key Diagrams Key Information Vocabulary Popular UK 1. Tynemouth Coast The coast is the place where the land and sea meet. coastal 2. Southwold Coasts are often places towns 3. Porthmadog 4. Whitstable where people meet on 5. Aberystwyth holiday. Cave Coastal caves are formed in a Cliff A cliff forms where high land formation cliff by wave action of an meets the sea. The land is ocean or lake. Sea caves occur battered by powerful waves on almost every cliffed at sea level, wearing the rock headland or coast where the away. The rock above is left waves break directly on a rock cliff and are formed by sea and without any support so it wind erosion collapses under its own Stack Stacks form when there is an weight. This makes a steep- sided cliff. formation area of weakness in the cliffs that can be attacked by the Erosion Coastal erosion happens sea, weakened further, and when the sea wears away eroded away. Rocks and part the land. of the cliffs fall and break Cave A natural hollow opening leaving vertical stacked Coastal erosion in Hemsby: underground. columns. Stack A stack or sea stack is a Coastal 28% of the coastline in England landform made of a steep erosion and Wales is under attack from and often vertical column or constant erosion. columns of rock in the sea Holderness A great deal of coastal near a coast. erosion has taken place in the Bay A part of the coast where the Holderness area on the land curves inwards. This is east coast of England. Erosion is where beaches are formed. so dramatic here because the Tourism People traveling for fun. It cliffs along the coast are made includes such activities as from boulder clay, which is soft and crumbly rock. sightseeing and camping. People who travel for fun are called "tourists". .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas
OCS Study BOEM 2019-045 Proceedings: The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2019-045 Proceedings: The Gulf of Mexico Workshop on International Research, March 29–30, 2017, Houston, Texas Editors Larry McKinney, Mark Besonen, Kim Withers Prepared under BOEM Contract M16AC00026 by Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior New Orleans, LA Bureau of Ocean Energy Management July 2019 Gulf of Mexico OCS Region DISCLAIMER Study collaboration and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Agreement Number M16AC00026. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management website at https://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies-EnvData/, click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2019-045. CITATION McKinney LD, Besonen M, Withers K (editors) (Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Corpus Christi, Texas).
[Show full text]
The Stratigraphic Architecture and Evolution of the Burdigalian Carbonate—Siliciclastic Sedimentary Systems of the Mut Basin, Turkey
The stratigraphic architecture and evolution of the Burdigalian carbonate—siliciclastic sedimentary systems of the Mut Basin, Turkey P. Bassanta,*, F.S.P. Van Buchema, A. Strasserb,N.Gfru¨rc aInstitut Franc¸ais du Pe´trole, Rueil-Malmaison, France bUniversity of Fribourg, Switzerland cIstanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Received 17 February 2003; received in revised form 18 November 2003; accepted 21 January 2004 Abstract This study describes the coeval development of the depositional environments in three areas across the Mut Basin (Southern Turkey) throughout the Late Burdigalian (early Miocene). Antecedent topography and rapid high-amplitude sea-level change are the main controlling factors on stratigraphic architecture and sediment type. Stratigraphic evidence is observed for two high- amplitude (100–150 m) sea-level cycles in the Late Burdigalian to Langhian. These cycles are interpreted to be eustatic in nature and driven by the long-term 400-Ka orbital eccentricity-cycle-changing ice volumes in the nascent Antarctic icecap. We propose that the Mut Basin is an exemplary case study area for guiding lithostratigraphic predictions in early Miocene shallow- marine carbonate and mixed environments elsewhere in the world. The Late Burdigalian in the Mut Basin was a time of relative tectonic quiescence, during which a complex relict basin topography was flooded by a rapid marine transgression. This area was chosen for study because it presents extraordinary large- scale 3D outcrops and a large diversity of depositional environments throughout the basin. Three study transects were constructed by combining stratal geometries and facies observations into a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework. 3346 m of section were logged, 400 thin sections were studied, and 145 biostratigraphic samples were analysed for nannoplankton dates (Bassant, P., 1999.
[Show full text]
EMISSION FACTOR DOCUMENTATION for AP-42 SECTION 11.19.1 Sand and Gravel Processing
Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 11.19.1 Sand and Gravel Processing Final Report For U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Emission Factor and Inventory Group EPA Contract 68-D2-0159 Work Assignment No. II-01 MRI Project No. 4602-01 April 1995 Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 11.19.1 Sand and Gravel Processing Final Report For U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Emission Factor and Inventory Group EPA Contract 68-D2-0159 Work Assignment No. II-01 MRI Project No. 4602-01 April 1995 NOTICE The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-D2-0159 to Midwest Research Institute. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This report was prepared by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under Contract No. 68-D2-0159, Work Assignment No. II-01. Mr. Ron Myers was the requester of the work. iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures ....................................................... vi List of Tables ....................................................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1-1 2. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION .......................................... 2-1 2.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY ......................... 2-1 2.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ....................................... 2-7 2.2.1 Construction Sand and Gravel ...............................
[Show full text]
Sand Dunes Computer Animations and Paper Models by Tau Rho Alpha*, John P
Go Home U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Sand Dunes Computer animations and paper models By Tau Rho Alpha*, John P. Galloway*, and Scott W. Starratt* Open-file Report 98-131-A - This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this program has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy and functioning of the program and related program material, nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith. * U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, CA 94025 Comments encouraged tralpha @ omega? .wr.usgs .gov [email protected] [email protected] (gobackward) <j (goforward) Description of Report This report illustrates, through computer animations and paper models, why sand dunes can develop different forms. By studying the animations and the paper models, students will better understand the evolution of sand dunes, Included in the paper and diskette versions of this report are templates for making a paper models, instructions for there assembly, and a discussion of development of different forms of sand dunes. In addition, the diskette version includes animations of how different sand dunes develop. Many people provided help and encouragement in the development of this HyperCard stack, particularly David M. Rubin, Maura Hogan and Sue Priest.
[Show full text]
A Scientific Forum on the Gulf of Mexico: the Islands in the Stream Concept
Proceedings: Gulf of Mexico Science Forum A Scientific Forum on the Gulf of Mexico: The Islands in the Stream Concept Proceedings of the Forum: 23 January 2008 Keating Education Center Mote Marine Laboratory Sarasota, Florida Proceedings: Gulf of Mexico Science Forum Table of Contents Forward (Ernest Estevez) .............................................................................................................4 Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................9 Organizing Committee ................................................................................................................9 Welcome and Introduction (Kumar Mahadevan and Daniel J. Basta) .....................................10 Introduction to the Forum (Billy D. Causey)...........................................................................12 Summary of Scientific Forum (John Ogden) ...........................................................................14 Panel 1: The Geological Setting...............................................................................................17 Geologic Underpinnings of the “Islands in the Stream”; West Florida Margin (Albert Hine and Stanley Locker)...............................................17 Shelf Edge of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico (Niall Slowey).............................................22
[Show full text]
Bothanvarra by Iain Miller
Climbing Bothanvarra Sea Stack by Iain Miller Living on the north west tip of the Inishowen Peninsula is the 230 meter high Dunaff Hill. This hill is hemmed in by Dunaff Bay to the south and by Rocktown Bay to the north, which in turn creates the huge Dunaff Headland. This headland has a 4 kilometre stretch of very exposed and very high sea cliffs running along its western circumference to a high point of 220 meters at which it overlooks the sea stack Bothanvarra. Bothanvarra is a 70 meter high chubby Matterhorn shaped sea stack which sits in the most remote, inescapable and atmospheric location on the Inishowen coastline. It sits equidistant from the bays north and south and is effectively guarded by 4 kilometres of loose, decaying and unclimbable sea cliffs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNw6wNKpqQQ It was until the 24th August 2014 one of only two remaining unclimbed monster sea stacks on the Donegal coast. Dunaff Head from the sea It was in 2010 when I first paid a visit to the summit of Dunaff Hill and caught a first glimpse of Bothanvarra. Alas this was on a day of lashing rain and with a pounding ocean and so it was buried in a todo list of epic proportions. Approaching Bothanvarra Fast forward to 2013 and we were at Fanad Head to do a shoot Failte Ireland film and abseil off the lighthouse. It was then that I saw the true nature of the beast from a totally different perspective from across the bay and so it was game on.
[Show full text]
Montana De Oro & Morro Bay State Parks
GEOLOGICAL GEMS OF CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS | GEOGEM NOTE 20 Montaña de Oro and Morro Bay State Parks National and State Estuary | State Historical Landmark No. 821 Strata, Terraces, and Necks The shoreline of Montaña de Oro State Park is an ideal place to examine and explore geologic features such as tilted and folded Process/Features: rock outcrops. These rocks show different strata that were Coastal geomorphology deposited in horizontal layers sequentially through time. About and volcanism six million years ago, these beds were deposited as flat layers, one on top of another. The layers of rock record past conditions. Tectonic forces over the past three million years have tilted the beds. Where these rocks are exposed along the coast, the sloping surface reflects just the top of a thick stack of sloping strata with the oldest beds at the bottom and the youngest beds at the top. Capping the marine strata are gravels that partly covered a marine terrace. These gravels are much younger than the underlying strata and are relatively undeformed. The contact between these two deposits is called an unconformity, and represents an extended gap of time for which the geologic record is incomplete, either due to no deposition or to erasure by erosion. Differential erosion has preferentially etched away the softer rocks, leaving ridges of harder rock as ledges extending into the surf. Montaña de Oro and Morro Bay State Parks GeoGem Note 20 Why it’s important: Morro Bay and Montaña de Oro State Parks are renowned for their spectacular scenery produced over millions of years by volcanic activity, plate tectonic interactions (subduction and collision), and erosion that have shaped this unique landscape.
[Show full text]
Depositional Controls and Sequence Stratigraphy of Lacustrine to Marine
DEPOSITIONAL CONTROLS AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF LACUSTRINE TO MARINE TRANSGRESSIVE DEPOSITS IN A RIFT BASIN, LOWER CRETACEOUS BLUFF MESA, INDIO MOUNTAINS, WEST TEXAS ANDREW ANDERSON Master’s Program in Geology APPROVED: Katherine Giles, Ph.D., Chair Richard Langford, Ph.D. Vanessa Lougheed, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Andrew Anderson 2017 DEDICATION To my parents for teaching me to be better than I was the day before. DEPOSITIONAL CONTROLS AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF LACUSTRINE TO MARINE TRANSGRESSIVE DEPOSITS IN A RIFT BASIN, LOWER CRETACEOUS BLUFF MESA, INDIO MOUNTAINS, WEST TEXAS by ANDREW ANDERSON, B.S. THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geological Sciences THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2017 ProQuest Number:10689125 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10689125 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the Fall of 2014, Dr.
[Show full text]
Assessing Natural and Mechanical Dune Performance in a Post-Hurricane Environment
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Assessing Natural and Mechanical Dune Performance in a Post-Hurricane Environment Jean T. Ellis * and Mayra A. Román-Rivera Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 2 May 2019 Abstract: The purpose of this study is to document the geomorphic evolution of a mechanical dune over approximately one year following its installation and compare it to the recovery of a natural dune following the impact of Hurricane Matthew (2016). During the study period, the dunes’ integrity was tested by wave and wind events, including king tides, and a second hurricane (Irma, 2017), at the end of the study period. Prior to the impact of the second hurricane, the volumetric increase of the mechanical and natural dune was 32% and 75%, respectively, suggesting that scraping alone is not the optimal protection method. If scraping is employed, we advocate that the dune should be augmented by planting. Ideally, the storm-impacted dune should naturally recover. Post-storm vegetation regrowth was lower around the mechanical dune, which encouraged aeolian transport and dune deﬂation. Hurricane Irma, an extreme forcing event, substantially impacted the dunes. The natural dune was scarped and the mechanical dune was overtopped; the system was essentially left homogeneous following the hurricane. The results from this study question the current practice of sand scraping along the South Carolina coast, which occurs post-storm, emplacement along the former primary dune line, and does not include the planting of vegetation.
[Show full text]
Dunbar Geology Walk Is 4 Km Along the Shore from East Beach to Belhaven Bay, from Where You Can Return to the Town Centre Along Back Road
Sunny Dunbar Visiting Dunbar The Dunbar Geology Walk is 4 km along the shore from East Beach to Belhaven Bay, from where you can return to the town centre along Back Road. It will take you about 2 hours to do the whole walk. Dunbar What makes Dunbar special? Why was this a good place for a town? Dunbar owes its location to the local geology. Explore the rocky coastline and discover how different rock types © OpenStreetMap contributors Geology combine to provide the sheltered harbour and the defensive position of the castle, backed by flat, rich agricultural land. Location Dunbar’s geological history is varied. There are different types Dunbar is 30 miles east of Edinburgh, easily accessible by train, bus or car. There are public toilets at Bayswell Road near the swimming Walk of rock here, all more than 300 million years old, including an pool, and plenty of places for refreshment on the High Street. array of sedimentary rocks that record the changing climate as Scotland drifted northwards across the Equator. There were Safety and conservation impressive volcanic eruptions too, with many small volcanoes The walk is accessible at all states of the tide, but some of the that erupted explosively, darkening the skies with clouds of features are covered at high tide. There are steep cliffs and the shore can be slippery in places, with loose material, and there is a volcanic ash and flying rocks. risk of tripping, slipping or falling. An unimaginable amount of time has elapsed since then; The shoreline is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest because natural processes have worn away the over-lying rock, ice of its geology and is also a Geological Conservation Review site.
[Show full text]
Stack-Unit Geologic Mapping: Color-Coded and Computer-Based Methodology
5 6at$j*05Y Cie552- Stack-Unit Geologic Mapping: Color-Coded and Computer-Based Methodology Richard C. Berg and Mary R. Greenpool 1993 Circular 552 Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY. jft'NOJS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00002 8732 C-*Z0L.4uMES Stack-Unit Geologic Mapping: Color-Coded and Computer-Based Methodology Richard C. Berg and Mary R. Greenpool ^ ' Circular 552 1993 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W. Leighton, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820-6964 Graphic Designer—P. Carrillo Editor—E. Latimer Typographer—D. Harding ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank those who provided technical assistance and review, including Donald A. Keefer, Robert J. Krumm, E. Donald McKay, and Jonathan H. Goodwin of the Illinois State Geological Survey. We also acknowledge Leona M. Whitesell for typing the draft versions. The test map for developing the computer-based and color-coded methodology was produced as part of a project to assess the regional mineral resource potential of the Paducah 1° x 2° Quadrangle. The project, part of the U. S. Geological Survey's Conter- minous United States Mineral Assessment Program, was a cooperative study between the federal survey and the state geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois/1993/1200 printed ) on recycled paper CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 METHODOLOGY 3 Assembling the Stack-Unit Map 3 Assigning General
[Show full text]
Caves Form at the Base of Cliffs
The formation of coastal stacks 1. The base of the cliff is subjected to constant erosion from the waves. The main types of coastal erosion are corrosion, attrition, solution and hydraulic action. 2. Over time the joints, faults and bedding planes in the base of the cliff become eroded and larger cracks appear. 3. The cracks become wider and weaker as the erosion continues, causing caves to form. Caves are often found on headlands because wave erosion is particularly strong here. In some cases the roofs of caves may be broken through to form blowholes. 4. When caves develop on opposite sides of a headland they will join up to form a natural arch, as the cliff is being eroded from both sides. 5. The arch continues to be eroded and will gradually become bigger and bigger until just a slim pillar is left, attached to the top of the cliff. 6. The top of the pillar collapses as it can no longer support the weight of the connecting rock, leaving behind a stack. 7. The stack is then continuously eroded at the base by the waves, and eventually will be worn down until only a stump remains. These can become so eroded that they are only visible at low tide. 8. Stumps will eventually be worn away until they remain constantly underwater as areas of shallow water, known as reefs. 9. Over a period of hundreds of years this process will continue until all evidence of past landscapes has been eroded and coastal retreat occurs. Glossary Attrition – particles in the water rubbing against each other and being worn away Bedding Plane - the surface that separates one horizontal layer, or bed, of rock from another Blowhole - a hole in the roof of a cave through which sea water is sprayed up.
[Show full text]